RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium
JF BMJ Open
JO BMJ Open
FD British Medical Journal Publishing Group
SP e006141
DO 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141
VO 4
IS 10
A1 Taylor, Amy E
A1 Fluharty, Meg E
A1 Bjørngaard, Johan H
A1 Gabrielsen, Maiken Elvestad
A1 Skorpen, Frank
A1 Marioni, Riccardo E
A1 Campbell, Archie
A1 Engmann, Jorgen
A1 Mirza, Saira Saeed
A1 Loukola, Anu
A1 Laatikainen, Tiina
A1 Partonen, Timo
A1 Kaakinen, Marika
A1 Ducci, Francesca
A1 Cavadino, Alana
A1 Husemoen, Lise Lotte N
A1 Ahluwalia, Tarunveer Singh
A1 Jacobsen, Rikke Kart
A1 Skaaby, Tea
A1 Ebstrup, Jeanette Frost
A1 Mortensen, Erik Lykke
A1 Minica, Camelia C
A1 Vink, Jacqueline M
A1 Willemsen, Gonneke
A1 Marques-Vidal, Pedro
A1 Dale, Caroline E
A1 Amuzu, Antoinette
A1 Lennon, Lucy T
A1 Lahti, Jari
A1 Palotie, Aarno
A1 Räikkönen, Katri
A1 Wong, Andrew
A1 Paternoster, Lavinia
A1 Wong, Angelita Pui-Yee
A1 Horwood, L John
A1 Murphy, Michael
A1 Johnstone, Elaine C
A1 Kennedy, Martin A
A1 Pausova, Zdenka
A1 Paus, Tomáš
A1 Ben-Shlomo, Yoav
A1 Nohr, Ellen A
A1 Kuh, Diana
A1 Kivimaki, Mika
A1 Eriksson, Johan G
A1 Morris, Richard W
A1 Casas, Juan P
A1 Preisig, Martin
A1 Boomsma, Dorret I
A1 Linneberg, Allan
A1 Power, Chris
A1 Hyppönen, Elina
A1 Veijola, Juha
A1 Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta
A1 Korhonen, Tellervo
A1 Tiemeier, Henning
A1 Kumari, Meena
A1 Porteous, David J
A1 Hayward, Caroline
A1 Romundstad, Pål R
A1 Smith, George Davey
A1 Munafò, Marcus R
YR 2014
UL http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/10/e006141.abstract
AB Objectives To investigate whether associations of smoking with depression and anxiety are likely to be causal, using a Mendelian randomisation approach. Design Mendelian randomisation meta-analyses using a genetic variant (rs16969968/rs1051730) as a proxy for smoking heaviness, and observational meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress. Participants Current, former and never smokers of European ancestry aged ≥16 years from 25 studies in the Consortium for Causal Analysis Research in Tobacco and Alcohol (CARTA). Primary outcome measures Binary definitions of depression, anxiety and psychological distress assessed by clinical interview, symptom scales or self-reported recall of clinician diagnosis. Results The analytic sample included up to 58 176 never smokers, 37 428 former smokers and 32 028 current smokers (total N=127 632). In observational analyses, current smokers had 1.85 times greater odds of depression (95% CI 1.65 to 2.07), 1.71 times greater odds of anxiety (95% CI 1.54 to 1.90) and 1.69 times greater odds of psychological distress (95% CI 1.56 to 1.83) than never smokers. Former smokers also had greater odds of depression, anxiety and psychological distress than never smokers. There was evidence for positive associations of smoking heaviness with depression, anxiety and psychological distress (ORs per cigarette per day: 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04), 1.03 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.04) and 1.02 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.03) respectively). In Mendelian randomisation analyses, there was no strong evidence that the minor allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with depression (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.05), anxiety (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.07) or psychological distress (OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.06) in current smokers. Results were similar for former smokers. Conclusions Findings from Mendelian randomisation analyses do not support a causal role of smoking heaviness in the development of depression and anxiety.