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Ophthalmology
Research
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for retinal conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  1. Ba' Pham1,
  2. Sonia M Thomas1,
  3. Erin Lillie1,
  4. Taehoon Lee1,
  5. Jemila Hamid1,2,
  6. Trevor Richter3,
  7. Ghayath Janoudi3,
  8. Arnav Agarwal2,4,
  9. Jane P Sharpe1,
  10. Alistair Scott1,
  11. Rachel Warren1,
  12. Ronak Brahmbhatt1,
  13. Erin Macdonald1,5,
  14. Sharon E Straus1,6,
  15. Andrea C Tricco7,8
  1. 1 Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  2. 2 Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  3. 3 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
  4. 4 Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  5. 5 Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  6. 6 Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  7. 7 Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  8. 8 Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  1. Correspondence to Andrea C Tricco; triccoa{at}smh.ca

Abstract

Objectives To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept for patients with choroidal neovascular age-related macular degeneration (cn-AMD), diabetic macular oedema (DMO), macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO-MO) and myopic choroidal neovascularisation (m-CNV).

Design Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis.

Methods Multiple databases were searched from inception to 17 August 2017. Eligible head-to-head randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the (anti-VEGF) drugs in adult patients aged ≥18 years with the retinal conditions of interest. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias.

Results 19 RCTs involving 7459 patients with cn-AMD (n=12), DMO (n=3), RVO-MO (n=2) and m-CNV (n=2) were included. Vision gain was not significantly different in patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV treated with bevacizumab versus ranibizumab. Similarly, vision gain was not significantly different between cn-AMD patients treated with aflibercept versus ranibizumab. Patients with DMO treated with aflibercept experienced significantly higher vision gain at 12 months than patients receiving ranibizumab or bevacizumab; however, this difference was not significant at 24 months. Rates of systemic serious harms were similar across anti-VEGF agents. Posthoc analyses revealed that an as-needed treatment regimen (6–9 injections per year) was associated with a mortality increase of 1.8% (risk ratio: 2.0 [1.2 to 3.5], 2 RCTs, 1795 patients) compared with monthly treatment in cn-AMD patients.

Conclusions Intravitreal bevacizumab was a reasonable alternative to ranibizumab and aflibercept in patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV. The only exception was for patients with DME and low visual acuity (<69 early treatment diabetic retinopathy study [ETDRS] letters), where treatment with aflibercept was associated with significantly higher vision gain (≥15 ETDRS letters) than bevacizumab or ranibizumab at 12 months; but the significant effects were not maintained at 24 months. The choice of anti-VEGF drugs may depend on the specific retinal condition, baseline visual acuity and treatment regimen.

PROSPERO registration number CRD42015022041.

  • ranibizumab
  • bevacizumab
  • aflibercept
  • anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
  • age-related macular degeneration
  • diabetic macular edema
  • retinal vein occlusion
  • myopic choroidal neovascularization

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022031

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    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • We consolidated the evidence for treatment choice of all common retinal conditions, allowing the interpretation of the strength of the evidence of benefits and harms of the anti-VEGF drugs across conditions.

    • We summarised information regarding treatment regimens (eg, three initial monthly intravitreal injections and as-needed monthly retreatment, treat and extend), as-needed retreatment criteria and the reconstitution of bevacizumab, and examined the influence of the choice of treatment regimens on the benefits and harms of the anti vascular endothelial growth factor  (anti-VEGF) drugs for specific retinal conditions.

    • We limited our review to English studies, and found that very few randomised controlled trials evaluated the anti-VEGF drugs in patients with macular oedema  due to retinal vein occlusion and myopic choroidal neovasculari sation .

    • Our sensitivity and subgroup analyses were not specified a-priori and should be interpreted with caution.

    Background

    Retinal conditions due to neovascular abnormality are common in older adults. Choroidal neovascular age-related macular degeneration (cn-AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in individuals aged 50 years or older in high-income countries.1 2 If left untreated, potentially irreversible visual impairment can also be caused by diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO-MO).3–5 Choroidal neovascularisation secondary to pathologic myopia (myopic CNV) is another major cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide.6 7 Together, these retinal diseases cause substantial reduction in quality of life, and are a significant burden on healthcare systems.8

    Ranibizumab, off-label use of repackaged bevacizumab, and aflibercept are widely used antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs for intravitreal treatment of retinal conditions. Multiple systematic reviews have evaluated the comparative effectiveness of anti-VEGF drugs in patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV9–12; but given the publication of new trials in patients with RVO-MO13 and DMO,14 and long-term follow-up data for patients with cn-AMD,15 an update is necessary. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept for patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV.

    Methods

    A systematic review regarding the comparative efficacy and safety of the anti-VEGF drugs was planned in response to a query from the Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network, for which a preliminary report was prepared to inform listing recommendations.16 17 The report included a meta-analysis of pairwise comparisons of the anti-VEGF drugs for individual retinal conditions, as well as a network meta-analysis to evaluate the anti-VEGF drugs in cn-AMD patients. This paper summarises results of the meta-analysis; a separate paper is underway for the network meta-analysis results.

    The current review was conducted using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis statement18 (additional file 1). The methods are outlined briefly below, as they are described in greater detail in additional file 2: Appendix 1 and a related therapeutic review report.17

    Supplemental material

    Supplemental material

    Data sources and searches

    MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched. Studies, which are not widely available or commercially published (ie, grey literature), were identified using an established approach.19 Additional studies were identified by searching reference lists of included studies, and email correspondence with expert clinicians and anti-VEGF drug manufacturers.

    An information specialist developed the search strategy, which was peer reviewed by another information specialist using the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) statement.20 The MEDLINE strategy can be found in additional file 2: Appendix 1. The search was conducted on 27 May 2015 and updated on 17 August 2017.

    Study selection and outcome definitions

    Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that directly compared intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab and/or aflibercept for the treatment of patients (aged ≥18 years) with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO or m-CNV. We excluded RCTs comparing anti-VEGF drugs with other comparators, such as photodynamic therapy, intravitreal corticosteroids and grid laser photocoagulation (additional file 2: Appendix 1). Due to time and resource constraints, we only included studies published in English.

    Eligible RCTs reported one of the following benefits and harms outcomes: vision gain, defined as a gain in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) letter score of ≥15 on the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) chart21; vision loss, defined as a loss in BCVA letter score of ≥15; mean change in BCVA from baseline; legal blindness (BCVA of 20/200 or worse measured on a standard Snellen chart, or worse than 20/100 visual acuity measured on ETDRS chart); vision-related function according to the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25)22; serious adverse events; all-cause mortality; arterial thromboembolic events (TEs); venous TEs; bacterial endophthalmitis and retinal detachment.

    All titles/abstracts and potentially relevant full-text articles were screened by two reviewers, independently. Discrepancies were discussed and if necessary, resolved with input from a third reviewer. When multiple reports of the same trial were identified, the main report was included and the others were treated as companion reports.23

    Data extraction and quality assessment

    Data extraction forms were developed with input from three clinicians, pilot-tested and refined twice. Data extraction was conducted by two reviewers, independently. Discrepancies were discussed and if necessary, resolved with input from a third reviewer. A similar approach was followed for quality assessment using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for RCTs.24

    Patient and public involvement

    There was no patient or public involvement in the conduct of this study.

    Synthesis of study results

    Study results were synthesised with respect to benefits and harms of treatment, treatment regimen (eg, monthly and as-needed regimens) and trends in BCVA improvement over time. With respect to visual acuity improvement, meta-analyses were conducted with studies reporting BCVA letter score as measured on the ETDRS chart. For studies reporting visual acuity in logMAR and decimal values, the values were converted to approximate ETDRS letter scores,25 with approximate SD.26 Pairwise comparisons of drugs were assessed at the longest treatment duration, allowing for the inclusion of trials in the meta-analysis that reported outcome data at different time points. Subgroup analyses were conducted at 12 and 24 months, as these were the most frequently reported time points. A posthoc analysis was conducted to compare different treatment regimens across the drugs. For DMO patients, treatment effect estimates were obtained for all patients as well as subgroups based on baseline BCVA, which were prespecified in the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net) trial.27 The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, as we assumed treatment effects varied across trials. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by restricting results to trials determined to be at low risk of selection bias. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, with values above 75% indicating substantial heterogeneity.28

    Results

    Literature search

    After screening 3176 titles/abstracts and 440 full-text articles, 19 head-to-head RCTs of the anti-VEGF drugs were included, with 7459 patients, including 12 RCTs for cn-AMD, 3 RCTs for DMO, 2 RCTs for RVO-MO and 2 RCTs for m-CNV (figure 1, additional file 2: Appendix 1).27 29–42 Given our inclusion criteria, we excluded RCTs that compared anti-VEGF drugs with placebo or laser photocoagulation.43–49

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Study flow. RCT, randomised controlled trial.

    Study and patient characteristics

    Studies were completed between 2010 and 2017 with an average sample size of 393 patients per trial (range: 28, 1240) (table 1, additional file 2: Appendices 2 and 3). The mean age ranged from approximately 60–80 years, and females accounted for 5%–76% of the patients. The average follow-up duration was 13 months (range: 6–24 months). RCTs were conducted in Europe (n=8), North America (n=5), Asia (n=4), Africa (n=1) and across multiple continents (n=1); most were multicentre RCTs (n=13), in addition to six single-centre RCTs.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Summary study characteristics

    Risk of bias assessment

    Random sequence generation and allocation concealment were unclear for 12/19 (63.2%) and 9/19 (47.4%) of the included RCTs, respectively, suggesting the potential for selection bias (additional file 2: Appendices 4 and 5). The RCTs were at low risk of bias with respect to blinding of participants and trial personnel 18/19 (94.7%), blinding of outcome assessment 18/19 (94.7%), incomplete outcome data 13/19 (68.4%) and selective reporting 13/19 (68.4%). Two of the 19 RCTs (10.5%) were industry funded.38

    Patients with cn-AMD

    Comparative effectiveness of bevacizumab and ranibizumab

    Results from 10 RCTs (3302 patients) showed that approximately 22% of patients attained vision gain of ≥15 BCVA letter scores with treatment, and patients treated with bevacizumab were as likely to attain vision gain as those treated with ranibizumab (risk ratio [RR]: 1.05 [95% CI, 0.93 to 1.19], table 2, additional file 2: Appendices 6–7). Over an average treatment duration of 16 months, approximately 94% of patients maintained their vision, with no statistical difference between patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab (RR of vision loss: 0.91 [95% CI, 0.70 to 1.19]). Patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab gained an average of seven letters in terms of mean BCVA with no statistical difference between the drugs (mean difference (MD) 0.03 letters [95% CI, −1.02 to 1.08]). Approximately 2%–4% patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab became legally blind (RR: 2.04 [95% CI, 0.32 to 12.50], 3 trials, 1823 patients). Overall, the results were consistent across the 10 trials and did not change with the sensitivity analyses restricted to trials determined to be at low risk of selection bias and with different follow-up lengths (additional file 2: Appendices 6, 8–9).

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Comparative effectiveness results

    Comparative effectiveness of aflibercept and ranibizumab

    Results from two RCTs (1815 patients; table 2, and additional file 2: Appendix 6) showed that approximately 32% of patients attained vision gain with treatment, and patients treated with aflibercept were as likely to attain vision gain as patients treated with ranibizumab (RR: 0.99 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.22]). Over an average assessment and treatment duration of 12 months, approximately 95% of patients maintained their vision, and aflibercept patients were as likely to maintain vision as ranibizumab patients (RR of vision loss: 0.90 [95% CI, 0.60 to 1.35]). With respect to mean BCVA, patients gained on average nine letters (MD: −0.05 [95% CI, −2.5 to 2.4]). Compared with baseline, patients gained some visual-related function, with an average of 5 points on the NEI-VFQ-25 questionnaire (MD: 2.2 [95% CI, −0.6 to 5.1]).

    Comparative effectiveness of bevacizumab and aflibercept

    There were no RCTs that directly compared bevacizumab and aflibercept (table 2, and additional file 2: Appendix 6). Regarding BCVA change, the MD between bevacizumab and ranibizumab was −0.03 (95% CI, −1.08 to 1.02), whereas the MD between aflibercept and ranibizumab was −0.05 (95% CI, −2.5 to 2.4), suggesting a MD between bevacizumab and aflibercept of 0.02 (95% CI, −2.60 to 2.64).50 For vision gain, the corresponding RR estimate was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.84 to 1.07) for bevacizumab versus ranibizumab and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.81 to 1.22) for bevacizumab versus ranibizumab, suggesting a RR estimate of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.22) between bevacizumab and aflibercept.

    Treatment regimens

    Additional file 2: Appendix 10 provides detailed information regarding the treatment regimens in the included trials, the as-needed retreatment criteria and the reconstitution of bevacizumab for intravitreal injections. The treatment regimens varied widely, and are summarised in table 3 along with the mean number of injections per year for each treatment regimen. The number of reported treatment regimens varied by condition (cn-AMD [n=6], DMO [n=3], RVO-MO [n=2] and m-CNV [n=1]). In cn-AMD patients, the two most commonly reported regimens for bevacizumab and ranibizumab included monthly injections (~11 injections/year) and 3 monthly injections followed by as-needed treatment (~6 injections/year). Aflibercept was most commonly administered using a monthly regimen (~11 injections/year).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Summary of treatment regimens

    Results of our posthoc analysis comparing as-needed versus monthly treatment in cn-AMD patients are summarised in table 4. The as-needed treatment regimen with ranibizumab or bevacizumab was less effective than the monthly regimen in improving mean BCVA (MD: −1.9 letters [95% CI, −3.3 to −0.5 letters], 2 RCTs, 1622 patients) and vision gain (RR: 0.73 [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.95]). When the regimens were assessed for non-inferiority at 1 year with an inferiority margin of five points, monthly bevacizumab was equivalent to monthly ranibizumab (MD: −0.5 [95% CI, −3.9 to 2.9]), as-needed bevacizumab was equivalent to as-needed ranibizumab (MD: −0.8 [95% CI, −4.1 to 2.5]), as-needed ranibizumab was equivalent to monthly ranibizumab (MD: −1.7 [95% CI, −4.7 to 1.3]) but monthly bevacizumab was not equivalent to as-needed bevacizumab (MD: −2.1 [95% CI, −5.7 to 1.6]).51Compared with the monthly regimen, the as-needed regimen was associated with a significant increase in mortality of 1.8% (95% CI, 0.1% to 3.4%, meta-analysis of mortality data reported in 2 RCTs, 1795 patients, with a RR of 2.0, 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5).35 51

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Comparison of monthly versus as needed anti-VEGF treatment regimens in cn-AMD patients

    Harms

    Over an average of 14 months (range: 12–24 months), mortality was reported in 4% and 3% of patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab, respectively (RR: 1.14 [95% CI, 0.72 to 1.79], 6 RCTs, 2941 patients, additional file 2:Appendix 6). Serious adverse events were reported in 19% and 18% of patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab, respectively (RR: 1.09 [95% CI, 0.93 to 1.27], 5 RCTs, 3026 patients). Arterial TEs were reported in 4% and 3%of patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab, respectively (RR: 0.86 [95% CI, 0.51 to 1.47], 4 RCTs, 2033 patients). Venous TEs, bacterial endophthalmitis and retinal detachment were reported in <1% of patients treated with either drug. In the trials evaluating aflibercept and ranibizumab, arterial TEs were reported in 2% of patients treated with aflibercept or ranibizumab (RR: 0.96 [95% CI, 0.45 to 2.04], 2 RCTs, 1818 patients), and venous TEs were reported in <1% of patients treated with either drug. Data on other harms were not available.

    Patients with DMO

    Comparative effectiveness of ranibizumab, bevacizumab and aflibercept

    Results from DRCR.net trial (620 patients) showed that over 2 years of treatment, patients were as likely to attain vision gain with ranibizumab (37%), bevacizumab (35%) or aflibercept (39%)—bevacizumab versus ranibizumab, RR: 0.94 [95% CI, 0.72 to 1.23]; aflibercept versus bevacizumab, RR: 1.06 [95% CI, 0.80 to 1.38] and aflibercept versus ranibizumab, RR: 1.06 [95% CI, 0.82 to 1.37] (table 2). Over 2 years of treatment, approximately 98% of patients maintained their vision with all three drugs. Besides the DRCR.net RCT, two small single-centred RCTs reported BCVA data, one comparing aflibercept with ranibizumab,14 and another comparing bevacizumab and ranibizumab.31 Patients’ mean BCVA improved by approximately 13 letters with aflibercept, 10 letters with bevacizumab and 12 letters with ranibizumab (aflibercept vs ranibizumab: MD: 1.4 [95% CI, −1.6 to 4.3]; bevacizumab vs aflibercept: MD: −2.7 [95% CI, −5.2 to −0.3] and bevacizumab vs ranibizumab: MD: −2.0 [95% CI, −3.9 to −0.1], table 2).

    The DRCR.net trial reported results stratified by baseline visual acuity at 12 and 24 months (additional file 2: Appendix 11). In patients with high baseline visual acuity (BCVA ≥69 letters), approximately 16% of patients treated with bevacizumab, 15% of patients treated with ranibizumab and 18% of patients treated with aflibercept attained vision gain at 12 months (RR of bevacizumab vs aflibercept: 0.91 [95% CI, 0.50 to 1.65]; RR of aflibercept vs ranibizumab: 1.18 [95% CI, 0.64 to 2.17]). Vision gain at 24 months was 17% with bevacizumab, 19% with ranibizumab and 20% with aflibercept (RR of bevacizumab vs aflibercept: 0.84 [95% CI, 0.47 to 1.52]; RR of aflibercept vs ranibizumab: 1.10 [95% CI, 0.63 to 1.92]). In patients with low baseline visual acuity (BCVA <69 letters), approximately 41% of patients treated with bevacizumab, 50% of patients treated with ranibizumab and 67% of patients treated with aflibercept attained vision gain at 12 months (RR of bevacizumab vs aflibercept: 0.62 [95% CI, 0.47 to 0.81]; RR of aflibercept vs ranibizumab: 1.35 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.72]). At 24 months, vision gain was 52% with bevacizumab, 55% with ranibizumab and 58% with aflibercept (RR of bevacizumab vs aflibercept: 0.90 [95% CI, 0.69 to 1.16]; RR of aflibercept vs ranibizumab: 1.05 [95% CI, 0.82 to 1.35]).

    Treatment regimen

    With respect to treatment regimen, the DRCR.net trial treated patients initially with monthly injections until stable visual acuity within 6 months, followed by as-needed treatment (additional file 2: Appendix 10).27 The median number of injections administered over a 1-year period was 10 in the bevacizumab group, 9 in the aflibercept group and 10 in the ranibizumab group (table 3).27 In the second year, the median number of injections was: 6, 5 and 6 in the bevacizumab, aflibercept and ranibizumab groups, respectively.52 Two smaller trials both started treatment with 3 monthly intravitreal injections, followed by monthly retreatment with persistence of macular oedema, thickening of central macular or worsening of visual acuity (table 3 and additional file 2: Appendix 10).14 31

    Harms

    After 24 months of treatment in the DRCR.net trial,27 mortality was reported in approximately 6% of bevacizumab patients, 2% of aflibercept patients and 5% of ranibizumab patients (additional file 2: Appendix 6). Serious adverse events were reported in 21% of bevacizumab patients, 27% of aflibercept patients and 25% of ranibizumab patients. Arterial TEs were reported in 4%, 3% and 5%, of patients treated with bevacizumab, aflibercept and ranibizumab, respectively. Bacterial endophthalmitis and retinal detachments were reported in <1% of patients treated with any of the drugs.

    Patients with RVO-MO

    Comparative effectiveness of ranibizumab, bevacizumab and aflibercept

    Results from one randomised, double-blind, controlled and non-inferiority trial conducted in India (including 77 patients with ME due to branch RVO) showed that approximately 59% of patients attained vision gain with bevacizumab and ranibizumab treatment, and no statistical difference was observed between the drugs (RR: 1.0 [95% CI, 0.68 to 1.45]; table 2 and additional file 2: Appendix 8).32 With respect to mean BCVA, patients treated with either drug gained an average of 16 letters (MD −2.5 [95% CI, −8.0 to 5.0]).

    Results from the Study of Comparative Treatments for Retinal Vein Occlusion 2 (SCORE2) randomised non-inferiority trial conducted in 66 centres in the USA(348 patients with ME due to central RVO) showed that approximately 61% of patients treated with bevacizumab or aflibercept attained vision gain, with no statistical difference between the drugs (RR: 1.06 [95% CI, 0.91 to 1.25]; table 2).13 With respect to mean BCVA, patients treated with either drug gained an average of 19 letters (MD 1.52 [95% CI, −1.2 to 4.2)).

    Treatment regimens

    In the SCORE2 trial, patients were treated with monthly intravitreal injections for 6 months, with a mean number of 5.8 injections in patients treated with bevacizumab or aflibercept (table 3 and additional file 2: Appendix 11).13 In the other trial, patients were treated with one initial intravitreal injection and then as-needed monthly retreatment over 6 months, with a mean number of 3 injections in patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab.13 32

    Harms

    Serious adverse events were reported in 3% of bevacizumab patients and 5% of ranibizumab patients (RR: 0.5 [95% CI, 0.05 to 5.26], 1 RCT, 74 patients; additional file 2: Appendix 8).32 Serious adverse events were reported in 8% of the patients treated with bevacizumab or aflibercept over 6 months (RR: 0.99 [95% CI, 0.49 to 2.00], 1 RCT, 362 patients).13

    Patients with m-CNV

    Comparative effectiveness of ranibizumab and bevacizumab

    Two small RCTs both conducted in Italy evaluated ranibizumab and bevacizumab for patients with m-CNV. Results from one RCT (32 patients) showed that 62% of patients treated with bevacizumab and 56% of patients treated with ranibizumab attained vision gain (RR: 1.11 [95% CI, 0.63 to 1.96], 1 RCT; table 2 and additional file 2: Appendix 11).30 The other RCT (55 patients) only report BCVA results.29 With respect to mean BCVA, patients treated with bevacizumab gained 12 letters and patients treated with ranibizumab gained 13 letters (MD: −1.3 [95% CI, −6.5 to 4.0], 2 RCTs, 80 patients).29 30 The included trials did not report data on harms.

    Treatment regimens

    Both trials evaluated ranibizumab and bevacizumab with patients receiving 1 monthly intravitreal injection and as-needed monthly retreatment for 18 and 6 months, respectively, with a mean number of 3.1 injections per year in patients treated with bevacizumab and 2.4 injections in patients treated with ranibizumab (table 3 and additional file 2: Appendix 6).29 30

    Discussion

    This systematic review synthesised results from 19 RCTs to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept for patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV. Intravitreal bevacizumab was as effective as ranibizumab in patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV for the outcomes examined. Ranibizumab was as effective as aflibercept in patients with cn-AMD.

    In patients with DMO that were treated for 2 years, vision gain was equally likely to be attained with aflibercept, ranibizumab or aflibercept. In the first year of treatment, however, patients treated with aflibercept were more likely to attain vision gain than patients treated with ranibizumab or bevacizumab—differential effects that were observed mainly in patients with initial BCVA <69 letter scores (equivalent to 20/50 or worse) but not observed in patients with initial BCVA ≥69 letter scores (equivalent to 20/40 or better) based on the results from the subgroup analyses. Rates of systemic serious harms were similarly low among the anti-VEGF drugs, across the retinal conditions. None of the included RCTs were designed with sufficient statistical power to detect significant differences between the treatments with respect to the incidence of harms. In our posthoc analysis, cn-AMD patients and compared with monthly treatment, an as-needed treatment regimen (ie, 6–9 monthly injections per year) was significantly associated with a small loss in visual acuity, but a significant increase in mortality risk of 1.8% (RR: 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5]).

    Results from the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT) and Inhibit VEGF in Age-related choroidal Neovascularisation (IVAN) trials showed that relative to monthly treatment, patients with cn-AMD receiving as-needed treatment experienced a significant increase in risk of mortality. Whether there are any biological explanations for the increased risk of mortality associated with fewer monthly injections is unclear and this finding may have been attributable to chance. As such, further research should be conducted to verify this result. In DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV trials, patients tended to receive fewer monthly injections per year (table 3). None of the trials in DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV patients evaluated a monthly treatment regimen, and therefore the safety risk between as-needed and monthly regimens could not be evaluated. This requires further study.

    Additional file 2: Appendix 12 displays the mean change in BCVA over time in patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab. For all of the retinal conditions, patients showed improvement in mean BCVA by 3–6 months with initial monthly injections, and maintained a plateau to 24 months in the treatment of cn-AMD patients (average improvement of 6 letters), DMO patients (eight letters), RVO-MO patients (16 letters) and m-CNV patients (11 letters). Comparative outcomes beyond 6 months in patients with RVO-MO and m-CNV were lacking and as such, long-term comparative data of anti-VEGF drugs in these patients are needed.

    Our findings are consistent with findings from previous systematic reviews. A meta-analysis of six head-to-head trials concluded that bevacizumab and ranibizumab had equivalent efficacy with respect to visual acuity in cn-AMD patients.11 A meta-analysis of five RCTs suggested no differences in effectiveness between ranibizumab and bevacizumab in DMO patients.53 Other reviews in patients with RVO-MO and m-CNV came to similar conclusions.9 10 54 55 Although findings were consistent with those in these recent reviews, our review serves as an update (with the inclusion of data up to 2017) while also examining the additional factor of treatment regimen.

    There are several limitations worth noting. First, none of our sensitivity and subgroup analyses were specified a-priori and as such, these results should be interpreted with caution. This also pertains to our posthoc analysis on treatment regimen. Second, we limited our review to English studies due to time and resources constraints. We believe, however, that the impact of the restrictions is small since our findings are consistent with previous systematic reviews that included RCTs reported in all languages, evaluating the same anti-VEGF drugs for specific retinal conditions,11 53 56 and results were consistent across studies, so the impact of including additional studies reported in other languages, if any, would be insignificant. We only identified a few RCTs evaluating the anti-VEGF drugs in patients with DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV. We did not include ziv-aflibercept (a low-cost anti-VEGF alternative to aflibercept and bevacizumab57), the old anti-VEGF pegaptanib, or the newest anti-VEGF brolucizumab. Although the rates of reported adverse events were similar across the anti-VEGF drugs, the assessment of harms using comparative trial data is limited. We excluded RCTs which randomised eyes (instead of patients) since the reported analyses failed to adjust for the correlation between the outcomes of eyes from the same individuals.58 Similarly, we also excluded one quasi-randomised trial,59 because we focused on randomised studies.

    Conclusions

    Intravitreal bevacizumab was a reasonable alternative to ranibizumab and aflibercept in patients with cn-AMD, DMO, RVO-MO and m-CNV. The only exception was for patients with DMO and low visual acuity (<69 ETDRS letters, 20/50 or worse), where treatment with aflibercept was associated with significantly higher vision gain (≥15 ETDRS letters) than bevacizumab or ranibizumab at 12 months; but the significant effects were not maintained at 24 months. The choice of anti-VEGF drug may depend on specific retinal conditions, baseline visual acuity and treatment regimen.

    Acknowledgments

    We thank Becky Skidmore for drafting our search strategies, Kelly Farrah for peer reviewing the search strategies (PRESS) and Alissa Epworth for deduplicating search results and obtaining full-text articles. We thank Meghan Kenny for helping screen studies for inclusion and performing quality appraisal and Jaimie Adams for helping screen studies for inclusion. We would also like to thank Michel Boucher, Sarah Berglas, Hongbo Yuan and Sarah Jennings for their valuable contribution, insights, and for facilitating the production and dissemination of the synthesised evidence. In addition, we would like to thank the clinical experts and stakeholders who provided feedback on the previous therapeutic review report. Finally, we thank Susan Le, Inthuja Selvaratnam, Katrina Chiu and Krystle Amog for preparing tables and formatting the manuscript for submission.

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors BP screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data, conducted quality assessment and drafted the manuscript. SMT led the coordination of the systematic review; drafted the protocol; screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data; conducted quality assessment; and helped draft and revise the manuscript. TL screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data; conducted quality assessment; helped conduct meta-analysis and reviewed the manuscript. EL screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data; conducted quality assessment and reviewed the manuscript. JH conducted the analysis and interpretation of data; and reviewed the manuscript. TR helped with conceptualising the research design, drafting and revising the protocol, interpretation of data and reviewed the manuscript. GJ helped draft and revise the protocol; screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted data; conducted quality assessment; helped interpret the data and reviewed the manuscript. AA screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data; conducted quality assessment and reviewed the manuscript. JPS screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data; conducted quality assessment and reviewed the manuscript. AS screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data, conducted quality assessment and reviewed the manuscript. RW screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data, conducted quality assessment and reviewed the manuscript. RB abstracted and cleaned data, conducted quality assessment and reviewed the manuscript. EM screened titles, abstracts and full-text articles; abstracted and cleaned data; and reviewed the manuscript. SES helped with conceptualising the research and design; interpretation of data and reviewed the manuscript. ACT conceptualised the research and design; drafted the protocol; obtained funding; assisted with data acquisition and interpretation; and drafted and revised the manuscript. ACT and BP had full access to all the data in the study and took responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

    • Funding This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network (CIHR/DSEN). SES is funded by a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Knowledge Translation. ACT is funded by a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Knowledge Synthesis. The therapeutic review was commissioned by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health (CADTH) and funded by a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network. The funders had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement All data sets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

    • Presented at The data from the original therapeutic review were presented by ACT and SMT to the Canadian Drug Expert Committee in Ottawa, Ontario, on 17 November 2015.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.