PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Daniel J Smith
AU  - Julie Langan
AU  - Gary McLean
AU  - Bruce Guthrie
AU  - Stewart W Mercer
TI  - Schizophrenia is associated with excess multiple physical-health comorbidities but low levels of recorded cardiovascular disease in primary care: cross-sectional study
AID  - 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002808
DP  - 2013 Jan 01
TA  - BMJ Open
PG  - e002808
VI  - 3
IP  - 4
4099  - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/4/e002808.short
4100  - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/4/e002808.full
SO  - BMJ Open2013 Jan 01; 3
AB  - Objective To assess the nature and extent of physical-health comorbidities in people with schizophrenia and related psychoses compared with controls. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting 314 primary care practices in Scotland. Participants 9677 people with a primary care record of schizophrenia or a related psychosis and 1 414 701 controls. Main outcome measures Primary care records of 32 common chronic physical-health conditions and combinations of one, two and three or more physical-health comorbidities adjusted for age, gender and deprivation status. Results Compared with controls, people with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to have one physical-health comorbidity (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.27), two physical-health comorbidities (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.44) and three or more physical-health comorbidities (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.27). Rates were highest for viral hepatitis (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.81 to 5.64), constipation (OR 3.24, 95% CI 3.00 to 4.49) and Parkinson's disease (OR 3.07, 95% CI 2.42 to 3.88) but people with schizophrenia had lower recorded rates of cardiovascular disease, including atrial fibrillation (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.73), hypertension (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.76), coronary heart disease (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.71) and peripheral vascular disease (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.97). Conclusions People with schizophrenia have a wide range of comorbid and multiple physical-health conditions but are less likely than people without schizophrenia to have a primary care record of cardiovascular disease. This suggests a systematic under-recognition and undertreatment of cardiovascular disease in people with schizophrenia, which might contribute to substantial premature mortality observed within this patient group.