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  • Do exposure to outdoor temperatures, NO2 and PM10 affect the work-related injuries risk? A case-crossover study in three Italian cities, 2001–2010

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Public health
Research
Do exposure to outdoor temperatures, NO2 and PM10 affect the work-related injuries risk? A case-crossover study in three Italian cities, 2001–2010
  1. Patrizia Schifano1,
  2. Federica Asta1,
  3. Alessandro Marinaccio2,
  4. Michela Bonafede2,
  5. Marina Davoli1,
  6. Paola Michelozzi1
  1. 1 Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
  2. 2 Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Department, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
  1. Correspondence to Dr Federica Asta; f.asta{at}deplazio.it

Abstract

Objectives Studies on the effect of temperature on rates of work-related injuries (WRIs) are very recent, and are evolving in depth and scope. However, less is known about potential effects of air pollutants. Our objective was to analyse the association between WRI and NO2, PM10 and air temperature in three major Italian cities, and to identify groups of workers more at risk in Italy.

Design Time-stratified case-crossover study.

Settings Milan, Turin, Rome, years 2001–2010.

Participants A total of 468 816 WRI occurred between 2001 and 2010 in Milan, Turin and Rome were extracted from the Italian national workers’ compensation authority database.

Main outcomes Associations between WRI and temperature, PM10, NO2, separately in the warm and in the cold season (WS, May–September; CS, November–February). Effect modification was studied by economic sector, occupational activity and indoor/outdoor job activity.

Results Exposure to NO2 (lag 0–8) showed the highest effect on the risk of WRI,with ORs ranging from 1.20 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.24) in Milan to 1.30 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.37) in Turin in the WS. The effect of exposure to PM10 was milder but consistent across all cities: ORs from 1.09 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.12) in Turin to 1.15 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.18) in Rome. Temperature was associated with risk of WRI only among those working in construction (highest association in Rome 1.06; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.12), transportation (highest association in Milan 1.05; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.14) and the energy industry (highest association in Milan 1.57; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.38) in the WS in all cities. A weak effect of low temperatures was observed in the CS only in Rome.

Conclusions Exposures to NO2 resulted as strongest hazard for WRIs, mainly in warm months, while the independent effect of temperature was significant only in specific subgroups of workers. These results could be considered to better plan safety prevention programmes.

  • air pollution
  • temperature
  • climate change
  • occupational health
  • work-related injuries
  • case crossover study

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023119

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors PS conceptualised and designed the study, drafted the manuscript. FA carried out the statistical analyses, reviewed and revised the manuscript. AM and MB contributed to the draft, critically reviewed the manuscript. MD critically reviewed the manuscript. PM collaborated to conceptualise and to design the study, reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.

    • Funding The study was carried out within 'Cambiamenti climatici, inquinamento atmosferico e pollini: Modello integrato di monitoraggio dell’esposizione ambientale, allerta, sorveglianza rapida sanitaria e promozione di misure di prevenzione per ridurre l’impatto sulla salute' funded by CCM—Ministero della Salute.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request.