Characteristics of the study population by dipping status
| Variable | Dipper | Non-dipper | Reverse dipper | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n | 167 | 370 | 171 | |
| Age, years | 56.99±14.01 | 58.79±13.54 | 64.92±11.97*† | <0.001 |
| Male/female, n | 93/74 | 200/170 | 90/81 | 0.853 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 37 (22.16) | 118 (31.89) | 55 (32.16) | 0.052 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 35 (20.96) | 95 (25.68) | 58 (33.92)*† | 0.023 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.12±1.90 | 5.21±1.43 | 5.85±3.02*† | 0.006 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.20±1.89 | 1.82±1.25* | 1.63±1.20* | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.74±1.05 | 4.58±0.93 | 4.63±1.09 | 0.235 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.23±0.31 | 1.25±0.35 | 1.27±0.34 | 0.450 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.86±1.06 | 2.66±0.81* | 2.72±0.88 | 0.056 |
| VLD-C, mmol/L | 0.70±0.57 | 0.67±0.53 | 0.65±0.58 | 0.761 |
| 24 h SBP, ABPM, mm Hg | 133.98±13.21 | 135.44±13.79 | 137.23±15.72* | 0.106 |
| SBP awakening, mm Hg | 137.73±13.65 | 136.97±13.94 | 135.87±15.23 | 0.478 |
| SBP bedtime, mm Hg | 118.68±14.57 | 129.78±13.75* | 142.52±16.84*† | <0.001 |
| Decline rate of nocturnal SBP, % | 13.48±2.37 | 5.16±2.82* | −5.09±4.39*† | <0.001 |
| 24 h DBP, ABPM, mm Hg | 78.99±11.79 | 80.00±10.08 | 79.11±10.04 | 0.487 |
| DBP awakening, mm Hg | 82.01±10.68 | 81.02±10.10 | 78.86±9.98*† | 0.014 |
| DBP bedtime, mm Hg | 69.49±10.17 | 75.20±10.05* | 79.94±10.93*† | <0.001 |
| Decline rate of nocturnal DBP, % | 15.15±5.44 | 7.22±5.36* | −1.51±6.58*† | <0.001 |
| RDW | 13.25±0.85 | 13.46±1.03* | 13.52±1.05* | 0.026 |
p Value for difference between the three groups.
*Indicated control with the dipper group p<0.05.
†Indicated control with the non-dipper group p<0.05.
ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VLD-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.