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Abstract
Introduction Enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone (AAP) are used in combination with androgen-deprivation therapy to further suppress the androgen stimulation of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). First-line mCRPC treatment with enzalutamide and AAP yields similar overall survival and radiographic progression-free survival in phase III trials. Thus, treatment selection relies on patient choice, cost and side effects. The aim of this randomised trial is to investigate differences in fatigue, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and metabolic side effects in men with mCRPC treated with first-line enzalutamide versus AAP.
Methods and analysis In this ongoing open-label randomised (1:1) clinical trial, enzalutamide is compared with AAP as first-line treatment for men with mCRPC. The primary endpoint is fatigue assessed with the questionnaire Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue version 4. Secondary endpoints are changes in body composition (ie, fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue and lean body mass assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), glucose metabolism assessed with a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, serum lipids, blood pressure and HRQoL assessed with the questionnaire Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P). All study endpoints are assessed at baseline and 12-week postintervention. Blood and urine samples are collected at baseline and at time of progression on allocated treatment for future investigation of predictive and prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer treatment. The planned sample size is 170 participants. All participants are recruited from Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Denmark. Estimated last patient’s last visit is February 2020.
Ethics and dissemination The study received project approval from the National Committee on Health Research Ethics and Danish Data Protection Agency and Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT no.: 2017-000027-99). The results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed international journals and will be presented at national and international conferences and symposiums.
Trial registration number Clinicaltrialsregister.eu (2017-000099-27).
- castration resistant
- prostate cancer
- prostate neoplasm
- Enzalutamide
- Abiraterone
- Abiraterone acetate
- Hormone therapy
- Adverse events
- side effects
- Fatigue
- quality of life
- Metabolic changes
- Randomised controlled trial
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- castration resistant
- prostate cancer
- prostate neoplasm
- Enzalutamide
- Abiraterone
- Abiraterone acetate
- Hormone therapy
- Adverse events
- side effects
- Fatigue
- quality of life
- Metabolic changes
- Randomised controlled trial
Strengths and limitations of this study
This randomised clinical trial will report patient-reported and metabolic side effects in a relatively large sample size.
This is the first randomised head-to-head trial primarily comparing fatigue, health-related quality of life and metabolic side effects in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with first-line enzalutamide versus abiraterone plus prednisolone.
The trial lacks assessment of long-term side effects.
Introduction
During the past decade, several new treatment options have emerged for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). These new treatment options include the androgen pathway inhibitors enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate. Enzalutamide blocks several steps in the androgen receptor signalling. Abiraterone inhibits enzymes (17a-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase) in the androgen biosynthesis, and is combined with prednisolone to compensate for abiraterone-induced reductions in serum cortisol.1 2
Enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone (AAP) yield similar radiographic progression-free and overall survival results in the phase III trials (PREVAIL and COU-AA-302, respectively) which has led to approval as first-line mCRPC treatments.3–6 Thus, the choice between these two agents depends on the patient’s preference, costs and agent-specific side effects.
Men with mCRPC that have been treated with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), have an increased risk of metabolic side effects and fatigue affecting health-related quality of life (HRQoL).7 8 Androgen pathway inhibitors are generally safe, with low rates of grade 3 and 4 adverse events. Most of the reported adverse events of these treatments are similar in the mentioned phase III trails, but the following adverse events were different: enzalutamide was associated with memory impairment and seizures; whereas AAP was associated with liver function abnormalities, peripheral oedema and cardiac events.3 5 9 Fatigue was the most common reported adverse event of both enzalutamide and AAP, although commonly emphasised as a side effect to enzalutamide.3 5 Comparing the results of the two trials is difficult, as the men in the control group of the enzalutamide trial (PREVAIL) received placebo, whereas the men in the control group of the AAP trial (COU-AA-302) received placebo plus prednisone.3 5 To date, no randomised head-to-head comparison primarily exploring differences in the side effect profiles have, to our knowledge, been published.
In addition, AAP has been approved for hormone-naïve metastatic prostate cancer and enzalutamide is expected to gain similar approval10–12 (NCT02677896, NCT02319837). This change in treatment sequencing will result in longer exposure to side effects, making comparative studies with specific side effect endpoints even more essential.
This protocol describes an ongoing randomised clinical trial comparing self-reported fatigue and HRQoL and metabolic changes in men treated with enzalutamide or AAP as first-line treatment for mCRPC. The aim is that the results from this trial may help patients and physicians to choose the best tolerated treatment based on the difference in the side effects of enzalutamide and AAP.
Methods and analysis
Trial design
This is a single-centre open-labelled randomised (1:1) phase IV trial comparing first-line enzalutamide versus AAP in men with mCRPC. The trial is conducted at the Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Denmark. The primary objective is to compare fatigue assessed with the questionnaire Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) version 4.
Participants
Eligible participants are men with newly diagnosed mCRPC, defined as metastatic prostate cancer progressing on ADT, based on the prostate cancer working group 3 criteria.13 Metastatic status is measured with computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax and abdomen and bone imaging (18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography-CT (PET/CT) or prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT). Inclusion criteria are age ≤90 years, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0–1 and adequate organ function (creatinine <1.5 x the upper limit of normal (ULN), total bilirubin <1.5 x ULN and alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase ≤2.5 x ULN). Exclusion criteria are visceral metastases, a prior history of seizures, known heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class >2), diabetes mellitus, hypersensitivity to or previous treatment with enzalutamide or AAP or previous treatment with docetaxel. An exception to the latter is docetaxel in the metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer setting, if the treatment was completed >6 months prior to enrolment. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are depicted in table 1. Eligibility is primarily assessed at the department’s multidisciplinary team conference, where all patients are evaluated prior to starting first-line mCRPC treatment. Subsequently, eligibility is confirmed by the primary investigator at a screening consultation before randomisation. This ensures that all eligible men at Herlev and Gentofte Hospital are offered study participation. The timeline from screening to intervention is depicted in figure 1.
Timeline from screening to intervention.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Randomisation
Patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria and have given a written informed consent are randomised at the screening consultation using the Randomization Module of Research electronical data capture (REDCap V.7.1.1). The allocation sequence is a computer-generated list of random numbers transferred to REDCap by a collaborator with no clinical involvement in the trial. Participants are randomly assigned to either enzalutamide or AAP in a 1:1 ratio without stratification. Randomisation follows a block randomisation with 60 men in the first block and 110 men in the last block. Participants and physicians are aware of the allocation arm after randomisation. Data and outcome assessors are not blinded.
Interventions
Recruitment began in June 2017 and planned completion is December 2019. Herlev and Gentofte Hospital provides urological cancer care for a population of ~1.3 million. We estimate that around 150 men are offered either enzalutamide or AAP as first-line mCRPC treatment yearly at the Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. Participants are randomised to receive one of the following treatments.
Enzalutamide
Participants are allocated to take 160 mg enzalutamide orally in the evening.
Abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone
Participants are allocated to take 1000 mg abiraterone acetate orally at least 1 hour before a meal or 2 hours after a meal in the evening.
Participants are instructed to take 10 mg prednisolone orally in the morning.
Compliance is ensured by registering the number of returned tablets at the follow-up visit. During the trial, all participants continue ADT. In addition, all participants follow normal standard of care and monitoring according to local and national guidelines at the Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, such as being offered bone protecting agents (ie, denosumab and calcium and vitamin D supplements). Participants receive allocated treatment from baseline visit until biochemical and/or radiographic progression or at the treating physician’s discretion after which appropriate choice of second-line mCRPC treatment will be decided at multidisciplinary team conferences as per standard of care.
Outcomes
Measurements
Primary and secondary outcomes are assessed for all participants at baseline and 12-week post-intervention by the primary investigator. A schedule of enrolment, interventions and assessments is depicted in table 2.
Schedule of enrolment, interventions and assessments
Primary outcome
The primary endpoint is the between-group differences in changed level of fatigue assessed with the 13-question questionnaire FACIT-Fatigue available and validated in Danish. The participants report the past week’s experienced fatigue by grading each question from one to four: ‘not at all’, ‘a little bit’, ‘some-what’, ‘quite a bite’ and ‘very much’. A minimal clinical important difference (MCID) in fatigue is defined as a 3.0 points change on an individual level.14 Fatigue is assessed at baseline, 12-week postintervention and at time of disease progression on allocated treatment.
Secondary outcomes
The secondary outcomes are the between-group differences in changed HRQoL, body composition, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and resistance measured with a 4-point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum lipids and androgen treatment response.
Health-related quality of life
The between-group change in HRQoL is assessed with the 39-question questionnaire Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Prostate (FACT-P) version 4 available and validated in Danish. FACT-P is assessed with the same grading as the FACIT-Fatigue questionnaire. An MCID in HRQoL is defined as a six points change on an individual level.15 HRQoL is assessed at baseline, 12-week postintervention and at time of disease progression on allocated treatment.
Body composition
Fat mass, body fat %, visceral adipose tissue volume (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue volume (SAT) and lean body mass (LBM) are obtained using DXA whole body fan-beam scans (Hologic Discovery, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA) with the software APEX V.4.0. VAT and SAT are measured in a 5 cm wide horizontal slice across the abdomen from the iliac crest to the L4-L5 segment.16 17 Weight (BWB-800A, TANITA, Tokoyo, Japan) and body mass index (height in meters2/weight in kilograms) is assessed as well. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure is measured on the right arm after at least 20 min of rest (BP A3 Plus, Microlife AG, Widnau, Switerland).
Oral glucose tolerance test
The first 60 participants undergo a 2-hour OGTT (75 g glucose) after at least 9 hours of fasting. Plasma glucose and insulin are measured after 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. The whole body insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda index) are calculated from plasma glucose and insulin concentrations attained from the 2-hour OGTT in the subgroup of 60 participants.18 The equation for calculating the Matsuda index is: 10.000/√ (FPG×FPI × mean PG ×mean PI). FPG is the fasting plasma glucose and FPI is the fasting plasma insulin concentration. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin are measured in all 170 participants. Fasting insulin resistance is calculated from the basal glucose and insulin concentrations using the homeostatic model assessment with following equation: (FPG×FPI)/22.5.19
Biochemical assays
All blood samples are drawn before 11 am after a minimum of 9 hours of fasting.
Metabolic analyses
Plasma glucose is analysed with an enzymatic assay (Vitros 5.1, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA). Plasma insulin is analysed with a enzyme immunoassay (DRG instruments GmbH, Germany). Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (Variant II TURBO, Bio-RAD, USA). Triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol are assayed by an enzymatic technique (Vitros 5.1 FS, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA). C reactive protein is analysed with a latex-enhanced immuno-turbidimetric test (Atellica CH 930, Siemens, Germany).
Androgen treatment response
Serum total testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and 17-hydroxyprogesterone are measured by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (Acquity UPLC Xevo TQ MS, Waters, USA). Sex hormone-binding globulin is analysed by a competitive chemiluminescence based immunoassay (Cobas, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Plasma luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are measured using sandwich chemiluminescence immunoassay (ADVIA Centaur, Siemens, Germany).
Additional measurements
Common terminology criteria for adverse events
Adverse events will be registered at the 12-week postintervention visit, using the common terminology criteria for adverse events V.4.20
Metabolic biomarkers
Samples of full blood and serum are prospectively collected at baseline and 12-week postintervention for future assessment of cardiac, adipose and inflammatory biomarkers.
Genetic biomarkers
A biobank is generated during the trial and will be used for a future prospective, observational study assessing the predictive and prognostic value of genetic biomarkers in circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA). Samples from blood and urine are prospectively collected at baseline and at time of disease progression on allocated treatment. Somatic alterations will be analysed from ccfDNA in plasma, urine pellets and supernatant.
Patient and public involvement
The patients treated with enzalutamide and AAP inspired us to the design of the trial’s research question and outcomes, by sharing their experience of the treatment and associated side effects in the out-patient clinic of Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. Fatigue is the primary outcome of the trial, since fatigue is the most common and distressing symptom experienced by patients with mCRPC.21 The burden of the intervention is partly assessed by patient-reported questionnaires assessing fatigue and HRQoL. Patients were not involved in the recruitment to or conduct of the trial. The results of the trial will be made publicly available through the homepage of Herlev and Gentofte Hospital.
Sample size and statistical analysis
The sample size calculation is based on the detection of a between-group MCID of 3.0 points on the FACIT-Fatigue scale, with an anticipated drop-out of 10%.14 The standard deviation is assumed to be 6.55, based on confidence limits from previous studies assessing fatigue in men with metastatic prostate cancer.22–24 The sample size calculation is based on a two‐tailed significance level of 5% and a power of 80%. This required a sample size of 85 participants in each group, a total of 170 men.
The within-subject and between-group differences of the primary and secondary endpoints will be analysed with linear mixed effect models using constrained longitudinal analysis (cLDA). The between-group MCID in fatigue and HRQoL will be analysed with risk difference. An MCID in fatigue is defined as an individual 3-point change in the FACIT-Fatigue total score. An MCID in HRQoL is defined as an individual 6-point change in FACT-P total score. Interactions between patient-reported outcomes (fatigue and quality of life), and age (<75 vs ≥75 years) and extent of metastases (high vs low volume disease) will be tested in sub-group analyses using forest plots. High volume disease is defined as ≥4 bone metastases with ≥1 bone metastases outside pelvis and column. Interactions between metabolic changes, and body mass index (BMI) (<30 vs ≥30) and age (<75 vs ≥75 years) will be analysed in subgroup analyses using forest plots. The linear mixed effect model using cLDA handles random missing data.
Ethics and dissemination
Participants will receive standard first-line treatment for mCRPC. The primary investigator obtains the written informed consent from all participants. The trial follows the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Danish rules on Clinical Trials of Medicines in Humans. The trial is externally monitored by Good Clinical Practice Unit, Copenhagen University. The trial’s results will be published in peer-reviewed international journals or otherwise made publicly available and will be presented at national and international conferences and symposiums irrespective of the outcomes. Patient-reported outcome, metabolic changes, hormone analyses and genetic biomarkers will be reported in separate publications. Study completion is expected by spring 2020, and dissemination of the results will begin as soon as possible thereafter.
Discussion
This article describes the protocol of an ongoing randomised clinical trial comparing fatigue, HRQoL and metabolic changes in men with mCRPC treated with first-line enzalutamide versus AAP.
We chose fatigue as the primary endpoint since it is the most common and distressing symptom affecting HRQoL in men with mCRPC.3 5 25 26 We assess changes in patient-reported fatigue with the validated 13-question questionnaire FACIT-Fatigue. Previous randomised clinical trials on enzalutamide and AAP measured the level of fatigue with Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event with a coarse three-level grading, from fatigue ‘relieved by rest’ to fatigue ‘limiting self-care’.3 5 We expect that changes in fatigue will be reported more accurately from patients using the 13-question questionnaires in contrast to the physician reported three-level grading used in previously trials. We did not choose to assess fatigue by interviews since that would preclude a statistical comparison of changes in fatigue, even though interviews might yield a more individual assessment of fatigue.
We chose to assess changes in patient-reported HRQoL with the 39-question questionnaire FACT-P, because FACT-P is developed and validated for assessing HRQoL in men with prostate cancer. Changed HRQoL for men with metastatic prostate cancer has previously been measured with FACT-P in randomised clinical trials, and the results can therefore be compared with existing literature.27–29
We chose to comprehensively assess metabolic changes, including glucose metabolism measured with OGTT and HbA1c, and body composition measured with DXA scans. Previous randomised clinical trials on enzalutamide and abiraterone have measured following metabolic adverse events: plasma glucose, weight and blood pressure.3–6 We did not choose to measure non-fasting plasma glucose, because the within-subject plasma glucose varies widely, and plasma glucose alone fails to diagnose ~30% of cases of previously undiagnosed diabetes.30 31 We chose to assess glucose metabolism with OGTT and HbA1c because the hyperglycaemic disease process is a risk factor for microvascular complications, diabetes and cardiovascular disease and may be present without fulfilling the criteria for diabetes.30 We chose to measure BMI and body composition with DXA scans because both methods can identify obesity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular risks,32–34 while DXA scans can identify body fat which may be a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than BMI alone.35 36 We measure LBM with DXA scans, because a loss of lean mass can over time contribute to a decrease in muscle strength which are important predictors of balance, the occurrence of falls and mortality.37 38
We chose 3-month follow-up to evaluate the treatments side effects and at the same time to avoid a pronounced influence of disease progression on HRQoL and fatigue. In a cohort study of 21 participants metabolic changes appeared already after 7–10 days of treatment with low-dose prednisolone (6 mg/day).39 Changes in fatigue and HRQoL can be experienced within the first 3 months of treatment with new androgen pathway inhibitors.27 The median time until biochemical progression was 11.1 and 11.2 months for men with mCRPC treated with AAP and enzalutamide, respectively.3 5 However, 14% (74/546) had biochemical progression after only 3 months’ treatment with AAP; and 8% (70/854) had biochemical progression after 3 months’ treatment with enzalutamide.3 5
The lack of blinding can be perceived as a weakness, but we find that it is of minor importance and unlikely to affect the objectively measured outcomes. Blood samples are analysed in an independent laboratory, DXA scans are analysed with the same software and outcomes on fatigue and HRQoL are reported by participants.
Conclusion
The aim of this trial is to assess differences in the patient-reported and metabolic side effects of enzalutamide and AAP. The results may in the future help patients and physicians to choose the best tolerated treatment and thereby reduce treatment induced morbidity and improve quality of life.
Acknowledgments
We want to thank the patients, treated with enzalutamide and AAP at Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, for inspiring us to design this trial by openly sharing their experience of their treatment and associated side effects.
References
Footnotes
Contributors KKT, PBØ, JS, CK, HL, MF, GP and RB participated in the design of the study. KKTconceived the study and participated in its design and coordination. KKT and PBØ drafted the study protocol. KKT drafted the manuscript and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding JS, trial sponsor, PhD, DMSci, Chair Professor of Urology Mail: Jens.Soenksen@regionh.dk. This work was supported by SPCG Clinical Research Grant 2017 and the internal research fund of Herlev and Gentofte Hospital.
Competing interests PBØ is speaker for Astellas, Ipsen and Ferring. MF is speaker for Ferring and Astellas and advisory board representative for Astellas.
HL is advisory board representative for Roche, Janssen, Astellas, Bayer and Sanofi-Aventis.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval This trial is approved by the National Committee on Health Research Ethics (H-17001347), Danish Data Protection Agency (2012-58-0004) and Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT no.: 2017-000027-99, www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement There are no data in this work.