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Abstract
Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in the critical care environment. New-onset AF is associated with increased mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Observational studies have identified several epidemiological and disease severity-related factors associated with developing new-onset AF on the ICU. However, there are limited data on the modifiable risk factors in the general adult ICU population.
We describe a protocol for a systematic review of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for new-onset AF in the general adult ICU population. The results of this review will aid the development of risk prediction tools and inform future research into AF prevention on the ICU.
Methods and analysis Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica database and the Cochrane Library, including Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched for studies that assess the association of patient variables, investigation results, interventions and diagnoses associated with subsequent new-onset AF on the ICU.
Only studies involving adult patients admitted to non-service-specific ICUs will be included. We will extract data relating to the statistical association between reversible and non-reversible factors and AF, the quality of the studies and the generalisability of the results. This systematic review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
Ethics and dissemination This proposed systematic review will be based on published data, and therefore ethical approval is not required. The findings of this study will be disseminated through publication in a peer reviewed journal and will be presented at conferences.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42017074221.
- atrial fibrillation
- risk factors
- critical illness
- intensive care units
- intensive care
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Strengths and limitations of this study
New-onset atrial fibrillation in intensive care is a common and important condition.
This protocol will ensure a targeted and comprehensive analysis of this poorly understood phenomenon.
This protocol provides a framework for a clinically useful data synthesis.
This protocol will guide an unbiased systematic review based on agreed best practice principles.
The results of this review will inform current practice and aid the development of risk prediction tools.
Introduction
New-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in intensive care is defined for the purposes of this protocol as AF occurring after admission to ICU in a patient with no known history of chronic or paroxysmal AF. It is the most common arrhythmia in critically ill patients.1 2 It is particularly common after cardiac surgery, with a prevalence ranging from 10%–65% depending on the nature of the surgery.3 Data regarding new-onset AF in non-service-specific intensive care units (ICUs) are more limited. Observational data suggest new-onset AF occurs in 4.5%–15% of patients in this setting4–9 and up to 46% of patients with septic shock.10
New-onset AF in critically ill patients is associated with increased mortality and length of stay.1 8 11 It is unclear whether AF itself is an independent contributor to poor outcome, or rather a marker of disease severity.7 However, given the detrimental effects of AF on cardiac output and filling pressures, it is feasible that the arrhythmia itself contributes to increased mortality.12 Furthermore, AF in critically ill patients is associated with thromboembolic complications, and these may contribute to poorer outcomes.13
Risk factors for developing AF on the ICU include patient factors such as increasing age or presence of comorbidities and ICU interventions including renal replacement therapy, vasopressor use and the use of pulmonary artery catheters.7 9 13 The risk of developing new-onset AF also increases with increasing disease severity.7 While a systematic review of AF risk factors in sepsis has been undertaken,14 this included studies that did not exclude patients with potential prior or paroxysmal AF.15–17 A systematic review has also been undertaken in the general adult ICU population.18 However, this again did not focus on true new-onset AF and did not provide an evidence synthesis.
There is a paucity of data around reversible/modifiable antecedents in this context. Current practice of preventing AF in critically ill patients is variable and not based on robust evidence. Given the potential morbidity and mortality associated with new-onset AF on the ICU, a better understanding of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors may improve patient care and outcomes.
Objective
We will conduct a systematic review to identify studies of factors that are associated with an increased risk of new-onset AF in adult patients on non-service-specific ICUs.
Methods
This protocol will adhere to the requirements of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol19 (online supplementary appendix 1).
Supplementary file 1
Patient and public involvement
We have involved the Oxford ICU patient forum. This is a cohort of participants previously managed on Oxford ICUs and their relatives. They are recruited from the ICU follow-up clinic. Within this group are members who experienced AF during their stay. They stressed the importance of producing evidence to guide the prevention and management strategies for new-onset AF on the ICU. They felt the phenomenon was poorly understood, including investigations and management after discharge.
Search strategy
Papers will be identified by searching Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. MEDLINE and EMBASE will be accessed via the Ovid platform. We will include additional papers from other sources including the references of review articles or studies identified during screening. A full description of the search strategy is outlined in online supplementary appendix 2.
Study selection
Two reviewers will independently undertake initial relevance screening of titles and abstracts. The researchers will not be blinded to the journal titles or to the study authors or institutions. If there is disagreement or uncertainty regarding eligibility, the article will be included in the next stage of screening for further analysis for inclusion/exclusion. The full text will be retrieved for all articles not excluded by the initial screening. These papers will be assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreements about eligibility will be resolved by discussion between the screening researchers or a third party.
Data management
We will use Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation) software to identify duplicate records and for relevance screening. We will use a reference manager program (EndNote V.X8, Clarivate Analytics) to store identified citations and their electronic text.
Inclusion criteria
Types of studies
Quantitative studies published in peer reviewed journals assessing adults will be eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies are likely to be prospective or retrospective cohort or case-control studies.
Study characteristics
Eligible studies must include both a cohort of patients who developed new-onset AF and a cohort who did not. They must include at least one risk factor that was investigated. The studies must be based in non-service-specific ICUs. These will include general medical, surgical or mixed ICUs. Studies of cohorts defined by a single disease or narrow group of diseases (eg, myocardial infarction or sepsis) will be included. Identified studies published from January 1970 until the day of search completion will be included.
Phenomenon of interest
Studies must describe a statistical relationship between a patient-derived variable (eg, age, blood pressure or serum potassium level) and the development of new-onset AF. ‘Diagnosis’ may be included as a variable. We will include studies that group AF with atrial flutter, and we will include studies investigating new-onset supraventricular arrhythmias, providing AF constituted at least 70% of arrhythmia episodes.
Population
Studies that sample adult patients admitted to the ICU types specified above will be considered for inclusion.
For the purpose of this review, an adult is defined as ≥16 years of age. There will be no other restrictions.
Exclusion criteria
Types of studies
Qualitative studies, case studies, editorials, letters, practice guidelines and abstract only reports will be excluded.
Study characteristics
Studies of cohorts defined by a single procedure or narrow group of procedures (eg, appendicectomy or hepatobiliary surgery) will be excluded. Studies based on service-specific (eg, cardiac, cardiothoracic surgical or neurosurgical) ICUs will also be excluded. Studies published in a language other than English will be excluded.
Phenomenon of interest
Studies will be excluded if no risk factors are analysed. Studies that do not explicitly exclude or separate patients with a history of chronic or paroxysmal AF will be excluded. Studies that do not specify arrhythmia type will also be excluded.
Population
Studies of participants under 16 years old will be excluded.
Data extraction
Data will be extracted from identified full text articles and supplementary material. One researcher (JB) will be responsible for data extraction. All uncertainties regarding data extraction will be resolved by discussion among the study team. Extracted data will include: (1) characteristics of study setting and patient population; (2) study methodology (including ascertainment of risk factors, definition and assessment of outcome and control of confounding variables) and (3) risk factor estimates including measures quantifying risk, confidence intervals and p values for statistical significance. Where available we will extract β coefficients and the units of measurement to which they refer. We will extract risk estimates identified through both univariate and multivariate analysis and record the analysis method. We will populate prespecified data extraction tables. Where insufficient data are presented, we will request additional data from the authors.
Risk of bias assessment
We will assess risk of bias using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).20 The NOS is a scoring system designed to assess the quality of non-randomised studies in meta-analyses. Scores are attributed to each paper after assessing domains including the selection of study groups, the comparability of the groups and the ascertainment of the outcome of interest. We have incorporated adaptations from a previous systematic review of risk factors.21 We have further modified this with the intention of best evaluating our phenomenon of interest. The scoring system used in this systematic review will allocate scores from zero to nine and is outlined in online supplementary appendix 3 .
Data synthesis and analysis
We will extract summary comparison data as measures of risk (eg, ORs or risk ratios) where possible. Where sufficient original data are presented, we will calculate these measures if required. We will then conduct a semiquantitative synthesis of results from included studies using a method previously described by Zaal et al 22 and adapted by Dettmer et al.23 This method requires grouping of risk factors across studies. Grouped risk factors may be heterogeneous in terms of variable type (eg, continuous or categorical) or cut-off value. Identified variables with associated p values of ≤0.05 or 95% CI that do not cross 1 will be allocated a relative strength. This will be based on a composite of the number of articles in which an association is identified, and the methodological quality of those articles as defined by our adapted NOS. Adjustment for confounding variables contributes to a study’s risk of bias score. Risk factors identified through multivariate analysis will therefore be prioritised in the data synthesis. Criteria for strength of evidence is outlined in table 1.
Level of evidence for risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation
Discussion
Several epidemiological and disease severity-related factors have been associated with new-onset AF on the ICU in observational studies. These have not yet been investigated in the general adult ICU population in a systematic review with an evidence synthesis. Data are also limited regarding modifiable or reversible risk factors; available evidence is scarce regarding specific patient vital signs, laboratory results or ICU procedures that may increase the risk of AF. Current clinical practice is therefore variable and not evidence based.
We will synthesise the weight of evidence behind identified risk factors using a semiquantitative analytical technique. This method will not provide a synthesis of strength of association for each risk factor. However, this information, along with study-level data such as cut-off values, will be provided in the supplementary material.
The findings from this review will contribute towards an improved understanding of the modifiable and non-modifiable antecedents of new-onset AF on the ICU. It may lead to a clinically useful risk prediction model and inform future research into AF prevention on the ICU. Given the high prevalence and significant associated morbidity and mortality of new-onset AF on the ICU, optimal prevention strategies may result in improved patient outcomes.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the patients involved in the development of this protocol.
References
Footnotes
Contributors All authors made substantial contributions towards the design of this protocol. All team members contributed to the review and revision and have given their approval for this version to be published. All authors are accountable for the accuracy or integrity of this document. JB, MH, DY, PJW have substantially contributed to the design of the systematic review protocol. TP developed the search strategy. JB, DY, PJW wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. PJW is guarantor of this manuscript.
Funding This work has been funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Oxford).
Disclaimer The funders have not been involved in the study design or reporting and played no role in developing the review. All views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or NIHR.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.