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Abstract
Objectives Fractional (part-time) appointments are becoming more commonplace in many professions, including medicine. With respect to the contemporary oncological landscape, this highlights a critical moment in the optimisation of employment conditions to enable high-quality service provision given growing patient numbers and treatment volume intensification. Data are drawn from a broader study which aimed to better understand the workforce experiences of medical oncologists in Australia. This paper specifically aims to examine a group of clinicians’ views on the consequences of fractional work in oncology.
Design Qualitative, one-on-one semistructured interviews. Interview transcripts were digitally audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were subject to thematic analysis supported by the framework approach and informed by sociological methods and theory.
Setting New South Wales, Australia.
Participants Medical oncologists (n=22), including 9 female and 13 male participants, at a range of career stages.
Results Four key themes were derived from the analysis: (1) increasing fractional employment relative to opportunities for full-time positions and uncertainty about future opportunities; (2) tightening in role diversity, including reducing time available for research, mentoring, professional development and administration; (3) emerging flexibility of medical oncology as a specialty and (4) impact of fractional-as-norm on workforce sustainability and quality of care.
Conclusion Fractional appointments are viewed as increasing in oncology and the broader consequences of this major shift in medical labour remain unexamined. Such appointments offer potential for flexible work to better suit the needs of contemporary oncologists; however, fractional work also presents challenges for personal and professional identity and vocational engagement. Fractional appointments are viewed as having a range of consequences related to job satisfaction, burnout and service delivery. Further research is needed to provide a critical examination of the multiple impacts of workforce trends within and beyond oncology.
- oncology
- qualitative research
- workforce
- fractional work
- part time work
- Australia
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Use of in-depth interviews to elicit rich data on health professionals’ experiences and perspectives on fractional work in medicine, and the benefits and challenges therein.
Qualitative data may help to better understand changing professional expectations and priorities at both individual and institution/system levels.
Qualitative data may be critical to better understand professional’s views on medical labour more broadly, and the implications of new forms of practice, and new career pathways, for workforce sustainability.
This study is exploratory in nature and professionals’ experiences and perspectives on fractional appointments in medicine may differ across settings/contexts.
The Australian healthcare system has considerable variability across contexts and geographical settings, and the issues and challenges across settings are difficult to completely capture in a small qualitative sample.
Background
A career in medicine has always been competitive, from acceptance into medical school through to acceptance into training programme and specialty areas.1–5 Yet underlying this competition has been the idea that medicine provided career security.2 6 7 In recent years, a range of workforce issues (eg, increasing patient loads, high competition for public hospital job opportunities, superspecialisation and intensification of work more broadly) have combined to change the very character of medical work within and beyond oncology.6 8–19 The traditional ‘safety’ of the full-time, permanent physician or surgical position within the public hospital system has been eroded in favour of more flexible working arrangements and/or diversified options,1 14 18 or as a clinical fraction of a ‘portfolio career’.5 20 Thus, fractional appointments —regular ongoing/permanent or contracted appointments which consist of a fraction of a full-time workload (1FTE—full-time equivalent)—are becoming more visible and commonplace within hospital settings in higher income countries (HICs).
Expectations for oncology work in HICs are shifting. Recent studies within and outside oncology have identified demands for higher level qualifications and research expertise.6 11 13 19 21–24 Other studies, meanwhile, have begun to highlight workforce concerns around diminishing opportunities for mentorship and career prospects, job satisfaction and increased burnout.1 11 13 14 21 25 26 These studies point to the need for renewed focus on individual work adaptive experiences and workforce sustainability. Understanding the experiences of the workforce is integral in maintaining an efficient and productive medical oncology profession at a time of ever-increasing challenges for the provision of quality cancer care.15 19 21 22 26 27 However, little is known about the changing nature of appointments within oncology, nor how they are perceived within the workforce.
Fractional work—consisting of single or multiple part-time appointments—may offer significant flexibility for a career in contemporary medicine. Potential benefits include balancing work hours with other commitments, working without traditional institutional commitments including service roles, the capacity to work for a range of employers and/or through freeing up time to pursue and/or balance private practice as well as public.28 Part-time appointments may also be attractive for those working within specialty areas prone to burnout,15 23 and for women (and men with primary carer responsibilities).3 15 16 19 29 Control over (and fewer) work hours has been shown to be associated with greater job satisfaction,3 11 21 26 better work–life balance10 23 and better lifestyle.10 30 Put simply, fractional appointments may hold considerable potential for supporting conditions which better suit work–life well-being.29 Part-time work can also bring challenges. Fractional staff may be positioned on the margins in terms of status, institutional involvement or engagement, and part-time clinicians may be segregated, widening the gap between particular forms of work (eg, clinical, teaching and research roles).24 Thus, the aim of this article is to report the experiences of a group of medical oncologists working in Australia, to better understand perspectives on fractional appointments, and on medical labour more broadly, within the oncological context.
Methods
Data collection and sample
The analysis reported below is part of a broader study which explored the experiences and expectations of Australian medical oncologists, and the implications for the present and future viability of provision of medical care within oncological settings. The broader study objective was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the experiences of medical oncologists in the current workforce, including key insights into barriers to and enablers of career opportunities in the context of current policy and cancer care.11 13 14 We note here that the Australian health care system consists of a two-tiered model of public and private health care. For doctors in public employment (i.e government hospitals), individual states and territories have an Award system which clearly details allowance, hours or work, leave benefits such as study leave, professional development leave, maternity andparental leave for full time and part-time employees. Finer details of the Award conditions vary across the states and territories. Moreover, within each state, workforce context often differs in city, regional or remote settings. Informed by interpretivist sociological perspectives to research design and analysis, we employed an inductive approach to data collection, using qualitative in-depth interviews. Following university ethics approval, an email was sent to New South Wales-based medical oncologists using the membership list of the Medical Oncology Group of Australia (MOGA) (the lead representative body for medical oncologists in Australia, MOGA membership is optional, includes advanced trainees and qualified medical oncologists, and comprises greater than 80% of the medical oncology workforce, including trainees). MOGA has over 600 members, and New South Wales accounts for 34% of membership. This email invitation included an information sheet and consent form detailing the aim of the study and participation requirements. Potential participants were asked to contact a research team member to register their interest. Sampling was informed by snowball and convenience sampling strategies,31 with participants also recruited through colleagues who were either themselves participating or were aware of the study. All those who indicated an interest were interviewed, and during the early stages of data collection, preliminary analysis began. We conducted rounds of initial analysis through several team meetings, sharing note taking and discussion between three research team members, to guide ongoing sampling. This involved sharing ideas that were identified in the data, early development and discussion of themes. Following several rounds of analysis, the researchers agreed that data saturation had been reached—namely, we reached the point when no new themes were identified relating to the focal areas of study.32 33 At the beginning of each interview, participants were reminded of the study aims, and afforded the opportunity to ask questions, before giving written or verbal informed consent. The interviews were conducted during 2015 by one university-based research team member experienced in social science research and qualitative interviewing techniques, at locations convenient for the participant (eg, their workplace), lasted between 60 and 90 min, and were digitally audio recorded and transcribed in full by a professional transcribing company. Interviews were semistructured and guided using a topic guide (see online supplementary appendix 1) focused on participants’ work‐related experiences (eg, workforce‐related issues, patient issues). While the interviews did not specifically focus on fractional appointments, participants focused on this perceived workforce trend; the research question and findings addressed in this article are thus inductively derived from the analysis of participants’ accounts.
Supplemental material
Analysis
A systematic thematic analysis was conducted, driven by a framework approach,34 using NVivo 11 software as a data management tool. We employed the following steps: (1) familiarisation: researchers reviewed the transcripts. (2) Identification of framework: key themes were identified around which the data were organised. (3) Indexing: application of themes to text: labelling and arranging each text excerpt, word, term, or research note related to each participant, producing lists including data and notes from several participants according to themes. (4) Charting: headings and subheadings were used to build an overall picture of the data. (5) Mapping and interpretation: associations were clarified, and explanations developed. This involved finding associations between and within themes and moving towards and developing explanations for the findings in line with our research aims.32 Independent coding of the data was provided initially by two members of the research team, which was then discussed with two other team members during several team meetings, to crosscheck codes and further develop themes.35 36 Analytic rigour was enhanced by searching for negative, atypical and conflicting or contradicting cases in theme development.32 35 36 Audio recordings, transcripts, coding reports and notes were retained along with documentation detailing the research aims, design and sampling, and recruitment processes and practices to provide an audit trail. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used to ensure comprehensive reporting.37
Results
We conducted interviews with 22 medical oncologists at different stages of their careers and working in both major city and inner regional settings. Fifteen participants were working in full-time equivalent positions, among them eight were advanced trainees. Seven participants were in single or multiple fractional appointments, including private practice and/or research (university paid) positions. Participant characteristics are presented in table 1. We derived four predominant themes from our analysis around the character and place of fractional appointments for the medical oncology workforce: (1) increasing fractional work relative to opportunities for 1FTE positions and uncertainty about future opportunities; (2) the tightening and restricting of diverse roles—fractional appointments associated with clinic time (and reducing time available for research, teaching/learning and administrative work); (3) the emerging flexibility of medical oncology as a specialty and the attraction of fractional appointments (for some); and (4) the impacts of fractional as norm on workforce sustainability and quality of care. A summary of key themes and indicative examples is included in table 2.
Characteristics of the sample
Summary of key themes
Increasing fractional appointments: uncertainty and lack of full-time equivalent job opportunity
The widespread awareness within the workforce of the increasing proportion of fractional appointments relative to new full-time equivalent appointments within the public hospital system was clear from the interviews (indicative quotations shown in table 3). Indeed, talk of the ‘future’ of the medical oncology workforce, both broadly speaking and for individual’s future career considerations, was dominated by issues around fractional appointments, and the consequences therein. Fractional appointments were often talked about as part-time employment; however, at times, fractional appointments were also viewed as components of full-time work. That is, that fractional appointments might be seen as a set of building blocks to cobble together a full-time equivalent load. Full-time positions were certainly viewed as ‘under threat’, with a trend towards replacing retiring full-time staff with one, two or three fractional positions frequently flagged by participants as occurring within their own institutions. Given that full-time appointments were viewed as increasingly unusual or rare, participant’s accounts within the interviews often turned towards the perceived burdens and benefits of fractional work. Moreover, the interviews highlighted consensus that attaining a traditional full-time role was increasingly unrealistic, but also that within oncology, such traditional full-time roles retain status and credibility, given their difficulty to attain.
Indicative quotations: increasing fractional appointments
Tightening and restricting of diverse roles: fractional work as ‘clinic focused’
As shown in the indicative quotations in table 4, participants reflected on the specificities of roles and tasks within everyday contemporary medical oncology work. All participants, in describing fractional appointments, talked about the distinction between day-to-day work and everything else. Day-to-day work referred to clinical practice, with fractional work described as dominated by outpatient clinic hours. Everything else referred to all of the non-clinic-based tasks or responsibilities of a specialist hospital clinician. These included teaching, research (including data collection, lab work, publishing and conference attendance) administrative/institutional responsibilities, service to the profession, mentoring, other professional development, peer support and so on. The distinction between day-to-day work and everything else was inextricably linked to perceptions of workload, with the ‘everything else’ part of a career in oncology talked about as much more difficult to engage with for those in fractional appointments. Non-clinic-based tasks and roles were repositioned within several participant’s accounts as voluntary, pushed outside the paid hours of employment. Yet such volunteer roles within oncological work were concurrently viewed as integral for both career development and progression, and for good practice (keeping ‘up to date’). Thus, the interviews highlighted the paradox of non-clinical activities within contemporary fractional oncology work—the extra pressure to build a career in creative ways, by being involved and engaged with tasks that were increasingly observed as unpaid.
Indicative quotations: tightening and restricting of diverse roles
The emerging flexibility of oncology as a speciality, and the attraction of fractional appointments (for some)
While the difficulties of building a career were talked about at length by participants, we heard mixed accounts of the benefits of fractional appointments. For some participants, fractional work offered the scope to limit clinical work so as to pursue other areas of work of interest, namely research. In this, and other ways, medical oncology was viewed by almost all participants as ‘better’ than other specialties in terms of flexibility. So too was the specialty talked about as a supportive option for women; most participants perceived a growing number of female trainees within the workforce due to this flexibility (in part enabled by fractional appointments which would be less viable in other specialty areas due to the nature of the clinical work).14 However, there was acknowledgement within the interviews of the potential penalties for those engaging in fractional appointments, namely through fewer opportunities for career advancement.16 38 In addition, fractional appointments as a mode of flexible work were frequently positioned as unfair: either for those occupying the fractional appointment, or for those working full-time around them. This flexibility was positioned by some participants as holding consequences for everyone else, where full-time (or other part-time) employees experienced resentment at needing to pick up extra work to compensate for those working part time (as shown in table 5). Indeed, it was clear from the interviews that while medical oncology was viewed as a flexible specialty, structural disadvantages were perceived to be experienced by some more than others.
Indicative quotations: emerging flexibility of oncology as a specialty
Fractional appointments and ‘the healthy triangle’: the impacts of fractional as norm on workforce sustainability and quality of care
A final significant theme derived from the interviews was the consequences of fractional appointments, both for workforce sustainability (career security, job satisfaction, avoiding burnout and so on), and also for the quality of care provided to patients. The importance of doctors’ engagement in clinical work, research and teaching was flagged by all participants (regardless of their personal level of interest in research or teaching). That is, as one participant put it, the optimal ‘healthy triangle’ of good doctoring was represented by involvement in teaching and research as well as clinics. Only through such involvement could doctors be adequately equipped to provide quality patient care (through keeping up to date with developments in research and ways of practising). Several participants (as shown in table 6) talked about the negative consequences of fractional work for patient care, as research and teaching development were pushed down the list of priorities, while patient volume in oncology was understood to be intensifying. Investment, contribution and loyalty to the hospital, institution, health service and patients were viewed as potentially being threatened by fractional appointments, namely through decreased motivation to go ‘above and beyond’ outside of paid work hours. Importantly, the lack of allocated capacity for teaching was flagged as negatively impacting patient care (dearth of services/available doctors), while the lack of engagement with research was flagged as compromising quality (dearth of highly skilled/up to date doctors). We note here that fractional appointments in and of themselves were not viewed as compromising quality care. Rather, that fractional appointments were understood to be dominated by clinic time, thus without capacity for engagement in other professional activities which were viewed as critical for good practice.
Indicative quotations: fractional appointments and ‘the healthy triangle’
Discussion
The findings in this paper highlight the considerable challenges, as well as benefits, associated with fractional appointments among a sample of Australian medical oncologists, raising a series of questions around the changing character of the workforce, particularly for the ways that medical work is performed. The conditions of fractional work, as articulated by our participants, introduce new landscapes of anxiety and uncertainty around job security and longevity, lower pay, less status or visibility, less institutional loyalty, as well as social isolation through lack of collegiality and pressure for non-clinical work to be conducted outside of paid hours.6 8 11 12 14–17 19 39 Thus, while forms of fractional work may be attractive for oncologists through offering flexibility, the above conditions may also contribute to clinician fatigue, low morale and burnout, as well as compromising the quality of service provision.12 21 23 26 Moreover, the analysis above, and as we have shown elsewhere,14 reveals gender as a key dimension within discussion of fractional work, reflecting ongoing debates, for example, related to the likelihood for women to work part time or take more career breaks compared with men, and the consequences for career prospects therein.14 16 38 40 41 The findings in this paper also bolster research that shows the significant potential for negative costs of fractional work (particularly in terms of persistent gender inequality in medicine), despite increasing demands for flexibility. The imperative within medicine to be available and dedicated to working long hours may disadvantage those in fractional work, for example, through limited prospects for promotion.38 40–43
The paradox of fractional work: flexibility or constraint?
Paradoxically, views on flexibility and individual preferences were combined with accounts of the creation of linearity and intensification, namely through the distinction (and contradiction) between fractional work as flexible work, and fractional work as clinic work. Our findings revealed a divide between the potential attraction of fewer work hours, and the less flexible content of fractional work in practice. In this way, a push towards fractional appointments might actually be viewed as creating more linear, rather than diversified, roles within medical oncology, by repositioning (and narrowing) what is deemed legitimate work within clinical appointments. Fractional appointments (as understood by our participants at least) reflected an intensification of clinic hours and patient load, with less emphasis on research, teaching, mentoring and other non-clinical tasks or roles.24
Fractional work as clinic hours and the implications therein
The implications of fractional appointments focused on clinical work are twofold and interrelated. First, new volunteer roles emerge, where non-clinical tasks (or those previously considered to be part of clinical work) are undertaken outside of paid hours. Second, a form of accelerated medical practice comes to the fore, where there is reduced capacity to develop as a clinician (and person), but also to embark on person-centred approaches to medicine and care. This new mode of practice, emerging from neoliberalism and economic rationalism,44 shows little consideration for the bigger picture of service provision, care or workforce relations or sustainability. Rather, the emphasis, from an institutional or system perspective at least, narrows towards forms of work (and tasks) that can be easily measured and accounted for (eg, clinic hours, number of patients),45 while emphasising the virtues of individual flexibility, choice and entrepreneurial freedom.44 Such a climate may be more attractive for some than others, and what may emerge are new forms of privilege and status within the workforce. At the very least, our findings necessitate a timely (re)consideration of the consequences of fractional work for individuals and professions, particularly when work involves such important tasks as doctoring.
Fractional work, (in)stability, and expectations: a social science perspective
Social scientists have pointed to the dangers of instability in employment, on an individual level (through destabilising a person’s identity) and a professional/societal level (by promoting anomie).46 47 Anomie, a term introduced by sociologist Emile Durkheim,48 49 describes the lack of stability experienced by individuals or groups that results from a breakdown or absence of moral or ethical standards or values, or from a lack of ideals or purpose. In the context of medical work with hospitals, a lack of norms in terms of professional expectations for employment and career paths/trajectories may signal considerable danger for personal and professional identity and peer support. The findings in this paper support previous work which has emphasised physician empowerment, engagement, community and institutional commitment as associated with physician well-being and the avoidance of burnout.25 47 50 A lack of cohesion or collegiality also has consequences for job satisfaction, burnout and service delivery.17 21 23 25 50 51 Put simply, well-supported and vocationally engaged clinicians (according to our participants, those experiencing the so-called ‘healthy triangle’ of clinical work, research and teaching)24 are likely to be best positioned to provide high-quality care. In turn, clinicians who feel positive about the level of care they are providing have been shown to have greater job satisfaction.15 Optimising employment conditions and workplace climate to enable high-quality service provision is critically important within oncology, given increasing patient numbers and treatment volume intensification.21 22
Study limitations
Our sample, while appropriate in size for a qualitative study, only captures the experiences of a group of self-selected oncologists, in one Australian state. In addition, our study did not assess the extent to which fractional appointments within public Australian health services are increasing. Thus, while participants described increasing fractional appointments (particularly in place of full-time opportunities), we cannot make claims, based on our findings, related to broad structural increases in fractional appointments in medical oncology. Nor can we provide evidence as to oncologists’ views on what might constitute the optimal fraction (for productivity, job satisfaction, patient care and so on), as this was contested and unclear across our participant group. Indeed, for medical oncology, and as has been noted in radiation oncology,52 there are little available data in the Australia and New Zealand setting around unemployment and/or underemployment, with most information coming anecdotally from those working at the coalface. Further research is needed to assess whether perceptions of proportional growth in fractional appointments within and outside Australian public hospitals are reflected in practice. Perceptions of the fractional load according to full-time equivalent and type of work also require further research to establish the extent to which part-time jobs are considered attractive, unattractive or constitute underemployment. Finally, award systems and organisational set-up within hospitals vary across (and sometimes within) states and territories in Australia. Further research is needed that takes into account such variation and the implications for experiences of fractional work within and outside medical oncology.
Conclusion
Fractional appointments offer potential flexibility to better suit the needs of the contemporary oncologist, while allowing a greater number of qualified trainees to enter the workforce and gain experience within the public system. However, fractional work also presents challenges in terms of the imperative of professional reinvention.14 Our findings suggest a critical juncture in the evolution of the oncological and medical workforce, where traditional understandings and expectations of what one does as, and what it means to be, a medical oncologist, may be shifting; where possibilities and pressures are increasing and changing and where the nexus between job description, physician well-being and patient care comes to the fore, particularly for those entering the workforce.13 Medical oncologists face new challenges, new forms of practice and new pathways of career progression. So too are health services tasked with new challenges around managing workforce satisfaction and sustainability at a time of increased patient volume and intensification within cancer care. Future research into the impacts of changing patterns and demands of work on healthcare service delivery is needed to ensure sustainable provision of quality care.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the study participants who generously offered their time and crucial insight into this research topic. They also thank the Medical Oncology Group of Australia, and in particular Kay Francis for recruitment support and administrative assistance. They also thank and acknowledge WTK Wong for his contribution to fieldwork.
References
Footnotes
Twitter @DrEmmaKirby
Contributors All authors conceived of and designed the study. EK and AB analysed and interpreted the data. EK, AB and ZL drafted the article; all authors contributed to the development and refining of the article, and approved the final submitted version.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement statement It was not appropriate or possible to involve patients or the public in this work.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval This research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval was received from The University of Tasmania Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref: H0014781), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request.