We use cookies to improve our service and to tailor our content and advertising to you.More infoYou can manage your cookie settings via your browser at any time. To learn more about how we use cookies, please see our cookies policy.
Re. Diagnosed prevalence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorder in Wales, UK: a national electronic cohort study and case-control comparison.
Demmler J C, Atkinson M D, Reinhold E, Choy E, Lyons R A, Brophy S T
BMJ Open 2019;9:e031365
We write concerning the paper by Demmler et al., published in BMJ Open. We wish to raise the following concerns:
1. With regard to combining the Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) populations for analysis.
If one combines data from a cohort that is found to be ‘common’ (in this case ‘diagnosed JHS’) with one that is found to be ‘rare’ (in this case ‘diagnosed EDS’), the new combined cohort (i.e. diagnosed JHS/EDS) will be common. To then consider the rare cohort common is a fallacy.
Also, although individuals in a population with a previous diagnosis of JHS (i.e. prior to the 2017 international classification (1,2)) might have Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) by the current classification, it is not known how JHS segregates into Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) and hEDS. A JHS population would need to be reassessed to confirm this, or modelling assumptions of the data would need to be applied.
In addition, it is not known what proportion of the EDS cohort have hEDS versus the rare Mendelian types of EDS. As such, there is no way of knowing whether or by what proportion the two cohorts represent the same or similar or dif...
Re. Diagnosed prevalence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorder in Wales, UK: a national electronic cohort study and case-control comparison.
Demmler J C, Atkinson M D, Reinhold E, Choy E, Lyons R A, Brophy S T
BMJ Open 2019;9:e031365
We write concerning the paper by Demmler et al., published in BMJ Open. We wish to raise the following concerns:
1. With regard to combining the Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) populations for analysis.
If one combines data from a cohort that is found to be ‘common’ (in this case ‘diagnosed JHS’) with one that is found to be ‘rare’ (in this case ‘diagnosed EDS’), the new combined cohort (i.e. diagnosed JHS/EDS) will be common. To then consider the rare cohort common is a fallacy.
Also, although individuals in a population with a previous diagnosis of JHS (i.e. prior to the 2017 international classification (1,2)) might have Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) by the current classification, it is not known how JHS segregates into Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) and hEDS. A JHS population would need to be reassessed to confirm this, or modelling assumptions of the data would need to be applied.
In addition, it is not known what proportion of the EDS cohort have hEDS versus the rare Mendelian types of EDS. As such, there is no way of knowing whether or by what proportion the two cohorts represent the same or similar or different conditions.
Given the distribution of JHS to EDS in this study is approximately 6 to 1, the combined cohort would likely share the characteristics of the JHS cohort in a case-control analysis.
By combining the two populations to explore association with other aspects of health and wellbeing the opportunity to compare differences between the two groups is lost. Do the populations in this study differ? What evidence is there that JHS and EDS are behaving statistically in the same way or differently with regard to the parameters collected?
We surmise that the authors in part combined the two populations to identify a larger absolute value for prevalence that informs the need for education, training and healthcare resources. It is increasingly recognized that complex combinations of health concerns arise in HSD and hEDS alike. We recognise why HSD and hEDS would be considered together in this context.
However, by their nature the rare types of EDS will have different specific concerns that influence different education and training needs, and healthcare resource allocation. Rare disease status has significant impact on the way healthcare services plan care (e.g. direct commissioning of specialised services in the UK); or the way organisations support research ( e.g. The Office of Rare Diseases, The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, USA), for example.
Regardless of combining the prevalence, it remains necessary that we understand the size effect for each of the different patient populations, as specific needs may differ.
2. With regard to interchanging the term JHS with HSD and hEDS, and determining the prevalence of EDS:
The authors switch from the term JHS to a combination of HSD and hEDS. We recognize this inference. Nevertheless, at this time there is no evidence to inform how JHS segregates into HSD or hEDS, and this uncertainty was not clarified in the paper. There is no modelling of the data that might support inferences with regard to such segregation.
What proportion of the JHS group might add to the overall prevalence of hEDS? How does that modelling affect the prevalence of EDS over all when added to the EDS cohort data?
For example, by our estimate approximately 15% of the JHS cohort would need to have hEDS for this prevalence figure plus that from the EDS cohort to reach a population size of 50 per 100000 for EDS as a whole in this study. Even then that would be 1 in 2000 of the general population; and given that some of the EDS cohort would not have hEDS this would also infer that hEDS per se is rare as it would be a proportion of that EDS population.
If none of the JHS population had hEDS the prevalence calculation for EDS using only the EDS cohort data demonstrates EDS to be rare.
There are other ways to model the data, but we hope that this demonstrates our point.
Until reasonable evidence is available as to the segregation of JHS into hEDS and HSD, we believe studies such as that of Demmler et al. should present the data as found for JHS, or define the assumptions and models they are using to reach their conclusions. In addition, studies should avoid clustering JHS and EDS. The term EDS is a pleural (i.e. Ehlers-Danlos syndromes), grouping together disorders under the title.
Further studies are required to determine how common HSD, hEDS, and other forms of EDS are. Shared knowledge among members of the international medical and scientific community suggest that HSD is likely common; that more work is required to determine if hEDS is common or not; and, that other Mendelian types of EDS are rare or ultra-rare.
3. Concerning the combining the populations and the paper's Conclusion.
The authors conclude that “EDS/HSD are not rare conditions…”. This is asserted because the authors have combined the JHS and EDS populations. We question the reasoning for combining the populations above, but wish, here, to raise further concern about interpretation.
We are aware that this publication is being cited in public forums as saying ‘EDS is common’. At this time, from the data presented, there is no evidence to support that statement, for either hEDS or the rarer types of EDS. Even were it found that hEDS is not rare, it is that observation that would make most sense to assert given many forms of EDS are between rare and ultra-rare.
While there is no direct statement from the authors that ‘EDS is common’, we suggest that the opinion has arisen because of the way the whole paper, including the conclusion has been presented.
We respectfully request that the editors of BMJ Open and the paper’s authors consider the above.
Yours faithfully,
Dr. Alan J Hakim, Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine, College of Medicine, PennState University, USA, & Consultant Rheumatologist, London
Dr Clair A. Francomano, Professor of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
Dr. Marco Castori, Consultant and Director, Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
Prof. Fransiska Malfait, Associate Professor, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
References:
Malfait F, Francomano C, Byers P, et al. 2017. The 2017 international classification of the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes. Am J Med Genet Part C Semin Med Genet 175C:8–26.
Castori M, Tinkle B, Levy H, Grahame R, Malfait F, Hakim A. 2017. A framework for the classification of joint hypermobility and related conditions. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 175C:148-157.
I believe that bipolar/mental disorders could be related to coeliac disease. Any study in relation to diet / supplements etc could be affected by this as undiagnosed coeliacs who are continuing to eat gluten do not digest foods properly and become deficient in minerals and vitamins as they CANNOT ABSORB them. I do feel that more research and studies need to be done with this in mind. Doctors should be testing more people. In Australia the AVERAGE time it takes for a coeliac to be diagnosed is 9 YEARS. A blood test is not reliable as often it comes back a false negative. Meanwhile they get diagnosed with bipolar and other illnesses caused by mineral and vitamin deficiencies. I have a father in law who was diagnosed bipolar BEFORE being diagnosed gluten intolerant (he has Dermatitis Herpetiformis which is related to coeliac disease). I don’t believe he is bipolar. My husband also was misdiagnosed with bipolar instead of coeliac disease. Brain cells recover after going on a gluten free diet!
All people diagnosed with bipolar should be tested for Coeliac Disease (or Dermatitis Herpetiformis if they have any kind of rash). And any study for treating bipolar disease with nutritional supplements should be done after the test and/or on people who have excluded gluten from their diet.
Mark L Levy,1,9 Darragh Murnane2, Peter J Barnes,3,9 Mark Sanders,4 Louise Fleming,5 Jane Scullion,6,9 Chris Corrigan,7,9 Omar S Usmani8,9
1. Locum general practitioner, Clinical Lead NRAD (2011-2014)
2. King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences ; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
3. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London
4. Clement Clarke international Ltd (CCI) and founder of online museum of inhaler devices, www.inhalatorium.com.
5. Imperial College, London and the Royal Brompton and Harefield, NHS Foundation Trust
6. University Hospitals of Leicester
7. King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences
8. Imperial College London & Royal Brompton Hospital
9. Aerosol Drug ManagementImprovement Team (ADMIT), www.inhalers4u.org
In an attempt to address issues related to global warming contributed to by the use of pressurised, metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), Wilkinson et al (1) have succeeded in generating a great deal of negative, potentially harmful media interest for patients who currently rely on these devices. They analysed the potential impact of switching therapy from pMDIs to dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in terms of both c...
Mark L Levy,1,9 Darragh Murnane2, Peter J Barnes,3,9 Mark Sanders,4 Louise Fleming,5 Jane Scullion,6,9 Chris Corrigan,7,9 Omar S Usmani8,9
1. Locum general practitioner, Clinical Lead NRAD (2011-2014)
2. King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences ; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
3. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London
4. Clement Clarke international Ltd (CCI) and founder of online museum of inhaler devices, www.inhalatorium.com.
5. Imperial College, London and the Royal Brompton and Harefield, NHS Foundation Trust
6. University Hospitals of Leicester
7. King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences
8. Imperial College London & Royal Brompton Hospital
9. Aerosol Drug ManagementImprovement Team (ADMIT), www.inhalers4u.org
In an attempt to address issues related to global warming contributed to by the use of pressurised, metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), Wilkinson et al (1) have succeeded in generating a great deal of negative, potentially harmful media interest for patients who currently rely on these devices. They analysed the potential impact of switching therapy from pMDIs to dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in terms of both changes in greenhouse gas emissions and costs to the UK National Health Service based on prescribing information in England alone. This strategy was apparently devised in a vacuum, without regard to implications for threats to patient wellbeing and safety as a consequence of their being deprived of access to pMDI therapy for obstructive airways disease (asthma and COPD). Physicians are obliged to consider many factors when selecting the most appropriate inhaler device for patients other than the cost to the health care system if they wish the treatment to be effective; (2) these issues were not mentioned in this paper which, in our view, was heavily biased in favour of DPIs, which are seldom appropriate for use in young children, children, the elderly and infirm and those with considerable, irreversible airways obstruction. (3) In addition many patients rely on pMDIs for rapid relief of symptoms.
Their study addressed two possible switching scenarios in the United Kingdom (UK): (i) from pMDIs to currently prescribed DPIs, and (ii) to the cheapest available ‘equivalent’ DPIs based on drug content but not the instrinsic characteristics of the devices. While we agree with one of their conclusions that, with immediate effect, smaller volume HFA134a inhalers (e.g. Salamol) should be prioritised over larger volume or HFA227ea-containing inhalers (e.g. Ventolin) we have major reservations about their remaining assertions, and in particular their conclusion that switching patients’ medication from pMDIs to the cheapest available equivalent DPIs would result in large carbon savings, while ignoring the possible consequences for loss of disease control and consequent morbidity and mortality from obstructive airways diseases such as asthma, which might result in considerable patient harm.
In addition to potential harm from loss of disease control, the burden of suffering and anxiety to patients from this sort of approach to reporting is potentially further amplified by the “guilt factor” already instilled by recent headlines in the media prompted by the report, such as “Asthma inhalers are as bad for the environment as a 180-mile car journey”, “Asthma sufferers should switch to “green” inhalers to help the environment and save millions for the NHS” and “Some asthma inhalers are as bad for the environment as eating meat”. These messages clearly have the potential to stigmatise patients with asthma and COPD for taking their essential medication, and there are anecdotal reports of children, many of whom benefit particularly from pMDI therapy, not wanting to be seen using their inhalers in public. We know of no other situation in the National Health Service where patients are stigmatised for using licensed and approved medications, and the situation will doubtless further impact on the issue of compliance with therapy, which if undermined is another potential threat to their well-being, as well as impacting on morbidity and mortality. (4) Conversely, there was no mention in this commentary, or indeed in the media, that correct delivery of inhaled drugs by an inhaler device which can be used efficiently and reliably by individual patients improves symptoms and quality of life and reduces morbidity, mortality and hospital acute care costs. (5, 6) (3, 7-9)
Further to this last issue, there was correspondingly no mention or consideration of the potential consequences where switching “goes wrong”, resulting in disease destabilisation and the associated “carbon cost” of unnecessary emergency and hospital inpatient management (10); Goulet et al (11) estimated that the carbon footprint of a single bronchodilator dose administered with an electric nebuliser is a considerable 0.0294-0.0477 kg CO¬2-eq. Moorfields Eye Hospital estimate that the carbon footprint of a single patient visit is between 8-10 kg CO2-eq per patient, per visit. It is difficult to assess the current carbon footprint of medical air/oxygen supply, however the European Industry Gas Association lifecycle appraisal framework (document 167/11) identified that the majority of the carbon footprint for liquid gases arises during production and distribution, not during the use of those gases by the end-user. Therefore, unlike the propellant in pMDIs, it is difficult to reduce the carbon footprint of therapeutic gases simply by altering the in-use conditions. (12) One supplier of compressed gases, Linde, in their Corporate Responsibility report of 2017, reported that 5.7 million tonnes of CO2 were produced during liquid gas production, or 52% of their Scope 1 Direct emissions. So the footprint for air therapies is also likely to be significant.
Finally, Wilkinson’s comparison between the UK (70%) and Sweden (10%) pMDI use fails to account for potential differences in disease therapy indications in both countries. For example, both NICE (13) and SIGN/BTS (14) guidelines advocate the use of short-acting, beta-agonist (SABA) use as first line therapy for asthma, which may account for the high levels of prescribing in England. While they acknowledge that they have no idea what disease(s) are being treated in their analysis of prescribing in England, Wilkinson and colleagues have assumed that all patients can be summarily switched from pMDIs to DPIs irrespective of their age, the nature and severity of their disease, their ability to use DPIs efficiently (not all patients can use DPIs efficiently whereas all patients can use pMDIs efficiently if well instructed, with a spacer device), or their satisfaction or preference for the switched device which is a another known factor influencing therapeutic outcome.(15)They have also failed to discuss the fact that not all DPI drugs have clinically equivalent efficacy compared with that of the pMDIs currently in use. It is well known that poor inhaler technique and poor disease outcome are closely related and both NICE (13) and SIGN/BTS (14) guidelines emphasise the necessity of and carefully verifying the ability of individual patients to use inhalers efficiently before prescribing, yet the authors have omitted to address the cost effectiveness and possible carbon footprint of the workload involved in switching and training patients. Furthermore, there was no mention of the chaos familiar to many GPs when patients’ inhalers are switched to “cheaper equivalents” by Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) employed pharmacists without face to face education and checking technique. Patients become confused when given an unfamiliar device, typically stop using it and in some cases require urgent health care as a consequence. What then often happens is that their GPs will reinstate the original medication. Perhaps the authors could have cited some of the disadvantages arising from switches of medication on non-medical grounds without the patient’s consent, with deterioration of disease control and increased health care utilization. (16) (5) Indeed, data show that stable patients on pMDI maintenance treatment for asthma (17) and COPD (18) achieve better healthcare outcomes than the same drug in a DPI.
While the authors do mention the use of maintenance and reliever regimes (MART and SMART) they do not emphasise the implications, for patient welfare or global warming, of the concerns raised by over usage of short-acting beta-agonists (SABA) as a result of poor education and/or poor overall disease control in patients with asthma. (19, 20) Clearly, simply switching from one SABA to another in this situation will not alter the considerable risk of poor health outcomes, including asthma deaths. (21-23) A strategy is required to eliminate the over usage of SABA by every patient. Combinations of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists such as formoterol taken “as needed” for the management of mild/moderate asthma are now licensed in five countries based on evidence that they are safer than SABA, (24-27) and it seems very likely that this strategy will be implemented worldwide in the near future, and that it will prove safer and clinically more cost effective. As most of these combination drugs are currently delivered in DPIs this will have an impact on global warming and manufacturers will need to focus on reducing the effect of these on the carbon footprint.
There are considerable shortcomings in carbon footprint modelling in the Wilkinson et al paper. There is relatively scant justification for the carbon footprint of the DPI inhalers included as comparators in this study: in fact, all of the DPIs included in their modelling are assumed to possess the same global warming potential (GWP) as the Ellipta and Diskus devices of ~1kg CO2-eq per device. This is despite the widely different structures and contents of many DPI devices, in terms of parts and plastics involved in their manufacture. In their evidence and subsequent discussion on usage, Wilkinson et al also failed to mention the differential effects on the environment related to the stages of manufacture of pMDIs and DPIs. For example, in the case of GlaxoSmithKline products, the majority of the CO2 emissions from this company’s DPI devices arise from the production of the plastic container and the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol xinafoate (SX), whereas the primary contributors with pMDIs are emissions resulting from actual usage of the devices, and at the end of the life of the device when it is disposed of. (28)
Furthermore it is not apparent that the lactose monohydrate included in DPI formulations is ever included in the Wilkinson or other models of GWP. Lactose monohydrate is a product of the dairy industry contributing considerably to the carbon footprint: for example one study (29) reported that the total carbon required to produce Whey Powder from raw milk is 13.1 kg CO2-eq per kg of Whey Powder product, a value apparently similar to other, international GWP estimates of Whey Powder production (in the USA). Dairy farming is well known to be carbon intensive, not least due to methane production by the herd, but also from the transport and processing of the Whey Powder products
Wilkinson’s approach of simply addressing the GWP of Inhaled Products is misleading; preferably the methodology of Jolliet et al(30) of a holistic Life Cycle Assessment should also be made. This was performed by Jeswani and Azapagic (31)for pMDIs made with HFA134, HFA227, HFA152 and a GSK dry powder inhaler Diskus device. Although the DPI outperformed the HFA134 and HFA227 inhaled devices for Global Warming Potential as expected, however human toxicity, marine eutrophication and fossil depletion are all worse for DPIs than HFA-based pMDIs, when the holistic life-cycle analysis is undertaken. Thus it may be the case that GWP is better for DPIs, but the full long-term environmental effects were actually worse for eight out of fourteen environmental impact metrics for DPIs than pMDIs. It was also noted by the authors (31) that once HFA152a switchover has been made, that pMDIs will have an equivalent carbon footprint to DPIs, but have improved environmental impact profile than DPIs.
While we are concerned about the environment and the effect humans are having on global warming, we are concerned that this article lacks balance in its discussion and conclusions and puts patients with asthma at risk of an attack through inappropriately stopping or switching inhalers. In our view, asthma and COPD management should focus on prescribing appropriate inhaler devices and ancillary equipment such as spacers that individual patients are able to use efficiently after appropriate education and in the context of management plans agreed with appropriately trained health care professionals. These factors should take priority. (32) There may be suitable opportunities to consider the “greenest” alternatives when patients commence therapy or alter it for reasons of poor disease control or inadequate inhaler technique.
Bibliography
1. Wilkinson AJK, Braggins R, Steinbach I, Smith J. Costs of switching to low global warming potential inhalers. An economic and carbon footprint analysis of NHS prescription data in England. BMJ Open. 2019;9.
2. Bjermer L. The Importance of Continuity in Inhaler Device Choice for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiration. 2014;88(4):346-52.
3. Giraud V, Roche N. Misuse of corticosteroid metered-dose inhaler is associated with decreased asthma stability. European respiratory Journal. 2002;19(2):246-51.
4. Why asthma still kills: the National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) Confidential Enquiry report: Royal College of Physicians. London; 2014 [Available from: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/why-asthma-still-kills-fu....
5. Melani AS, Paleari D. Maintaining Control of Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease: Adherence to Inhaled Therapy and Risks and Benefits of Switching Devices. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2016;13(2):241-50.
6. Melani AS, Bonavia M, Cilenti V, Cinti C, Lodi M, Martucci P, et al. Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. Respiratory Medicine. 2011;105(6):930-8.
7. Giraud V, Allaert FA. Improved asthma control with breath-actuated pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI): The SYSTER survey. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2009;13(5):323-30.
8. Molimard M, Gros VL. Impact of patient-related factors on asthma control. Journal of Asthma. 2008;45(2):109-13.
9. Haughney J, Price D, Kaplan A, Chrystyn H, Horne R, May N, et al. Achieving asthma control in practice: Understanding the reasons for poor control. Respiratory Medicine. 2008;102(12):1681-93.
10. Moorfields Hospital Foundation Trust. Sustainable Development Management Plan 2017 [Available from: https://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/Item%2009%20Sustainabl....
11. Goulet B, Olson L, Mayer BK. A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment between a Metered Dose Inhaler and Electric Nebulizer. Sustainability. 2017;9(10):1725.
12. EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL GASES ASSOCIATION AISBL. METHODOLOGY TO ESTABLISH A “PRODUCT CARBON FOOTPRINT: IGC Doc 167/11/E 2007 [Available from: https://www.eiga.eu/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=2580&token=c87996bc2e26....
13. Commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. NICE guideline [NG80] 2017 [Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng80
14. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN), the British Thoracic society (BTS). British guideline on the management of asthma 2019 [Available from: https://www.sign.ac.uk/sign-158-british-guideline-on-the-management-of-a....
15. Plaza V, Giner J, Calle M, Rytila P, Campo C, Ribo P, et al. Impact of patient satisfaction with his or her inhaler on adherence and asthma control. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2018;39(6):437-44.
16. Björnsdóttir US, Gizurarson S, Sabale U. Potential negative consequences of non-consented switch of inhaled medications and devices in asthma patients. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;67(9):904-10.
17. Price D, Roche N, Christian Virchow J, Burden A, Ali M, Chisholm A, et al. Device type and real-world effectiveness of asthma combination therapy: An observational study. Respiratory Medicine. 2011;105(10):1457-66.
18. Jones R, Martin J, Thomas V, Skinner D, Marshall J, Stagno d'Alcontres M, et al. The comparative effectiveness of initiating fluticasone/salmeterol combination therapy via pMDI versus DPI in reducing exacerbations and treatment escalation in COPD: a UK database study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:2445-54.
19. The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).2019. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org.
20. Reddel HK, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, Bacharier LB, Becker A, Brusselle G, et al. GINA 2019: a fundamental change in asthma management: Treatment of asthma with short-acting bronchodilators alone is no longer recommended for adults and adolescents 2019 [updated Jun. 2019/06/30:[Available from: https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/53/6/1901046.long.
21. Suissa S, Ernst P, Boivin JF, Horwitz RI, Habbick B, Cockroft D, et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of inhaled beta-agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(3 Pt 1):604-10.
22. Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P. Patterns of increasing beta-2-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. European Respiratory Journal. 1994;7(9):1602-9.
23. Reddel HK, Ampon RD, Sawyer SM, Peters MJ. Risks associated with managing asthma without a preventer: urgent healthcare, poor asthma control and over-the-counter reliever use in a cross-sectional population survey. BMJ Open. 2017;7.
24. Beasley R, Holliday M, Reddel HK, Braithwaite I, Ebmeier S, Hancox RJ, et al. Controlled Trial of Budesonide-Formoterol as Needed for Mild Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(21):2020-30.
25. Hardy J, Baggott C, Fingleton J, Reddel HK, Hancox RJ, Harwood M, et al. Budesonide-formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild to moderate asthma (PRACTICAL): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2019;394(10202):919-28.
26. O’Byrne PM, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, Barnes PJ, Zhong N, Keen C, et al. Inhaled Combined Budesonide–Formoterol as Needed in Mild Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(20):1865-76.
27. Bateman ED, Reddel HK, O’Byrne PM, Barnes PJ, Zhong N, Keen C, et al. As-Needed Budesonide–Formoterol versus Maintenance Budesonide in Mild Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(20):1877-87.
28. Carbon Trust. GlaxoSmithKline PLC. Product Carbon Footprint Certification Summary Report 2014 [Available from: https://networks.sustainablehealthcare.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/....
29. Finnegan W, Goggins J, Zhan X. Assessing the environmental impact of the dairy processing industry in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Dairy Research. 2018;85:1-4.
30. Jolliet O, Margni M, Charles R, Humbert S, Payet J, Rebitzer G, et al. IMPACT 2002+: a new life cycle assessment methodology. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8:324-330. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2003;8:324-30.
31. Jeswani HK, Azapagic A. Life cycle environmental impacts of inhalers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;237:117733.
32. Usmani OS, Scullion J, Keeley D. Our planet or our patients-is the sky the limit for inhaler choice? Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(1):11-3.
We appreciate the response to our study.
The response assumes that a restriction in the population under study also limited the bias in two previous studies (1;2). In the two previous studies only individuals, who had two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age were included.
Therefore, we found it relevant to apply the same restriction to our study population and present the corresponding estimates adjusted for the confounders included in our study (3) (Table 1 - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/pages/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/11/table-1...).
In Table 1 it can be seen that the restriction of the analysis to include only individuals with two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age had little impact on the estimates. Importantly, the associations showing a reduced risk of hospitalisation for accidents among children with two or three diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were essentially unchanged when we restricted the analysis to include individuals with two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age only.
Reference List
(1) Sorup S, Benn CS, Poulsen A, Krause TG, Aaby P, Ravn H. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospita...
We appreciate the response to our study.
The response assumes that a restriction in the population under study also limited the bias in two previous studies (1;2). In the two previous studies only individuals, who had two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age were included.
Therefore, we found it relevant to apply the same restriction to our study population and present the corresponding estimates adjusted for the confounders included in our study (3) (Table 1 - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/pages/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/11/table-1...).
In Table 1 it can be seen that the restriction of the analysis to include only individuals with two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age had little impact on the estimates. Importantly, the associations showing a reduced risk of hospitalisation for accidents among children with two or three diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were essentially unchanged when we restricted the analysis to include individuals with two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age only.
Reference List
(1) Sorup S, Benn CS, Poulsen A, Krause TG, Aaby P, Ravn H. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. JAMA 2014 Feb 26;311(8):826-35.
(2) Sorup S, Benn CS, Stensballe LG, Aaby P, Ravn H. Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination and respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospital contact. Vaccine 2015 Jan 1;33(1):237-45.
(3) Jensen A, Andersen PK, Stensballe LG. Early childhood vaccination and subsequent mortality or morbidity: are observational studies hampered by residual confounding? A Danish register-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2019 Sep 18;9(9):e029794.
I read this paper with interest - I think there is a lot to be gained from studying the James Lind Alliance approach and the diversity of methods that have been applied by James Lind partnerships. I do think however that your search strategy (and approach to searching) was unnecessarily narrow and wonder why you didn't start with the James Lind PSP website (http://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/) which lists all the JLA PSPs undertaken and would have been the best place to start. Had you done this (and/or used Google) you would have identified more JLA PSPs, including ours on pressure ulcers (reported here http://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/pressure-ulcers/ and also [1, 2]. I bring this to your attention merely because we considered extensively some of the issues your raise regarding facilitating broad participation and we have also discussed other methodological aspects.
[1] Cullum N, Buckley H, Dumville J, Hall J, Lamb K, Madden M, Morley R, O'Meara S, Goncalves PS, Soares M, Stubbs N. Wounds research for patient benefit: a 5 year programme of research. NIHR Journals Library; 2016
[2] Madden M, Morley R. Exploring the challenge of health research priority setting in partnership: reflections on the methodology used by the James Lind Alliance Pressure Ulce...
I read this paper with interest - I think there is a lot to be gained from studying the James Lind Alliance approach and the diversity of methods that have been applied by James Lind partnerships. I do think however that your search strategy (and approach to searching) was unnecessarily narrow and wonder why you didn't start with the James Lind PSP website (http://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/) which lists all the JLA PSPs undertaken and would have been the best place to start. Had you done this (and/or used Google) you would have identified more JLA PSPs, including ours on pressure ulcers (reported here http://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/pressure-ulcers/ and also [1, 2]. I bring this to your attention merely because we considered extensively some of the issues your raise regarding facilitating broad participation and we have also discussed other methodological aspects.
[1] Cullum N, Buckley H, Dumville J, Hall J, Lamb K, Madden M, Morley R, O'Meara S, Goncalves PS, Soares M, Stubbs N. Wounds research for patient benefit: a 5 year programme of research. NIHR Journals Library; 2016
[2] Madden M, Morley R. Exploring the challenge of health research priority setting in partnership: reflections on the methodology used by the James Lind Alliance Pressure Ulcer Priority Setting Partnership. Res Involv Engagem 2016; 2:12. doi: 10.1186/s40900-016-0026-y.
Editor,
As corresponding author of the only paper out of 68 that "appeared to have undertaken a reassessment, which led to a correction" I have some sympathy for the authors of the other 67 papers. We decided that it was important that the problem due to the inclusion of subsequently retracted papers needed to be brought to the attention of readers, which we assumed would be relatively rapid. After agreement with my co-authors I emailed to the journal some text to highlight the problem and for readers to ignore the principle findings and rely on a secondary analysis which had excluded the suspect trials. The first email was sent on 18th August 2017. After receiving no response or acknowledgement a second email was sent on 13th November 2018, with a third on the 30th January 2018. A response was received on the 18th February 2018 and a correction published June 2018. Therefore it took the best part of a year to flag up an uncontested correction, which was a simple thing to do. It would be of interest to see if any of the authors of the remaining 67 papers had tried or are still trying to have a correction issues.
David Torgersoni
As readers will be aware, in the early years of the adverse mortality trends it was postulated that this may be due to UK government austerity. Using data at local authority level in England, Wales and Scotland this hypothesis has been questioned [1], and looks to have been a case of (inadvertent) correlation and not causation. This paper [1] also makes reference to the contribution from a series of influenza epidemics which coincidentally occurred in the austerity years.
It has also been pointed out that the use of calendar year data has been acting to conceal complex spatiotemporal patterns affecting deaths which resemble outbreaks of an infectious agent (influenza excluded as the causative agent) [2,3]. For this very reason the Office for National Statistics has begun publishing quarterly mortality data for England [4].
Since age standardized mortality is a single measure of mortality (with inherent assumptions), it is suggested that wider measures including single year of age patterns may need to be investigated.
As pointed out by the Scottish study, further research is indeed required.
1. Jones R. Austerity in the UK and poor health: Were deaths directly affected. British Journal of Healthcare Management 2019; 25(11): in press
2. Jones R. The calendar year fallacy: the danger of reliance on calendar year data in end-of-life capacity and financial planning. International Journal Health Planning Management 2019; doi: 10.1002/hpm.2838...
As readers will be aware, in the early years of the adverse mortality trends it was postulated that this may be due to UK government austerity. Using data at local authority level in England, Wales and Scotland this hypothesis has been questioned [1], and looks to have been a case of (inadvertent) correlation and not causation. This paper [1] also makes reference to the contribution from a series of influenza epidemics which coincidentally occurred in the austerity years.
It has also been pointed out that the use of calendar year data has been acting to conceal complex spatiotemporal patterns affecting deaths which resemble outbreaks of an infectious agent (influenza excluded as the causative agent) [2,3]. For this very reason the Office for National Statistics has begun publishing quarterly mortality data for England [4].
Since age standardized mortality is a single measure of mortality (with inherent assumptions), it is suggested that wider measures including single year of age patterns may need to be investigated.
As pointed out by the Scottish study, further research is indeed required.
1. Jones R. Austerity in the UK and poor health: Were deaths directly affected. British Journal of Healthcare Management 2019; 25(11): in press
2. Jones R. The calendar year fallacy: the danger of reliance on calendar year data in end-of-life capacity and financial planning. International Journal Health Planning Management 2019; doi: 10.1002/hpm.2838
3. Jones R. Unexplained periods of higher deaths contribute to marginal changes in health care demand and health insurance costs: International perspectives. International Journal Health Planning Management 2019; in press.
Allina Health is a Minnesota based not-for-profit healthcare system caring for patients across our 90+ clinics, 12 hospitals, 15 pharmacies, specialty care centers and specialty medical services. This includes our Penny George Institute for Health and Healing, which brings together physical therapy, chiropractic care and acupuncture alongside our traditional healthcare system to provide whole-person-care. As one of the largest healthcare systems in the United States, we are deeply committed to making a positive difference in the opioid crisis by including access to all effective modalities of care.
We found your recently published paper (by Kazis et al [BMJ Open 2019;9e028633] regarding their retrospective study of the association between initial health provider for low back pain with subsequent opioid use) to be a very valuable study with the potential to further shape healthcare’s response to the opioid epidemic. Unfortunately, some of the pertinent concluding evidence has been left out of the abstract - specifically acupuncture effectiveness. We are reaching out to request that you address this in order to maximize the acceptance of all effective treatments in responding to our opioid crisis.
In the body of the study, data on three types of conservative therapists as well as various types of physicians are included. It showed that there was a decrease in both early and long-term opioid use among patients with either physi...
Allina Health is a Minnesota based not-for-profit healthcare system caring for patients across our 90+ clinics, 12 hospitals, 15 pharmacies, specialty care centers and specialty medical services. This includes our Penny George Institute for Health and Healing, which brings together physical therapy, chiropractic care and acupuncture alongside our traditional healthcare system to provide whole-person-care. As one of the largest healthcare systems in the United States, we are deeply committed to making a positive difference in the opioid crisis by including access to all effective modalities of care.
We found your recently published paper (by Kazis et al [BMJ Open 2019;9e028633] regarding their retrospective study of the association between initial health provider for low back pain with subsequent opioid use) to be a very valuable study with the potential to further shape healthcare’s response to the opioid epidemic. Unfortunately, some of the pertinent concluding evidence has been left out of the abstract - specifically acupuncture effectiveness. We are reaching out to request that you address this in order to maximize the acceptance of all effective treatments in responding to our opioid crisis.
In the body of the study, data on three types of conservative therapists as well as various types of physicians are included. It showed that there was a decrease in both early and long-term opioid use among patients with either physical therapists (PTs), chiropractors or acupuncturists. While all three of these conservative therapies and results are discussed in the paper, only chiropractic and physical therapy results are mentioned in the abstract - the acupuncture results are missing.
We are respectfully requesting that the abstract be reviewed and revised to include the acupuncture results. Exclusion of these results may diminish an effective alternative form of therapy we hope to leverage in addressing the opioid crisis.
Thank you for your consideration,
John S. Misa, MD
Vice President, Medical Operations
Allina Health
Dear Sir or Madam
Re. Diagnosed prevalence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorder in Wales, UK: a national electronic cohort study and case-control comparison.
Demmler J C, Atkinson M D, Reinhold E, Choy E, Lyons R A, Brophy S T
BMJ Open 2019;9:e031365
We write concerning the paper by Demmler et al., published in BMJ Open. We wish to raise the following concerns:
1. With regard to combining the Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) populations for analysis.
If one combines data from a cohort that is found to be ‘common’ (in this case ‘diagnosed JHS’) with one that is found to be ‘rare’ (in this case ‘diagnosed EDS’), the new combined cohort (i.e. diagnosed JHS/EDS) will be common. To then consider the rare cohort common is a fallacy.
Also, although individuals in a population with a previous diagnosis of JHS (i.e. prior to the 2017 international classification (1,2)) might have Hypermobile EDS (hEDS) by the current classification, it is not known how JHS segregates into Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) and hEDS. A JHS population would need to be reassessed to confirm this, or modelling assumptions of the data would need to be applied.
Show MoreIn addition, it is not known what proportion of the EDS cohort have hEDS versus the rare Mendelian types of EDS. As such, there is no way of knowing whether or by what proportion the two cohorts represent the same or similar or dif...
I believe that bipolar/mental disorders could be related to coeliac disease. Any study in relation to diet / supplements etc could be affected by this as undiagnosed coeliacs who are continuing to eat gluten do not digest foods properly and become deficient in minerals and vitamins as they CANNOT ABSORB them. I do feel that more research and studies need to be done with this in mind. Doctors should be testing more people. In Australia the AVERAGE time it takes for a coeliac to be diagnosed is 9 YEARS. A blood test is not reliable as often it comes back a false negative. Meanwhile they get diagnosed with bipolar and other illnesses caused by mineral and vitamin deficiencies. I have a father in law who was diagnosed bipolar BEFORE being diagnosed gluten intolerant (he has Dermatitis Herpetiformis which is related to coeliac disease). I don’t believe he is bipolar. My husband also was misdiagnosed with bipolar instead of coeliac disease. Brain cells recover after going on a gluten free diet!
All people diagnosed with bipolar should be tested for Coeliac Disease (or Dermatitis Herpetiformis if they have any kind of rash). And any study for treating bipolar disease with nutritional supplements should be done after the test and/or on people who have excluded gluten from their diet.
Mark L Levy,1,9 Darragh Murnane2, Peter J Barnes,3,9 Mark Sanders,4 Louise Fleming,5 Jane Scullion,6,9 Chris Corrigan,7,9 Omar S Usmani8,9
1. Locum general practitioner, Clinical Lead NRAD (2011-2014)
2. King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences ; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
3. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London
4. Clement Clarke international Ltd (CCI) and founder of online museum of inhaler devices, www.inhalatorium.com.
5. Imperial College, London and the Royal Brompton and Harefield, NHS Foundation Trust
6. University Hospitals of Leicester
7. King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences
8. Imperial College London & Royal Brompton Hospital
9. Aerosol Drug ManagementImprovement Team (ADMIT), www.inhalers4u.org
In an attempt to address issues related to global warming contributed to by the use of pressurised, metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), Wilkinson et al (1) have succeeded in generating a great deal of negative, potentially harmful media interest for patients who currently rely on these devices. They analysed the potential impact of switching therapy from pMDIs to dry powder inhalers (DPIs) in terms of both c...
Show MoreWe appreciate the response to our study.
The response assumes that a restriction in the population under study also limited the bias in two previous studies (1;2). In the two previous studies only individuals, who had two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age were included.
Therefore, we found it relevant to apply the same restriction to our study population and present the corresponding estimates adjusted for the confounders included in our study (3) (Table 1 - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/pages/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/11/table-1...).
In Table 1 it can be seen that the restriction of the analysis to include only individuals with two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age had little impact on the estimates. Importantly, the associations showing a reduced risk of hospitalisation for accidents among children with two or three diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were essentially unchanged when we restricted the analysis to include individuals with two diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis–polio–H. influenzae type b-vaccines at 11 months of age only.
Reference List
(1) Sorup S, Benn CS, Poulsen A, Krause TG, Aaby P, Ravn H. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospita...
Show MoreThe editors acknowledge the readers' comments about this article. We have asked the authors to respond and we will amend the article if necessary.
The BMJ have published an editorial, written by Jeremy Taylor, linked to the results of this research paper. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6324
I read this paper with interest - I think there is a lot to be gained from studying the James Lind Alliance approach and the diversity of methods that have been applied by James Lind partnerships. I do think however that your search strategy (and approach to searching) was unnecessarily narrow and wonder why you didn't start with the James Lind PSP website (http://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/) which lists all the JLA PSPs undertaken and would have been the best place to start. Had you done this (and/or used Google) you would have identified more JLA PSPs, including ours on pressure ulcers (reported here http://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/pressure-ulcers/ and also [1, 2]. I bring this to your attention merely because we considered extensively some of the issues your raise regarding facilitating broad participation and we have also discussed other methodological aspects.
[1] Cullum N, Buckley H, Dumville J, Hall J, Lamb K, Madden M, Morley R, O'Meara S, Goncalves PS, Soares M, Stubbs N. Wounds research for patient benefit: a 5 year programme of research. NIHR Journals Library; 2016
Show More[2] Madden M, Morley R. Exploring the challenge of health research priority setting in partnership: reflections on the methodology used by the James Lind Alliance Pressure Ulce...
Editor,
As corresponding author of the only paper out of 68 that "appeared to have undertaken a reassessment, which led to a correction" I have some sympathy for the authors of the other 67 papers. We decided that it was important that the problem due to the inclusion of subsequently retracted papers needed to be brought to the attention of readers, which we assumed would be relatively rapid. After agreement with my co-authors I emailed to the journal some text to highlight the problem and for readers to ignore the principle findings and rely on a secondary analysis which had excluded the suspect trials. The first email was sent on 18th August 2017. After receiving no response or acknowledgement a second email was sent on 13th November 2018, with a third on the 30th January 2018. A response was received on the 18th February 2018 and a correction published June 2018. Therefore it took the best part of a year to flag up an uncontested correction, which was a simple thing to do. It would be of interest to see if any of the authors of the remaining 67 papers had tried or are still trying to have a correction issues.
David Torgersoni
As readers will be aware, in the early years of the adverse mortality trends it was postulated that this may be due to UK government austerity. Using data at local authority level in England, Wales and Scotland this hypothesis has been questioned [1], and looks to have been a case of (inadvertent) correlation and not causation. This paper [1] also makes reference to the contribution from a series of influenza epidemics which coincidentally occurred in the austerity years.
It has also been pointed out that the use of calendar year data has been acting to conceal complex spatiotemporal patterns affecting deaths which resemble outbreaks of an infectious agent (influenza excluded as the causative agent) [2,3]. For this very reason the Office for National Statistics has begun publishing quarterly mortality data for England [4].
Since age standardized mortality is a single measure of mortality (with inherent assumptions), it is suggested that wider measures including single year of age patterns may need to be investigated.
As pointed out by the Scottish study, further research is indeed required.
1. Jones R. Austerity in the UK and poor health: Were deaths directly affected. British Journal of Healthcare Management 2019; 25(11): in press
2. Jones R. The calendar year fallacy: the danger of reliance on calendar year data in end-of-life capacity and financial planning. International Journal Health Planning Management 2019; doi: 10.1002/hpm.2838...
Show MoreTo the editors of the BMJ:
Allina Health is a Minnesota based not-for-profit healthcare system caring for patients across our 90+ clinics, 12 hospitals, 15 pharmacies, specialty care centers and specialty medical services. This includes our Penny George Institute for Health and Healing, which brings together physical therapy, chiropractic care and acupuncture alongside our traditional healthcare system to provide whole-person-care. As one of the largest healthcare systems in the United States, we are deeply committed to making a positive difference in the opioid crisis by including access to all effective modalities of care.
We found your recently published paper (by Kazis et al [BMJ Open 2019;9e028633] regarding their retrospective study of the association between initial health provider for low back pain with subsequent opioid use) to be a very valuable study with the potential to further shape healthcare’s response to the opioid epidemic. Unfortunately, some of the pertinent concluding evidence has been left out of the abstract - specifically acupuncture effectiveness. We are reaching out to request that you address this in order to maximize the acceptance of all effective treatments in responding to our opioid crisis.
In the body of the study, data on three types of conservative therapists as well as various types of physicians are included. It showed that there was a decrease in both early and long-term opioid use among patients with either physi...
Show MorePages