PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Phuong N Pham
AU  - Katrina Keegan
AU  - Lisa Grazina Johnston
AU  - Jose Rodas
AU  - Maria Alejandra Restrepo
AU  - Carol Wei
AU  - Patrick Vinck
TI  - Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Venezuelan refugees and migrants in Colombia using respondent-driven sampling (RDS)
AID  - 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054820
DP  - 2022 Oct 01
TA  - BMJ Open
PG  - e054820
VI  - 12
IP  - 10
4099  - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/10/e054820.short
4100  - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/10/e054820.full
SO  - BMJ Open2022 Oct 01; 12
AB  - Objectives To determine factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 mitigation measures, related symptoms and testing, as well as pandemic-related income loss among Venezuelan refugee and migrant adults in urban and border areas of Colombia.Design Phone-based respondent-driven samplingSetting Bogotá and Norte de Santander, Colombia.Participants 605 adult Venezuelan refugees and migrants residing in Bogotá (n=305) and Norte de Santander (n=300), who arrived in Colombia after 2014 and completed the survey in August and September 2020.Primary and secondary outcome measures Full COVID-19 compliance (vs incomplete or no compliance), any COVID-19-related symptoms (vs none) and income loss due to isolation measures in Colombia (vs no income change or increase in income).Results Older age was associated with lower odds of compliance with physical distancing measures (0.94, 0.90–0.99; p=0.01) for those in Bogotá. Nearly 15% of refugees and migrants in both locations (81 of 605) experienced at least one symptom consistent with COVID-19. Having a health condition was associated with higher odds of experiencing COVID-19-related symptoms in Bogotá (4.00, 1.22–13.06; p=0.02) and Norte de Santander (6.99, 1.95–24.99; p=0.003). Around 8% in both locations (48 of 605) were tested for COVID-19. Around 90% in both locations (537 of 605) had trouble earning an income after the introduction of isolation measures, and the median reported monthly income decreased by half in Bogotá and by 30% in Norte de Santander. A higher level of education (3.46, 1.02–11.75; p=0.05) was associated with higher odds of income loss among participants in Norte de Santander.Conclusions Results indicate high compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures, low testing rates and high pandemic-related income loss among Venezuelan refugees and migrants in Colombia. This study provides insights into a hard-to-reach refugee and migrant population in Colombia; additional study on the effects of the pandemic on hidden populations is warranted.Data are available upon reasonable request. The data for the study was collected as part of an external evaluation and will be made available upon reasonable request. The study protocol, methods guide and informed consent form are available upon request to the corresponding author.