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Abstract
Introduction A subgroup of parents of children previously treated for cancer report long-term psychological distress after end of treatment. However, needs for psychological support are commonly unmet and there is a lack of evidence-based treatments tailored to the specific needs of this population. An internet-administered, guided, cognitive–behavioural therapy-based, self-help intervention (ENGAGE) for parents of children previously treated for cancer may provide a solution. The aim is to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention ENGAGE and the study procedures for a future controlled trial.
Methods and analysis The study has an uncontrolled within-group design with an embedded qualitative and quantitative process evaluation. Potential participants are parents of children previously treated for cancer, living in Sweden, recruited via their child’s personal identification number (via the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry and the Swedish Tax Agency). Parents are invited randomly with information packs sent to home addresses. Further interest in participating can be registered via information on relevant websites. The study aims to recruit 50 parents who will receive the intervention ENGAGE which is designed to be delivered over a 10-week period, and comprises one introductory chapter followed by up to 10 intervention modules addressing key concerns identified for the population. Consistent with feasibility study objectives, primary outcomes relate to recruitment, attrition, data collection, study resources, intervention delivery and acceptability. Clinical outcomes (post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, fear of cancer recurrence, psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance, depressed inactivity, fatigue, quality of life and self-compassion) will be measured at baseline, post-treatment (12 weeks) and 6-month follow-up.
Ethics and dissemination The Regional Ethical Review Board in Uppsala, Sweden has granted approval for the study (Dnr: 2017/527). Results will be disseminated to relevant healthcare and patient communities, in peer-reviewed and popular science journals, and at scientific and clinical conferences.
Trial registration number ISRCTN57233429; Pre-results.
- parents
- eHealth
- depression
- anxiety
- clinical trial
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Development of the internet-administered, guided, cognitive–behavioural therapy-based, self-help intervention ENGAGE has included consulting of theoretical literature and clinical expertise and extensive involvement of end-users by means of participatory action research.
This study will examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention ENGAGE alongside planned study procedures for a controlled trial.
This study will examine methodological, procedural and clinical challenges to revise and refine the intervention ENGAGE, study design and planned procedures prior to a controlled trial following established feasibility study progression criteria.
This study is limited to examining the feasibility and acceptability of intervention delivery within a university setting and does not examine the feasibility of implementation within a real-life healthcare context.
Introduction
Most children diagnosed with cancer survive their disease.1 However, childhood cancer impacts on the whole family from diagnosis into survivorship.2 For parents, a child’s treatment completion is an important milestone and a period of psychological vulnerability.3 4 A subgroup reports negative long-term psychological consequences years after treatment completion.4–7 However, there is a lack of evidence-based psychological interventions for parents who experience distress in relation to a child’s cancer disease after end of treatment. Recently published guidelines, informing how children diagnosed with cancer and their family members should be cared for, recommend referrals to appropriate therapeutic support into long-term survivorship.8 However, significant challenges remain regarding provision of such support. We have reported an unmet need of psychological support among parents of children previously treated for cancer.9 The results are in line with findings from an Australian study showing that formal psychological support was difficult to access and rarely received by parents after completion of cancer treatment.10 Factors related to staff availability, models of assessment and delivery of services, and size and location of paediatric cancer units hindered provision of support.
Using the internet to deliver psychological support may increase access to support and represent an alternative model of psychological support delivery for parents of children previously treated for cancer. We have shown an internet-administered psychological, self-help intervention to be effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress (PTSS) among parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer,11 with improvements maintained at 1-year follow-up.12 However, challenges with recruitment and attrition were encountered, indicating that end-user involvement in the development of interventions, alongside informing study procedures to test and evaluate interventions, may be essential for intervention research within this population.13 Research suggests internet-administered, self-help interventions should be developed with the target population in mind,14 with lower levels of acceptability found for internet-administered interventions not developed for a specific population.15 Additionally, recruitment and adherence rates may improve if the perspective of the population is adopted.16 Finally, there is currently a lack of evidence-based psychological support for parents who experience distress in relation to a child’s cancer disease after successful cancer treatment, despite clear findings showing that a subgroup of parents report long-term psychological distress.4 5
The aim is to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the internet-administered, cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT)-based, guided, self-help intervention ENGAGE for parents of children previously treated for cancer and the study procedures for a future controlled trial. We have undertaken a programme of phase I (development) research, following the Medical Research Council complex interventions framework17 to inform the development of the intervention. First, a systematic review of cancer-related long-term negative and positive psychological effects for parents of childhood cancer survivors was conducted,4 with results used to inform the development and piloting of a face-to-face CBT-based intervention. The intervention was successful, resulting in improvements in symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSS (d=0.65–0.92) at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up.18 Subsequently, a participatory action research (PAR)19 approach was adopted to inform the design, content and delivery of the intervention in collaboration with parent and expert research partners.20 Finally, an online survey study, utilising a population-based cross-sectional design, further examined preferences regarding study procedures, for example, type of controlled design and mode of recruitment (letter vs postal card)(‘Personal communication’ by J Woodford, 20180406). Parents of children who had completed cancer treatment were invited to complete the survey, with 32% (n=112) of 350 responding. Findings indicated no differences in response rate between mode of invitation (n=59 (34%) letter, n=53 (30%) postal card; p=0.447). Overall, parents perceived proposed study procedures (eg, receipt of initial study information via postal letter, presentation of detailed study information online, via text and informational video, randomisation) and the receipt of internet-administered psychological support as acceptable. These findings informed the recruitment and provision of study information procedures to be further examined in the present feasibility study.
The key feasibility outcomes examined via the proposed protocol concern methodological, procedural and clinical uncertainties,21–23 including: (1) estimates of likely recruitment and retention rates; (2) feasibility and acceptability of data collection instruments and data collection procedures; and (3) feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. In line with standard feasibility study objectives,21 improvements regarding clinical outcomes are not examined at this stage. However, an embedded qualitative process evaluation24 will be used to examine the: (1) acceptability of intervention; (2) self-reported psychological needs; (3) parents’ healthcare utilisation and productivity losses related to the child’s cancer disease; (4) potential mechanisms of change; and (5) the impact of the intervention on parents’ difficulties.
Methods and analysis
This protocol (version 1, 14 March 2018) is reported according to guidelines presented in the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement extension for randomised pilot and feasibility studies23 and clinical trial protocols.25
Design
The study has an uncontrolled, within-group, baseline, post-treatment (12 weeks) and 6-month follow-up design with an embedded qualitative and quantitative process evaluation. All participants will receive the internet-administered, CBT-based, self-help intervention ENGAGE, guided by an e-therapist for 10 weeks, comprising one introductory chapter followed by up to 10 treatment modules addressing key concerns identified for the population.
Eligibility criteria
Parents/caregivers (from here referred to as parents or participants) will be included according to: (1) parent of a child diagnosed with cancer when 0–18 years who has completed cancer treatment 3 months to 5 years previously; (2) resides in Sweden; (3) able to read and understand text in Swedish; (4) has access to email, the internet and a mobile telephone and/or Bank ID (a citizen authentication system used in Sweden); and (5) self-reports a need for psychological support related to the child’s cancer disease and treatment. The following exclusion criteria will be used: (1) self-reported or clinician assessed (based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MINI)26; symptoms of a severe and enduring mental health difficulty; (2) self-reported or clinician assessed (based on the MINI neuropsychiatric interview)26; misuse of alcohol, street drugs and/or prescription medication; (3) acutely suicidal; and (4) currently attending psychological treatment. Those excluded due to a severe and enduring mental health difficulty, substance misuse and/or acute suicidality will be guided to appropriate healthcare services.
Sample size
The eligible population includes approximately 2400 parents, with around 30% (720/2400) expected to experience a need of psychological support.9 Approximately 30% of these (216/720) are expected to potentially consent.11 12 18 Following recommendations of sample sizes of 50–60 being appropriate to assess feasibility outcomes and estimate sample size for a definite trial27 we aim to recruit a sample of 50 participants. If 50 are included, we will be able to estimate a participation rate of 90% within a 95% CI of ±8%.
Recruitment
Participants will be recruited using two approaches: (A) Children’s personal identification numbers will be obtained from the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry (National Quality Registry, initiated in 1982) and linked to parents’ names and addresses via NAVET, a registry held by the (Swedish Tax Agency). Parents will be invited to participate randomly by the research team, using blocks of 100 until the target number of 50 has been reached. Prior to inviting parents into the study, the most up-to-date information concerning whether children are currently living or deceased will be checked via the telephone by a member of the research team with Swedish Tax Agency. A study information pack will be sent to home addresses, including brief information about the study and a www address to a secure website, the U-CARE portal (Portal). Potential participants will be able to access information via the Portal, with study information presented in text and video format. They will be able to either register interest in the study, or opt out of the study, by: (1) completing an online form via the Portal; (2) returning a reply slip using a freepost envelope; (3) telephoning the research team; or (4) emailing the research team. Given the use of reminders improves recruitment rates,28 telephone numbers of those who do not respond to the research team, within 4 weeks of sending the postal study information pack, will be identified via internet search engines. A member of the research team will telephone all non-responders. The purpose will be to confirm receipt of the study invitation pack and answer any questions the parent may have regarding the study. In cases where the telephone call is not answered a maximum of four additional telephone call attempts to establish contact will be made over the following 4 weeks. The study information sheet will clearly specify that a member of the research team will attempt to telephone call non-responders, with parents provided with the aforementioned methods of opting out of the study should they not wish to receive a telephone call from a member of the research team. In cases where a participant’s telephone number cannot be identified, a study information pack will be resent via the post with a reminder note added to the pack by the research team if no response is received within 4 weeks. (B) To raise awareness of the study, and potentially recruit to the study, advertisements will be placed on relevant social media sites and patient organisations’ and interest groups’ websites. People can receive more information about the study by telephoning or emailing the research team and register interest in the study by completing an online form via the Portal.
Reasons for non-participation
Parents deciding to opt out of further contact will be presented a short questionnaire (provided in paper format in information packs as well as online) listing possible reasons for non-participation as informed by previous research29 30 alongside an open-ended question for parents to provide further information and reasons for non-participation should they wish. Reasons for non-participation will be used to inform about barriers to recruitment and may provide data pertaining to the acceptability of the intervention and support offered. It will be made clear on both the paper and online questionnaire that the provision of reasons for non-participation is optional and parents do not need to report why they do not wish to participate if they would prefer not to.
Informed consent, screening and baseline
Parents interested in participating will be asked to provide informed consent and contact details via the Portal. Those who reply to the research team via a postal reply slip, telephone or email will be called by a member of the research team, who will provide more information about the study. Those interested in participating will be asked to provide consent via the Portal. Parents who speak to a member of the research team and express interest in the study, but do not provide online consent within 2 weeks, will receive a telephone follow-up call and/or email from a member of the research team. Where telephone calls are not answered, a maximum of five telephone calls will be made over a period of 2 weeks.
Parents providing informed consent will be contacted via telephone by a licensed psychologist for an eligibility interview with the purpose of confirming inclusion and exclusion criteria. If eligibility is confirmed, parents will be instructed to complete a baseline assessment via the Portal, with the option provided to complete the assessment via the telephone if preferred. In addition, a semistructured interview will be completed at baseline over the telephone to gain a more detailed understanding, for example, concerning presenting problems and expectations for treatment. After the full baseline assessment is completed, parents will be provided access to the ENGAGE intervention via the Portal and will be allocated to an e-therapist. Participant flow through the study is illustrated in figure 1.
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram. MINI, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
Intervention
Content
Based on standard definitions of self-help31 and taxonomies categorising levels of support,32 ENGAGE can be described as an internet-administered, guided, CBT-based, self-help intervention. ENGAGE includes written, audio and video materials provided online via the Portal. The intervention includes: (1) a short introductory chapter, followed by 10 CBT-based modules, with a brief overview of module content shown in table 1; (2) an initial assessment session with an e-therapist via a video or telephone call during which the individual’s problems and idiographic goals are formulated and parents are directed to the short introductory chapter and first module; and (3) weekly guidance from an e-therapist via the Portal (online written feedback). The intervention is designed to be delivered over a 10-week period, with parents encouraged to complete one module per week. However, the intervention will be accessible to parents for a 12-week period to provide flexibility regarding module completion and provision of e-therapist feedback and support. Module content is based on CBT techniques and is tailored towards key concerns and difficulties experienced by parents of children previously treated for cancer as informed by previous research.3–5 18 Each module includes psychoeducation alongside text, audio and video material instructing parents in the use of specific CBT-based techniques. Parents will be encouraged to complete weekly action plans and symptom questionnaires for each module which will be reviewed by the e-therapist. Further, modules include case vignettes, serving to clarify important treatment principles and help parents make connections between the material and their own experiences. Extensive efforts have been made to include ‘common factors’ within the intervention in order to establish, develop and maintain a therapeutic alliance.33 As such, the intervention has been developed to engage parents in materials by including statements of empathy, genuineness and warmth, narratives referring to struggle and recovery, examples to help parents relate the text material to their own lives and personal metaphors for emotional distress.33
Overview of the 10 modules included in the ENGAGE intervention
Guidance from e-therapists
An e-therapist will guide the use of the intervention, following a structured support protocol developed specifically for the intervention. Guidance will consist of one video or telephone assessment session, weekly online written support and a mid-treatment video or telephone ‘booster’ session. Prior to the start of the intervention parents will be contacted by an e-therapist for the individual assessment session via video call, lasting approximately 45 min. For parents not wanting to participate in a video call there is also an option to complete the call via telephone. Parents will be able to communicate their current difficulties and the e-therapist will conduct an individually tailored behaviour analysis of the parent’s main difficulties, collaboratively formulate idiographic treatment goals and introduce the intervention. Although parents will work independently with the intervention, e-therapists will provide weekly, and at-need, written support messages online via the Portal throughout the intervention. E-therapist guidance will include the provision of feedback on action plans, reinforcement of progress made, validating any difficulties experienced and providing assistance problem-solving difficulties. E-therapists will provide encouragement, motivation and guidance throughout the intervention, with parents able to contact their allocated e-therapist for additional guidance, via the Portal or telephone, should they experience a need. E-therapists will be obliged to respond to parents within one working day. Given the explorative nature of the study, no maximum time limit for support has been set, though based on previous experience11 12 we anticipate e-therapists will spend approximately 20–30 min per parent each week.
Parents will be provided a ‘booster’ session lasting 30–45 min, via video or telephone call, mid-way through the intervention. This session will be an opportunity to further assess any potential difficulties experienced with the ongoing work, provide additional guidance and assistance problem-solving, alongside the provision of encouragement and motivation.
Parents who do not log in, or show low activity in the intervention, will be contacted via text message, email and/or telephone, whichever is preferred by the parent and e-therapist.
E-therapists
E-therapists will be psychology programme students, in at least their fourth year of study, having completed a minimum of their first term of advanced studies in CBT, but will have not yet begun their prescribed practical service (ie, praktisk tjänstgöring för psykologer). Prior to study start, all e-therapists will participate in a 1-day workshop to familiarise themselves with the treatment manual and support protocol, delivered by a licensed clinical psychologist. E-therapists will receive weekly group clinical supervision sessions focusing on case discussions, skills development and at-need supervision by a licensed clinical psychologist with relevant experience of the population.
Optional support functions
Optional support functions within the Portal will include an online library containing information about CBT, self-help, literature suggestions, links to relevant websites, as well as CBT exercises from the intervention. These materials will be available as downloadable text and audio files. In addition, all exercises used in the intervention will be accessible within the library for parents to revisit. As these functions are optional and not part of the treatment, parents will not receive any recommendations from their e-therapist regarding optimal level of engagement with these support functions.
Setting
Parents will receive guidance from e-therapists located at Uppsala University, Sweden. Due to the nature of the ENGAGE intervention being online, parents are anticipated to engage with the intervention in their own homes.
Outcome measures
Feasibility outcomes
Feasibility outcomes of interest relate to methodological, procedural and clinical uncertainties21–23 and examine recruitment rates, eligibility criteria, data collection, attrition, resources needed to complete the study and intervention, parents’ adherence to the intervention, e-therapists’ adherence to the support protocol and parents’ acceptability of the intervention and study procedures. Feasibility outcomes assessed are shown in table 2 alongside the associated progression criteria (where applicable). Progression criteria have been set to facilitate the interpretation of results and to inform whether to proceed to a definite trial after the feasibility study.
Overview of feasibility outcomes and progression criteria
Sociodemographic and clinical variables
Data on child age, gender, diagnosis, date of first diagnosis, date of end of treatment (where available) and type of treatment will be obtained from the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry. Self-report data on parent age, gender, education, employment status, ethnicity, relationship status, number of children, ages of children, current housing situation, previous psychological treatment, previous traumatic events, physical health, date of end of child’s cancer treatment, cancer recurrence and parents’ experience using the internet will be collected at the eligibility interview.
Psychological and health economics outcomes
PTSS will be assessed using the revised Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)34 and the DSM-IV (PCL-C)35 for comparison with our previous studies.5 11 12 18 Symptoms of depression will be assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),36 the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale37 will be used to assess symptoms of anxiety. Frequency of parental fear of cancer recurrence and of their child experiencing another serious health condition will be measured by five-item Likert scales developed by the study authors LvE, JW and AW, and rated from ‘very often’ to ‘not at all’. Psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance will be measured with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, 6-items (AAQ-6).38 The Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale (BADS)39 will be used to measure depressive inactivity. Symptoms of fatigue will be measured with the Fatigue Severity Scale,40 and the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form41 will be used to measure self-compassion. The EuroQol 5-dimension questionnaire42 will be used to assess quality of life, with impact on use of healthcare services, employment, absence and sick leave examined with a modified short version of the Trimbos and Institute of Medical Technology Assessment Cost Questionnaire for Psychiatry,43 assessing direct and indirect medical costs and indirect non-medical costs. The MINI neuropsychiatric interview26 will be used to assess current psychiatric disorders.
Data collection
Data will be collected via telephone and/or the Portal at the eligibility interview, baseline, post-treatment (12 weeks) and at 6-month follow-up. In order to minimise attrition, prompts will be sent to indicate it is time to complete the next assessment, with parents able to indicate how they would prefer to receive prompts (eg, via email, telephone, text message or post). Additional reminders will be sent when assessments have not been completed within 1 week following a prompt. If parents do not complete post-treatment (12 weeks) and 6-month follow-ups on the Portal within 2 weeks of receiving the first prompt, they will be provided with an option to complete the outcome measurements over the telephone with a member of the research team. A study newsletter will be sent to participants via email approximately 6 weeks before post-treatment (12 weeks) and 6-month follow-up, given evidence suggesting using study newsletters as a prenotification device can improve follow-up rates.44 Study newsletter content will change during the course of the study and will include both current study-specific and wider research group news, alongside a reminder that the next assessment will be due in 6 weeks.
Weekly measures of PTSS (PCL-5; PCL-C), depression (PHQ-9), experiential avoidance (AAQ-6) and depressed inactivity (BADS) will be collected via the Portal during the intervention to examine the feasibility of collecting quantitative process evaluations data. All measurements collected during the course of the study, including mode of administration at each assessment, are shown in table 3.
Overview of measures at the respective assessments
Participant adherence
Opened modules, completed action plans and private messages to e-therapists will be logged via the Portal to examine adherence to the intervention. Further, total number of log-ins and use of optional support functions will be logged to examine use of the intervention. Full adherence to the intervention will be defined as: (1) attendance of the initial individual assessment session, via video or telephone; (2) completion of the introductory chapter; (3) completion of five CBT modules, as defined by submission of each associated action plan to the e-therapist; and (4) attendance of the ‘booster’ support session.
E-therapist adherence
To assess e-therapist adherence, improve training and identify areas requiring further modification or development, all video and telephone support sessions will be recorded with parent consent and reviewed by a clinical supervisor external to the research team. In addition, email communication will be reviewed by the clinical supervisor to further ensure adherence to the intervention and adequacy of e-therapist competency. Furthermore, a 15% sample of the written and 15% of video/telephone communication between e-therapists and parents will be reviewed for e-therapist adherence and competence in supporting the intervention according to an adherence measure developed for the ENGAGE intervention, performed by a member of the research team (with relevant clinical expertise), otherwise not associated with the study.
Qualitative process evaluation
Semistructured interviews will be conducted by a psychologist with parents via the telephone at baseline and post-treatment (12 weeks). Sample size cannot be stated a priori and interviews will be conducted until data saturation is met.
Baseline: Participants will be asked to describe their main presenting psychological difficulties and related needs, and expectations concerning the ENGAGE intervention. To inform any future health economic evaluation, they will be asked to describe distressing concerns regarding healthcare utilisation and productivity losses related to their child’s cancer disease.
Post-treatment: Parents will be interviewed to explore the acceptability of the ENGAGE intervention and associated study procedures. In order to examine possible mechanisms of change, parents’ views concerning the impact of the ENGAGE intervention and CBT techniques had on their mood, and lives more generally, will be explored. The interview guide will be informed by previous research examining the acceptability of CBT self-help interventions45–47 and qualitative process evaluations.48 To explore the non-acceptability of the intervention, study procedures and potential barriers to treatment, non-attendees (parents who do not attend the initial video or telephone assessment session or complete the introductory chapter or any modules) and poor attendees (attend the initial video or telephone assessment with an e-therapist but disengage prior to completion of the introductory chapter and at least five modules alongside the attendance of the ‘booster’ support session) will be invited to be interviewed. Semistructured interviews with non-attendees and poor attendees will explore reasons for disengaging, barriers to treatment, and examine suggestions for future intervention development and study procedures.
Data analyses
Data analyses will primarily be descriptive and will address the outcomes relating to the feasibility of the intervention and study procedures. Progression criteria will be used to determine whether revisions should be considered before proceeding to a controlled trial (table 2).22
Quantitative analyses
An adapted CONSORT diagram for pilot and feasibility studies23 will be used to illustrate participant flow. Numbers of parents identified via the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation and NAVET registry (Swedish Tax Agency) or by advertisements, numbers expressing initial interest, consented, assessed for eligibility, eligible and included, will be reported. The percentages of: (1) parents assessed for eligibility of the total number invited; (2) parents meeting eligibility criteria of the total number invited; and (3) parents enrolled in the study of the total number invited will be calculated with exact 95% CIs. Reasons for ineligibility, ambiguities regarding eligibility criteria and reasons for non-participation will be reported at each stage.
Follow-up rates and numbers of missing items relating to outcome measures will be calculated with 95% CIs. In addition, means and SDs for the number of reminders sent via text message, email and telephone will be reported. Potential assessment uncertainties in diagnostic interviews will be reported alongside means and SDs for time taken to complete questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics including the means and SDs or medians and IQRs and change scores for each outcome measurement at the eligibility interview, baseline and post-treatment, and at 6-month follow-up will be reported. Attrition proportions (both intervention and study dropout) will be reported with 95% CIs.
Means, SDs and frequencies for each Portal activity relating to intervention adherence and use, including log-ins, opened modules and items, completed action plans and use of optional support functions will be reported. Means, SDs and frequencies of parent and e-therapist contact within the Portal, via telephone and/or video will be reported and e-therapist adherence measures will be summarised with means and SDs and collated in total and by e-therapist.
Means and SDs for the length of time taken for parents to work through the intervention and for parents to complete the eligibility interview, baseline, post-treatment (12 weeks) and 6-month follow-up assessments will be reported. In addition, means and SDs will be reported for the length of time e-therapists spend delivering the intervention; for therapist training and supervision, and for project personnel to administer the data collection procedures from invitation through follow-up. These data will be used to assess the feasibility of the intervention and study procedures. Potential ambiguities regarding standard safety procedures, types and numbers of measures undertaken to assure patient safety, and types and numbers of unforeseen safety issues will be reported.
Qualitative analyses
Answers to semistructured interview questions will be recorded, transcribed verbatim, checked for accuracy and analysed using qualitative content analysis.49 To increase trustworthiness of the analysis, at least two researchers and parent research partners will be involved in all stages of analysis to increase credibility, and ensure results accurately represent parents’ experiences. Disconfirming case analysis50 will be conducted to further improve rigour and trustworthiness. Content analysis49 will be used to analyse the written communication in the interactive functions of the intervention.
Patient and public involvement statement
The intervention and study protocol were designed with input from participants using a PAR approach, which was cofacilitated by a member of the research team and a parent of a child successfully treated for cancer.20 There was no further involvement in the development of this trial by patients or the public; however, a patient and public involvement panel will be established to work alongside the research team during the course of the study. An end of study report will be developed to communicate study results to all participants. In addition, a study newsletter will be sent to participants via email approximately 6 weeks before post-treatment and 6-month follow-up.
Ethics and dissemination
The study has been approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Uppsala, Sweden (Dnr: 2017/527) and will be conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, ensuring the welfare and rights of all participants. Confidentiality will be guaranteed and consideration will be given to participants’ integrity, dignity and vulnerability. Informed consent will be collected to ensure participants are aware of the conditions of study participation. Participants will be reminded of their rights to withdraw from the study without giving any reason. Participants will be provided with contact information within the study invitation packs for both the principal investigator (coauthor LvE) and the independent Patient Health and Safety Officer for the U-CARE group should they have any cause for concern regarding the conduct of the trial. All data will be handled according to Patient Data Act (2008:355) and the General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679) with all participants assigned a study code to deidentify data and personal information about participants stored separately from deidentified data. Data collected via the Portal will be stored on secure servers at Uppsala University, with personal data and user-generated data stored on separate databases on different servers. The Portal secures deidentification of data and prevents unauthorised persons to connect data from different Portal databases. All other data will be stored in a locked filing cabinet, accessible only to study personnel. Responsible healthcare provider will be U-CARE Healthcare operating according to the Patient Safety Act (2010:659), Patient Data Act (2008:355) and the Health and Medical Services Act (2017:30). Any adverse events or negative effects discovered during the study will be reported following standard U-CARE Healthcare procedures. Assessments are carried out throughout the study to ensure participants in need of more extensive support, than provided within the study, are identified and guided to appropriate healthcare services. Communication within the Portal will be monitored to identify participants at risk of harm to self or signalling a need for more extensive support. Study findings will be published in an open-access journal and via national and international conference presentations.
Discussion
The ENGAGE intervention was developed in response to previous research demonstrating that a substantial subgroup of parents of children previously treated for cancer report psychological distress in response to their child’s disease3–6 and/or an unmet need of psychological support.9 Psychological distress related to a child’s cancer disease causes suffering and costs to the individual parent.51 52 Findings for other populations show that this kind of distress also is costly for society as a whole due to impacts on healthcare utilisation and productivity loss.53 Challenges faced by the Swedish healthcare sector concerning a widening gap between mental health treatment demands and available resources can potentially be addressed using internet-administered interventions supported by cost-effective e-therapists. We have recently published findings demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of an internet-administered psychological, self-help, intervention for parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer.11 12 However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published evaluation of the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of such an intervention for psychological distress experienced by parents of children previously treated for cancer.
The study presented in this protocol will examine the feasibility and acceptability of ENGAGE, an internet-administered, guided, CBT-based self-help intervention developed to reduce psychological distress among parents of children previously treated for cancer. Investigating the feasibility and acceptability of complex interventions and study procedures is strongly recommended to estimate important parameters and answer key uncertainties required to inform the design of future definitive controlled trials.21 Given the novelty of the intervention, and limited number of intervention studies conducted with the target population, assessing the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention and study procedures is of great importance in informing intervention refinements and the planning of a future definitive controlled trial. Should the ENGAGE intervention and procedures be demonstrated to be feasible and acceptable, the intervention will be evaluated in a definitive controlled trial. In turn, should the intervention be demonstrated to be clinically and cost-effective, the aim is to implement the intervention within the standard Swedish healthcare setting.
Study status
Recruitment is planned to commence during autumn 2018.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to everyone who has contributed to the development of the intervention and study procedures, especially to the parent and expert research partners and facilitators involved in the development.
References
Footnotes
Contributors LvE conceived the idea for the project and secured funding. LvE and JW developed the methodology and analysis plan with contributions from MC, HG, GL, AR and AW. LvE, MC and AW contributed to the development of the intervention. All authors made substantial contributions to the drafting, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (grant number K2015-99X-20836-08-4), the Swedish Cancer Society (grant number 170709) and the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation (grant number PR2017-0005) (main applicant LvE). LvE is the principal investigator. Uppsala University is acting as the study sponsor.
Disclaimer The funding sources had no role in the design of the study and will not have any role during its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data or decision to submit results.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Ethics approval Ethical approval was granted by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Uppsala, Sweden (Dnr: 2017/527).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; peer reviewed for ethical and funding approval prior to submission.