Association of recurrent sleep duration and insomnia symptoms with overall well-being, physical well-being and mental well-being
| N=4,491 | Overall well-being b† | Physical well-being‡ | Mental well-being§ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 2 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 3 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 1 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 2 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 3 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 1 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 2 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | Model 3 Diff¶ (SE) [standardised difference] | |
| Recurrent short sleep†† | |||||||||
| No short sleep (N=3869) | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF |
| One occurrence (N=372) | −3.23 (0.41) [−0.11] *** | −2.61 (0.39) [−0.09] *** | −0.96 (0.38) [−0.03]** | −2.28 (0.44) [−0.07] *** | −0.75 (0.37) [−0.02] * | 0.01 (0.37) [−0.00] | −2.56 (0.42) [−0.09] *** | −2.34 (0.41) [−0.08] *** | −0.69 (0.41) [−0.02] |
| Two occurrences (N=147) | −3.38 (0.63) [−0.08] *** | −2.76 (0.60) [−0.06] *** | −0.73 (0.58) [−0.02] | −2.64 (0.69) [−0.05] *** | −1.37 (0.57) [−0.03] ** | −0.56 (0.57) [−0.01] | −1.91 (0.65) [−0.04] *** | −1.57 (0.64) [−0.04] ** | 0.43 (0.62) [−0.01] |
| Three occurrences (N=103) | −4.66 (0.75) [−0.09] *** | −3.80 (0.71 [−0.07)***] | −0.84 (0.70) [−0.01] | −4.59 (0.82) [−0.08] *** | −2.83 (0.67) [−0.05] *** | −1.68 (0.68) [−0.03] ** | −3.03 (0.78) [−0.06] *** | −2.68 (0.76) [−0.05] *** | 0.21 (0.75) [−0.00] |
| Recurrent long sleep ‡‡ | |||||||||
| No long sleep (N=4302) | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF |
| One occurrence (N=134) | −1.86 (0.67) [−0.04] ** | −0.97 (0.63) [−0.02] | −1.04 (0.60) [−0.02] | −2.61 (0.72) [−0.05] ** | −0.67 (0.59) [−0.01] | −0.67 (0.58) [−0.01] | −1.77 (0.69) [−0.04] * | −1.36 (0.67) [−0.03] * | −1.41 (0.64) [−0.03] * |
| Two or three occurrences (N=55) | 0.68 (1.03) [−0.01] | 0.03 (0.97) [−0.00] | 0.43 (0.92) [−0.01] | 4.19 (1.11) [−0.05] *** | 3.33 (0.91) [−0.04] *** | −3.52 (0.90) [−0.05] *** | −0.91 (1.06) [−0.01] | −0.38 (1.03) [−0.01] | −0.78 (0.99) [−0.01] |
| Chronic insomnia symptoms§§ | |||||||||
| No insomnia symptoms (N=2842) | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF | 0.00 REF |
| One occurrence (N=782) | −3.22 (0.29) [−0.16] *** | −2.83 (0.28) [−0.14] *** | −2.72 (0.28) [−0.13] *** | −2.74 (0.32) [−0.12] *** | −1.53 (0.27) [−0.07] *** | −1.53 (0.27) [−0.07] *** | −2.94 (0.30) [−0.14] *** | −2.88 (0.30) [−0.14] *** | −2.81 (0.30) [−0.13] *** |
| Two occurrences (N=499) | −5.84 (0.34) [−0.24] *** | −4.97 (0.33) [−0.20] *** | −4.80 (0.34) [−0.19] *** | −3.88 (0.39) [−0.14] *** | −1.95 (0.33) [−0.07]*** | −1.88 (0.33) [−0.07]*** | −5.30 (0.36) [−0.21] *** | −4.91 (0.36) [−0.19] *** | −4.85 (0.36) [−0.19) *** |
| Three occurrences (N=368) | −8.60 (0.39) [−0.30]*** | −7.34 (0.38) [−0.26] *** | −7.04 (0.40) [−0.25] *** | −5.73 (0.45) [−0.18] *** | −3.08 (0.38) [−0.10] *** | −2.82 (0.39) [−0.09] *** | −7.55 (0.41) [−0.26] *** | −6.91(0.41) [−0.24] *** | −6.88 (0.43) [−0.24] *** |
† Overall well-being (CASP-19).
‡Physical well-being (SF-36).
§Mental well-being (SF-36).
¶Difference (and SE) in well-being score from the reference group.
†† A test of trend analysis indicated a trend for each of the well-being outcomes across the occurrences of short sleep (CASP-19, p≤0.001; SF-36 (PCS), p≤0.001; SF-36 (MCS), p≤0.001).
‡‡ A test of trend for well-being outcomes over the occurrences of long sleep was only significant for physical well-being (SF-36 (PCS), p=0.011).
§§A test for trend showed a trend of each well-being outcome across the occurrence of insomnia symptoms, (CASP-19, p≤0.001; SF-36 (PCS), p≤0.001; SF-36 (MCS), p≤0.001). Figures in square brackets show the difference in standardised well-being scores from the reference group. Model 1: adjusted for age, age2, gender, wealth; model 2: adjusted as in model 1+employment status, marital status, limiting health conditions, physical functioning (ADL/IADL), health behaviours (alcohol, physical activity, smoking, BMI); model 3: adjusted as in model 2+insomnia symptoms/recurrent long or short sleep. ***p≤0.001, **p≤0.01, * p<0.0.
ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CASP-19, Control, Autonomy, Self-realisation and Pleasure measure; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; SF-36 (MCS), Short Form Health Survey mental well-being component scores; SF-36 (PCS), Short Form Health Survey physical component scores.