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Abstract
Around seven million patients undergo endoarterial interventional radiology procedures (EAIRP) annually worldwide. These procedures have become part of the standard repertoire of vascular surgery. However, the healthcare-associated infections related to these procedures are relatively unknown. Prevalence and adverse outcome of infectious complication (IC) post-EAIRP may be underestimated. We aim to provide national trend estimation of EAIRP incidence and outcome in France.
Methods and analysis From the French Common Classification of Medical Acts, we will define four categories of EAIRP. We will collect procedures via the French nationwide hospital discharge database, called Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information (PMSI) and derived from the Diagnosis Related Group system. Various combinations to identify the numerator will be employed according to a pre-established algorithm. Technical data wrangling tools facilitating the use of PMSI will be developed to obtain a clean and well-structured database ready for statistical analysis. This protocol will require competences in medicine, epidemiology, statistics, data processing and techniques through various stages of the study. The cohort will contain the denominator (the first act of the first stay of each patient) and the corresponding numerator (the IC which will occur during the first stay).
Ethics and dissemination No nominative, sensitive or personal data on patients have been collected. The study of the MOrtality and infectious complications of therapeutic EndoVAscular interventional radiology (MOEVA) study does not involve humans, and falls within the scope of the French Reference Methodology MR-004 according to 2016–41 law dated 26 January 2016 on the modernisation of the French health system. Our study involves the reuse of already recorded data, which require neither information or non-opposition of the included individuals. Access to linked ANOnymous (ANO) file in the PMSI databases was approved by the French National Commission for Data Protection and Liberties (CNIL number 1564135). The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.
- endo-arterial
- interventional
- radiology
- infection
- PMSI
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The large sample size of Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information (PMSI) enables analyses of rare conditions, uncommon treatments and special patient populations spanning several years of recruitment.
The PMSI’s database is immediately available and systematically collected over time.
The chosen French Common Classification of Medical Acts’ codes reflect homogeneous population selected for endoarterial interventional radiology procedure treatment evaluation.
Infectious diseases coding is heterogeneous across clinicians within the PMSI’s framework because they are more often secondary than principal diagnoses during a single stay.
Introduction
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the world, representing 17.5 million deaths per year, that is, 31% of world mortality.1 In France, in 2011, CV diseases accounted for 27% of the total deaths,2 and the mean age was 71 years.3 Vascular disease, affecting the vascular system (arteries, veins and lymphatic circulation), is a pathological state triggered by endothelial cell dysfunction4 and a subgroup of CV diseases. Today the three components to treat this high-risk disease include medical treatment, intensive management of risk factors, and surgery or endovascular interventional radiology (IR).5 6 Annually, around seven million patients undergo percutaneous interventional vascular procedures worldwide, and this number is expected to escalate further in the coming years.7
IR is a clinically oriented specialty that employs image guidance in order to perform minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.8 9 Using innovative, evolving and often complex techniques, IR has revolutionised patient care, reducing morbidity and mortality and allowing more rapid recovery.
IR encompasses a wide range of procedures and techniques. On the one hand, endovenous interventional radiology procedures available for treatment of lower extremity venous insufficiency include endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency endovascular ablation, inferior vena cava filter placement, central venous access and sclerotherapy.10 On the other hand, endoarterial interventional radiology procedures (EAIRPs) include diagnostic angiography, angioplasty, thrombolysis, arterial closure device placement, stent placement, end-graft placement, embolisation and chemoembolisation, uterine artery embolisation, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.11
EAIRP, as a surgical activity, is susceptible to risk of infection, which varies according to the state of the patient and whether a established medical device is used or not.5 Its practical implementation depends on individual and collective behaviours, organisation,12 general constraints of hygiene13 of image-guided of IR equipment and radiation protection.14 The complexity and multiplicity of the procedures, the severity of the patient’s disease and the need for optimal result are reasons for monitoring15 and evaluation of all steps of the interventions.5 16 Today, we have limited insights into the underlying infectious complication (IC) mechanisms post-EAIRP,17 18 so we hypothesised that the prevalence and death from IC post-EAIRP are underestimated because previous estimations were not based on global databases, such as national databases.
Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is now key to prevention and an effective element in the fight against HAIs.19 Because monitoring is often time-consuming and labour-intensive,20 only some studies estimated the prevalence of HAIs post-EAIRP. Malavaud et al have estimated the risk as 0.64% for coronary angioplasty and 4.9% for all arterial and venous angioplasties.15 21 Other studies have reported the occurrence of prosthetic vascular graft infection with a cumulative incidence varying from 0.5% to 5%22 23 and from 0% to 3.1%.24 Data were heterogeneous25 and associated with a low level of evidence.26 Most studies were monocentric27 and provided information on a particular microbial ecology and cannot be extrapolated to another centre.6
The Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information (PMSI) database,28 which collects hospital discharge data (HDD), represents an important potential for epidemiology, with a positive cost/quality ratio since the data were already recorded. Henceforth, surveillance and measurement of healthcare are increasingly based on risk-adjusted outcomes derived from administrative databases.29 This is why researchers and policy makers use HDD to identify, track and analyse national trends in healthcare utilisation, access, charges, quality and outcomes.30
In France, the PMSI is an annual database of hospital inpatient stay. It is the largest, publicly available, all-payer inpatient care database. On mandatory use,31 it generates 25 million stays per year.32 In 1996 the PMSI was adapted from the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) of the USA. The PMSI is used to create billing data submitted by hospitals to the state. DRG includes information on clinical and resource use mainly available from discharge abstracts.33 DRG is designed to deliberately classify groups of stays according to medical similarity and cost.34 In most hospitals, the processing of information on medical records, which is then entered into databases for later analysis, follows a typical sequence. The medical activity reported by the PMSI is entered by coding the summary discharge of hospitals, which contains alphanumeric codes for (1) diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) in its French version and (2) the French Common Classification of Medical Acts (FCCMA).35 Thus, the FCCMA allows billing of hospital activity relative to payment of fees.
The use of PMSI databases with specific architecture in an epidemiological context puts researchers and engineer face the complexity of handling these data. This complexity largely exceeds the number of individuals and variables. To decipher them, these data require structuring, cleaning, enrichment, pairing, concatenation, merge, recoding, analysis and validation across special software application before interpretation of findings.
Even if research in the field is developing, it remains discrete, and exploitation of national medicoeconomic databases for studies of the French PMSI is insufficient. To date, these preliminary treatments and protocols for PMSI exploitation are not standardised. They are reiterated in each study and involve a time-consuming implementation. To help develop improved methods to increasingly use PMSI data, we created a methodologiy for design of a PMSI cohort lends to the analysis. Our research question is the following: ‘What is the incidence of the IC of EAIRP?’
Objectives
The primary objective is to determine the epidemiology of IC secondary to EAIRP within 30 days of the procedure. The secondary objectives are (1) to identify the denominator, numerator and all records relating to the same individual using record linkage, (2) to assess clinical outcomes across four therapeutic approaches in different study populations (children and adults), and (3) to compare the characteristics of the patients who underwent EAIRP and developed IC with the same population without IC.
Methods and analyses
Data source
The source of data was the French PMSI database in medicine, surgery and obstetrics from 2009 to 2014.
Study design
MOrtality and infectious complications of therapeutic EndoVAscular interventional radiology (MOEVA) is an observational study of the longitudinal national cohort of all patients hospitalised in French public and private hospitals and assessed in the PMSI database. Patients will be selected by the presence in the hospital discharge data set, from 1 January 2009 through 31 December 2014, of at least one EAIRP according to the FCCMA. In accordance with the French national regulations, due to the absence of direct involvement of patients and the retrospective nature of the study design, informed consent is not required. The PMSI’s tables will be linked using the unique encrypted ANOnymous (ANO) possible since 2001.36 Each pathway patient will be studied for 24 months (figure 1).
Chronological description of patient pathway with endoarterial interventional radiology procedures (EAIRP). Subjects who had an EAIRP with one of the interventions retained in the study will be screened for denominator’s eligibility. Only those who developed at least an infectious complication will be retained for statistics analysis. The definition of infectious complication (IC) follows an algorithm of case. The checkpoints of IC will be applied to 7 days and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after EAIRP. If cardiovascular (CV) intervention occurred between 12 and 9 months before EAIRP, it will be regarded as a risk factor. If CV intervention occurred during 3 months before EAIRP, it will be excluded from statistical analysis. If the CV intervention will occur after EAIRP, this one will be counted among the complications and will be regarded as a repair act of the initial act. The follow-up of each patient will be made over 24 months. 12-month feedback before EAIRP for the collection of the comorbidities according to the scores of Elixhauser and Charlson. FCCMA, French Common Classification of Medical Acts.
The PMSI database contains data assessing a person’s consumption of care, and information on insurance, healthcare institutions and health professionals.37 Each record is for a single hospitalisation; thus, multiple records are possible for an individual with recurrent hospitalisations. For this study, we will use the Anonymous Summary Discharge (Résumé de Sortie Anonyme).37 The files used are those resulting from the validation of the national Technical Agency of Hospitalisation Information (Agence Technique de l’Information sur l’Hospitalisation).
Patient and public involvement
The research question has been developed from prior feedback experience from practising physicians who are piloting the study. Besides, also referring to the national French surveillance system for control of nosocomial infections, very few notifications of IC have been reported for the last 10 years. Hence, we decided to provide the current state of knowledge on the morbimortality of IC after therapeutic EAIRP. In this framework of study, patients and the public were not actively involved in the research question38 and protocol development, including outcome measures. Specific patient advisers were not consulted for this study. The results of this study, which is of public interest, will be disseminated through the CPias (Centre d’appui pour la Prévention des Infections Associées aux Soins) internally, and through publication of the final report at national and international levels.
This work is articulated around five steps.
Step 1: study population
The study consists of patients whose hospital stay was related to a first EAIRP.
Identification of vascular diseases and EAIRP interventions
The main arterial vascular disease categories1 are the following: (1) coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischaemic heart disease); (2) peripheral arterial disease, disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs; (3) cerebrovascular disease, disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke); (4) renal artery stenosis, narrowing of the renal arteries that carry blood to the kidneys from the aorta; and (5) aortic aneurysm.
The definition of EAIRP is specified in the FCCMA. It consists of the classifying acts that are mandatory in stays summary.33 These are coded at the end of each intervention by the physician who performed the IR act. All of these acts are refundable. To find a specific act, several strategies are possible. We will search use of above-mentioned list of acts in the totality of FCCMA V.41.39 All codes which will belong to the category of acts ‘by percutaneous trans-arterial route’ (table 1). The billing records from each IR will be identified and reviewed by two of the authors (AKM and BM).
Different codes for identification of the denominator according to FCCMA V.41
Eligibility criteria for the denominator’s definition
The extraction of stays with at least one code linked with an EAIRP act (FCCMA code) will be carried out by the data manager of the French School for Advanced Studies in Public Health (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique) based in Rennes, France. These codes will result from the baseline assessment of eligibility criteria (box 1). After the reception of the PMSI database, we will apply a second wave of exclusion directly on stays of patients. Full and detailed study eligibility criteria are listed in box 1.
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria at baseline.
Hospital stay for EAIRP between 2009 and 2014 (see figure 1).
Age older than 1 year.
Percutaneous angioplasty without a stent (limbs, supra-aortic trunks (SAT) and carotids).
Percutaneous angioplasty with stent placement (endoprosthesis: limbs, SAT, carotids; endoprosthesis covered thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, peripheral vessels).
Percutaneous embolisation (embolisation vaso-occlusion and/or endovascular sclerotherapy (limbs, SAT and carotid) and intra-arterial embolisation).
Percutaneous thrombectomy and thromboaspiration (in situ thrombolysis: peripheral arteries, intracranial visceral arteries).
Exclusion criteria relative to IR procedure.
IR procedure carried out in a venous territory.
Act which is not exclusively arterial.
Act which is exclusively diagnostic.
Therapeutic act with injection of anticancer chemotherapy.
Extraction of intravascular or intracardiac foreign bodies.
Arterial access with plantable port for chemotherapy embolisation.
Stays comprising only FCCMA of ‘diagnostic radiology’ without other acts of EAIRP in the denominator.
Other exclusion criteria.
Residence out of France (foreign postal code, not allowing follow-up of the patient after the EAIRP act).
Code of the following major diagnostic categories (Categories Majeures de Diagnostic): (1) code 90: error and other uncategorised or ungroupable stays; (2) code 28: session (specific health interventions undertaken by health professionals, for example, chemotherapy and dialysis); and (3) code 15: newborn and other neonates (perinatal period).
Palliative care during EAIRP: palliative care will be identified using the ICD-10 (code Z51.5), which includes end-of-life care and terminal care.
Infection within 3 months before EAIRP.
Vascular surgery within 3 months before EAIRP.
Exclusion of combined surgical and IR interventions.
Hospital stays which exceed 12 months (because the follow-up is limited to 12 months; figure 1).
Other stays than the first one (only the first EAIRP will be studied).
EAIRP, endoarterial interventional radiology procedures; FCCMA, French Common Classification of Medical Acts; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; IR, interventional radiology.
Step 2: study outcome
The study is based on hospital stays with at least one complication.
Primary endpoints
The primary outcome is the incidence of IC or all-cause mortality within 30 days after EAIRP.
Identification and definition of IC
In the absence of a specific definition of HAIs related to IR, we will adapt the definition of surgical site infection40: ‘infection occurs within 30 days after the operation if no implant is left in place or within one year if implant is in place and the infection appears to be related to the operation and infection involves any part of the anatomy (eg, organs and spaces) other than the incision which was opened or manipulated during an operation’. The selection of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) during the IR procedures indicates that AP was largely guided by the existing surgical literature.41 42 The risks of infection of open surgical procedures differ from those of the IR procedures.43 In the PMSI database, the IC will be identified by diagnostic codes.44
The identification of keywords of CV infection post-IR was made by a working group within the Centre for Support and Prevention of Infections associated with Health Care (CPias). We have readjusted a pre-established algorithm and was validated by this team.45 46 In agreement with other studies,20 we retained keywords such as ‘bacteremia’, ‘abscess’, ‘sepsis’, ‘septic shock’, ‘drainage’, ‘wound’, ‘infection of the point of puncture’, ‘infection of surgical site’, ‘nosocomial infection’ and ‘infection acquired at the hospital’. All infections (bacterial and fungus infections) will be considered.
Based on these keywords, we identified two lists of diagnostic codes of infection from ICD-10. The first list will include either the pathogen agent or the anatomical location of infection. We called this list ‘specific-code’. The second list will include codes of inflammation embolic of mechanic lesions which may be imputed to infection. We called this list ‘unspecific-code’ (table 2).
Codes used to document infectious complication post-EAIRP in ICD-10 and FCCMA classifications
The identification of hospital stay for infection post-EAIRP will be based on a pre-established algorithm. This will select the cases based on the presence of diagnosis codes in the ICD-10 (specific code, unspecific code), which we will associate with to other surgical acts of the FCCMA qualified of the repairer of the initial act. The surgical repair act will be called specific act of infection post-EAIRP (table 2).
This algorithm will be applied to those patients who were retained after the denominator’s eligibility criteria. The identification of hospital stay with infection will be carried out by application of these lists of diagnostic codes (specific code, unspecific code) in principal diagnosis and/or secondary, significant associated diagnoses (DAS) (Diagnostic Associé Significatif), associated or not with a surgical repair act. The use of both Diagnosis Principal (DP) and DAS codes aims at circumventing the poor inter-rater reliability of the DP choice for infectious diseases.47 We identified seven combinations of codes to define possible of certain infection cases (table 3).
Combinations of codes for the diagnoses of infectious complications following EAIRP
Secondary endpoints
Secondary outcomes will be defined as any of the following:
Conversion to surgical repair.
Postprocedural complication.
Total length of intensive care unit stay and Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II).
Hospital length of stay.
Readmission.
Mortality, up to 3 and 12 months, if the patient dies in the hospital.
Step 3: study comorbidities
A period of 12 months prior to hospitalisation concerning the realisation of EAIRP will be considered in recovering data on patients’ comorbidities.48 Comorbidity may be defined as the total burden of illnesses unrelated to the principal diagnosis.49 To achieve complete data processing, we will use two comorbidity measurement tools adapted for use with the ICD-10 and nature of administrative data50: Charlson score is a weighted index of comorbidities built to predict mortality at 1 year.51 This score is built around 17 comorbidities using clinical conditions recorded in charts. Elixhauser score is used to classify comorbidities among inpatients in order to predict hospital mortality.50 This score is built around 30 comorbidities using distinctive ICD-10 codes as a starting point. We also proceed to calculate the number of diseases per patient. This last approach is defined by the notion of multimorbidity.52
Step 4: study follow-up
Subjects will be followed during their postprocedure stay at hospital. Follow-up of IC will be carried out at various periods according to the European recommendations in progress.53
For all EAIRP:
During stay of the procedure.
During the 7 days which follow the procedure.
One month after the procedure.
Only for the angioplasty with stent:
3 months after the procedure.
12 months after the procedure.
Step 5: general guidelines for cohort identification
The PMSI is distributed as fixed-width American Standard Code for Information Interchang (ASCII)-formatted data files or tables compressed with WinZip. After the delivery of the PMSI database, we will begin the examination of the four tables in the following order: Common Classification of Medical Acts (CCMA), stay, medical unit (MU) and DAS. At this stage those tables are individually clean, and they are supposed to contain non-redundant data (figure 2).
Flow chart of the various stages of exploitation protocol of the PMSI database for EAIRP. DAS, Diagnostic Associé Significatif; EAIRP, endoarterial interventional radiology procedures; FCCMA, French Common Classification of Medical Acts; FINESS, Fichier d’Identification National des Etablissements Sanitaires et Sociaux; MU, medical unit; PMSI, Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information.
The ‘CCMA’ table
It contains codes providing the reasons for hospitalisation and procedures that the patients received. These codes need to be carefully used and interpreted while taking into account regular updating of FCCMA versions. It is major to check all FCCMA codes used to ensure the codes are in effect during the time period studied. This table will serve EAIRP’s identification and application of eligible criteria proper to the denominator. We will proceed to the creation of a ‘stay’ file. The unit of analysis is the hospital discharge. This means that a person who is admitted to the hospital at multiple times in 1 year will be counted each time as a separate discharge from the hospital.
The ‘Stay’ table
It includes clinical and resource use information typically available from discharge abstracts. This hospital-level file contains one observation for each hospital included in the PMSI and contains linkage data elements. We will merge the ‘CCMA’ and ‘stays’ tables. The unit of analysis will be patient hospitalisation. For hospital, the unit of analysis will be the National Number of Hospital Identification (Fichier d’Identification National des Etablissements Sanitaires et Sociaux).
The ‘MU’ table
It contains information from disease severity measures (type of MU, SAPS II). We will merge the ‘CCMA-Stays’ and ‘MU’ tables. The objective of this stage is to identify the first stays with an EAIRP. This stage will create a ‘patient’ file whose unit of analysis is the first act of EAIRP during the target period.
The ‘DAS’ table
It contains data derived from the ICD-10 classification. We will pool the three tables previously merged with ‘DAS’ table. For each patient we will select all hospitalisations following the stay for the first EAIRP. One admission per patient will be used in this study. For multiple admissions, only the first one will be considered and analysed. The objective of this stage is the final file creation called ‘PMSI_clean’. To this file, we will apply the algorithm of ICs. This database is the ultimate stage of the various steps of cleaning, selection and validation of variables.
The ‘Cohort’ database
It contains both the denominator and the numerator. This file represents the basis for statistical analysis (figure 2).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics will be used to summarise the data from people with identified IC and the non-IC population. We will compare demographics, smoking habits, comorbidities, category of admission (scheduled or non-scheduled), discharge status, multivariable-adjusted outcomes of hospital status (private or public), death and IC, as well as the combined outcome of death and IC. The severity of inpatients’ health status after EAIRP will be measured (length of hospital stay, type of MU and SAPS II). The categorical variables will be expressed as frequencies (percentage) and the quantitative variables as mean (SD) or median (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables. Dichotomous variables will be analysed with χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Bivariate analyses according to infection status (yes/no) will be based on binomial regression as appropriate (Pearson’s χ2 test and analysis of variance). Relative risk or OR and 95% CI will be calculated. Trends will be analysed using the Cochran-Armitage test of linear trend and will be reported as a two-sided p value with significance at 0.05. We will evaluate changes in procedure volume and associated IC over time. To test IC of treatment effects, we will perform logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression will be adjusted for the variables gender, age, and comorbid conditions of CV disease (cardiac arrhythmias, valvular disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infraction and peripheral circulation disorders), renal failure, diabetes, hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For each endpoint, we will report the difference between groups with its 95% CI or SE of the mean and p value. Data records with missing values will be analysed. Whenever data will contain missing values, we will try imputation to test whether the results are sensitive to the missing values. The model of multiple imputation M with Rubin’s rules54 will be pooled to form a single estimate for each parameter and its SE. Data manipulation and analysis will be performed with STATA V.14.2.
Discussion
The problems and pathologies that endovascular therapy seeks to remedy are some of today’s most common chronic medical problems.55 Medically, these procedures decrease risk to patients and allow a quicker return to normal daily functions.55 Therefore, this research is timely and clinically important since EAIRP is being performed increasingly and long-term effects remain undetermined.25 Surveillance of HAIs is widely recognised as an important instrument in infection control programmes.5 Recently some works starting from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample have been undertaken in US states to evaluate interventional endovascular treatment.56 57 In France, this work will allow evaluation of EAIRP through the use of PMSI over 4 years, thanks to the linking of hospital stay.36
The EAIRP national cohort is based on a census of discharges in short-term care, from all hospitals, private and public, practising vascular IR. These specialties include58 59 vascular interventional radiologist, interventional cardiologists, interventional neurologists and vascular surgeons. Because endovascular technologies are of multispecialty interest, a review of the entire scope of fundamental information with regard to each aspect of the field is required to furnish a comprehensive review that will provide specific utility for individuals from different disciplines.60
The PMSI can be used to examine the use of hospital health services, practice variation, cost and the impact of health policy interventions in the inpatient setting. Use of these population-based data permits investigations with adequate power which would not be possible with more limited single-site clinical data. Moreover, these data are easily accessible and inexpensive, and can be analysed using ubiquitous statistical programs. In this context, research publications from the PMSI data have grown rapidly in recent years.
The utility of administrative data depends on the measures studied and how well they are captured in administrative and clinical records. Careful study design, appropriate database selection and rigorous analyses allow investigators to answer key clinical questions. All of these steps require a thorough understanding of the individual composition and links between databases (CCMA, Stay, MU and DAS), including strengths and limitations between them. There will be several limitations to the present study. The first limitation is the retrospective nature of the study, which has significant potential for selection bias. The second limitation is the risks inherent to coding error. The third limitation is that the PMSI compiles billing information which was not originally created for clinical research.31 Hence, unbilled procedures or those which do not affect reimbursement directly may not be captured or may be prone to variation in coding practices.61 So the specification of the causative micro-organism of certain infections is non-exhaustively indicated in practice. Because of the nature of the PMSI, the medical teams in charge of coding in healthcare institutions seek mainly to promote financial acts realised in their establishments by coding. So the quality and reliability of the stays’ coding via the PMSI will be discussed.
The future of healthcare surveillance will involve the capture and use of data from existing electronic databases.19 Knowledge on the database’s structure and the scalable follow-up of the variables contained in the PMSI database are highly necessary for a reliable epidemiological assessment. The protocol’s use and its personalisation for epidemiological studies must be clearly stated. In conclusion, we propose a protocol of analysis of the French medicoeconomic database to assess the epidemiology of adverse infectious events following therapeutic endoarterial IR. We chose this database because it is the only one to encompass all hospital stays at the national level. While the PMSI was not designed primarily to perform research on epidemiology, based on previous utilisations, the present protocol should allow us to get sound data on the issue. If this is confirmed, this study could help design a routine assessment of events following therapeutic endoarterial IR.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Pr Abousaleh Youssef, Dr Oumou Maiga and Juliette Misset for their valuable inputs and for proof-reading the manuscript. We thank the CPias team in Paris for their support and reception.
References
Footnotes
Contributors AKM and BM contributed to the study concept and design. FG will carry out the retrieval of PMSI database. AKM, BM, PA and AS developed the methods of the review, including the search strategy. All of the authors were involved in the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Patient consent for publication Not required.