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Abstract
Objective The study sought to compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) versus drug-coated balloon (DCB) in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR).
Design Meta-analysis using data from randomised trial found by searches on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and websites of major cardiovascular congresses.
Setting Only randomised trials comparing DES with DCB were included.
Participants Patients with ISR in the included trials.
Interventions New-generation DES versus DCB.
Outcomes The angiographic and clinical outcomes including cardiac death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularisation (TLR), target vessel revascularisation (TVR), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis were investigated.
Results Five trials including 913 patients were eligible and included. Pooled analysis in angiographic results identified that new-generation DES were associated with higher acute luminal gain (−0.31 mm, 95% CI −0.42 to −0.20, P<0.001) and lower per cent diameter stenosis (risk ratio (RR): 0.28, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.55, P=0.04). DES significantly reduced the risk of TLR (RR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.28, P=0.01) compared with DCB; however, there was no statistical differences for MACE (RR: 1.21, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.17, P=0.53), myocardial infarction (RR: 1.16, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.48, P=0.69) and cardiac death (RR: 1.80, 95% CI 0.60 to 5.39, P=0.29).
Conclusions Interventions with new-generation DES appear to be associated with significant reduction in per cent diameter stenosis and TLR at short-term follow-up, but had similar MACE, myocardial infarction and cardiac death for patients with coronary ISR compared with DCB. Appropriately powered studies with longer term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings.
- drug-coated balloon
- drug-eluting stents
- in-stent restenosis
- meta-analysis
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Only randomised trials comparing drug-eluting stents with drug-coated balloon for patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) were allowed to be included in this meta-analysis.
This study includes the largest patient population presenting with ISR.
The results were based on the trial level and share the limitations of the original trials.
Introduction
Percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal stents (BMS) or drug-eluting stents (DES) has become one of the most frequently performed therapeutic procedures for coronary artery disease.1 The rate of in-stent restenosis (ISR) in clinical practice is nearly 5% of patients treated with DES and 10% with BMS after 5 years.2 Given the number of patients undergoing a stent implantation, which amounts to approximately 1 000 000 per annum in the USA, ISR will continue to remain an undesirable adverse outcome.3
The management of patients with ISR remains challenging. Currently, the treatment strategies for ISR mainly include cutting balloon angioplasty, plain old balloon angioplasty, drug-coated balloon (DCB) and DES.4 Several recent studies have reported that both new-generation DES and DCB are superior to other interventional strategies for ISR.5–12 Moreover, recent guidelines on myocardial revascularisation from the European Society of Cardiology recommend DCB and new-generation DES (class I, level A) for patients presenting with ISR.1 However, published literature comparing new-generation DES versus DCB in randomised settings conclude with diverging results.8 13–17 Additionally, these studies were constrained by the small sample size. To overcome these limitations, we performed a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the clinical and angiographic outcome results of new-generation DES versus DCB in patients with coronary ISR.
Methods
Search strategy and selection criteria
Randomised trials comparing new-generation DES versus DCB for coronary ISR were searched in PubMed, the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov as well as the websites of major cardiovascular congresses. The subject keywords included coronary restenosis, drug-eluting balloon, paclitaxel-coated balloon, eluting stent(s) and randomised trial were applied to identify studies (online supplementary table 1). The last search was performed on 12 September 2016 by two independent investigators (J-ZC and Y-XZ). All studies comparing new-generation DES versus DCB irrespective of patients presenting with any types of ISR were included.
Supplementary file 1
Data extraction and quality assessment
Two investigators (J-ZC and Y-XZ) independently screened the title and abstract of retrieved reports, reviewed the full articles of relevant citations in detail and extracted study characteristics, angiographic and longest available clinical outcomes. Any discrepancies or disagreements were settled by a third investigator (Y-JZ). The following variables were extracted from all eligible studies: enrolment periods, patient characteristics, types of ISR, definition of ISR, follow-up duration, dual antiplatelet therapy and clinical and angiographic outcomes. The risk of bias for individual trials was assessed in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.18
Angiographic and clinical outcomes
The clinical outcomes of interest were cardiac death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularisation (TLR), target vessel revascularisation (TVR), major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. TLR was defined as any repeated revascularisation involving the target lesion. MACE was defined as individual trial. The angiographic endpoints were minimum lumen diameter (MLD), late lumen loss (LLL) and per cent diameter stenosis at 6 to 12 months. In-segment (the treated segment plus 5 mm proximal/distal margins) measurements were adopted for the analyses, but in-stent parameters was incorporated if in-segment data were not available.
Statistical analysis
Risk ratio (RR) and mean differences with 95% CI were used as summary statistics. The Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effects model and inverse variance fixed-effects model were used for categorical variables and continuous variables, respectively. We calculated the I2 index and performed χ2 test to measure statistical heterogeneity among studies. An I2 >50% was considered as significant heterogeneity. A random-effects model was performed to calculate the risk estimation if a significant heterogeneity was detected. Sensitivity analyses were carried out by excluding the studies with a high level of risk of bias, and including only studies with a low proportion of missing data. Repeated analyses have been performed in the subsets of studies solely comparing paclitaxel-coated balloon versus everolimus-eluting stents (EES), and patients with only BMS-ISR. The Egger’s linear regression tests were employed to test for funnel plot asymmetry at the P<0.10 level of significance. However, the analysis for publication bias can only be tentative, as there is not enough power to support the test results due to the limited number of studies included. All the statistical analyses were performed using STATA V.13.0 and Review Manager V.5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Results
Five trials with a total of 913 patients treated either with new-generation DES (n=414) or DCB (n=499) were eligible and included.8 13–17 The screening process is described in figure 1. The median sample size was 189 (IQR 83–269). Only the prospective randomised Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis (TIS) trial was single centre, and the others were multicentre. Patients enrolled were from Czech in the TIS trial, Spain in the Restenosis Intra-stent of Bare Metal Stents: Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon vs. Everolimus-eluting Stent (RIBS) IV and RIBS V trials, Belgium in the Safety and Efficacy of a Drug eIUting balloon in Coronary artery rEstenosis (SEDUCE) trial and Germany and Latvia in BIOLUX (Clinical performance of the Pantera Lux paclitaxel coated balloon vs. the drug-eluting Orsiro hybrid stent system in patients with in-stent restenosis) RCT. All trials had a high risk of bias with respect to performance bias and the details of methodology in BIOLUX RCT trial were not available. The summary of risk judgement in individual trials is shown in online supplementary figure 1. The trial, patient and angiographic characteristics are summarised (table 1, online supplementary tables 2 and 3). Apart from 229 patients (25.1%) with mixed types of ISR in one trial,17 309 patients (33.9%) with DES-ISR were recruited in one trial,8 while 375 patients (41.0%) with BMS-ISR were recruited in three trials.14–16 The follow-up of patients ranged from 6 to 12 months angiographically, and from 12 to 36 months clinically.
Flow diagram of meta-analysis. DES, drug-eluting stents.
Main characteristics of the included trials
TLR, TVR and MACE
TLR was reported in four trials including 777 patients.8 13 16 17 The incidence of TLR in the DCB group (10.9%) was significantly higher than that in new-generation DES (5.2%) (RR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.28, P=0.01; I2=32%, P=0.22; figure 2A). TVR was not available in the BIOLUX RCT trial.17 There was no significant difference in the risk of TVR between DCB and DES (RR: 1.06, 95% CI 0.48 to 2.34, P=0.89; I2=60%, P=0.06; figure 2B).
Forest plots of risk ratios for target lesion revascularisation (TLR), target vessel revascularisation (TVR) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Size of data markers indicates weight of each trial included in the meta-analysis: (A) TLR, (B) TVR and (C) MACE. DCB, drug-coated balloon; DES, drug-eluting stents.
All but the SEDUCE trial reported the rates of MACE.16 The rates of MACE between DCB (14.7%) and DES (9.0%) were comparable (RR: 1.21, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.17, P=0.53; I2=58%, P=0.07; figure 2C).
Cardiac death, all-cause death, myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis
Myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and cardiac death were all available in five trials but all-cause death was not reported in the BIOLUX RCT trial.17 The pooled RR showed no significant differences in cardiac death (RR: 1.80, 95% CI 0.60 to 5.39, P=0.29; I2=0%, P=0.92; figure 3A) and myocardial infarction (RR: 1.16, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.48, P=0.69; I2=0%, P=0.76; figure 3B) between the two arms, as well as all-cause death (RR: 1.50, 95% CI 0.62 to 3.62, P=0.37; I2=0%, P=0.55) and stent thrombosis (RR: 1.26, 95% CI 0.39 to 4.04, P=0.70; I2=0%, P=0.75; figure 3C).
Forest plots of risk ratios for myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death and stent thrombosis. Size of data markers indicates weight of each trial: (A) MI, (B) cardiac death, (C) stent thrombosis. DCB, drug-coated balloon; DES, drug-eluting stents.
Angiographic endpoints
All five trials contributed to the angiographic follow-up results. Patients treated with new-generation DES had a significant increase of acute luminal gain (−0.31 mm, 95% CI −0.42 to −0.20, P<0.001; I2=52%, P=0.08; figure 4A) and reduction of per cent diameter stenosis (RR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.55, P=0.04; I2=72%, P=0.006; figure 4B) compared with DCB.
Forest plots of risk ratios for acute lumen gain and per cent diameter stenosis. Size of data markers indicates weight of each trial included in the meta-analysis: (A) acute lumen gain and (B) per cent diameter stenosis (DS). DCB, drug-coated balloon; DES, drug-eluting stents.
A strong trend towards an increase in MLD (−0.23 mm, 95% CI −0.47 to 0.01, P=0.06; I2=65%, P=0.02, figure 5A) was noted in the new-generation DES arm but this difference was not statistically significant compared with DCB.
Forest plot of risk ratios for minimum lumen diameter (MLD), binary restenosis and late lumen loss (LLL). Size of data markers indicates weight of each trial included in the meta-analysis: (A) MLD, (B) binary restenosis and (C) LLL. DCB, drug-coated balloon; DES, drug-eluting stents.
All but the BIOLUX RCT trial reported the incidences of binary restenosis. Patients treated with new-generation DES were associated with a similar risk of binary restenosis (RR: 1.25, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.75, P=0.58; I2=56%, P=0.08; figure 5B) and LLL (−0.06 mm, 95% CI −0.37 to 0.25, P=0.71; I2=80%, P=0.0006; figure 5C) compared with DCB.
Publication bias and sensitivity analyses
No publication biases were found in all clinical and angiographic outcomes (online supplementary figure 2). Sensitivity analyses suggested that DCB was associated with a high risk of MACE (RR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.38, P=0.03; I2=19%, P=0.29) as well as an increase in in MLD (−0.29 mm, 95% CI −0.55 to −0.03, P=0.03; I2=64%, P=0.04) and binary restenosis (RR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.10, P=0.02; I2=0%, P=0.99) while excluding the TIS trial which comes from a single centre. Detailed methodology in BIOLUX RCT trial was not available; however, MLD remained greater in the DES group when the BIOLUX RCT trial was omitted (−0.29 mm, 95% CI −0.55 to −0.04, P=0.03; I2=60%, P=0.06). In the setting of patients with BMS-ISR,13 15 16 no significant differences were found in DCB versus new-generation DES in all angiographic and clinical outcomes except for acute luminal gain (−0.39 mm, 95% CI −0.50 to −0.28, P<0.001; I2=0%, P=0.40). Patients treated exclusively with EES had significant low incidence of TLR (RR: 2.64, 95% CI 1.35 to 5.18, P=0.005; I2=12%, P=0.32), increased acute luminal gain (−0.32 mm, 95% CI −0.47 to −0.17, P<0.001; I2=64%, P=0.04) and superior MLD (−0.29 mm, 95% CI −0.55 to −0.04, P=0.03; I2=60%, P=0.06). But no statistical differences in other clinical and angiographic outcomes were observed between the two groups.
Discussion
This meta-analysis included five randomised trials examining the angiographic and clinical outcomes of new-generation DES versus DCB in the treatment of any type of coronary ISR. The study, for the first time, showed that new-generation DES appears to be associated with an improved angiographic and clinical outcomes when compared with DCB irrespective of the types of ISR at short-term follow-up. The main findings are as follows: (1) new-generation DES were associated with a significant reduction in TLR compared with DCB at the longest available follow-up; (2) there were no statistical differences in cardiac death, myocardial infarction and MACE between the two treatment strategies; (3) new-generation DES were associated with favourable angiographic results with significant increase in acute luminal gain and reduction in per cent diameter stenosis at 6-month to 12-month follow-up.
Previous meta-analyses
The choice of therapeutic methods for coronary ISR remains debatable. Several meta-analyses demonstrated that DCB and DES had comparable clinical and angiographic results for patients with coronary ISR.5 19 20 However, obvious pitfalls existed in these studies. First, Mamuti et al 20 combined new-generation DES and first-generation DES in the same group, whereas cumulative evidence has illustrated the difference in clinical performance of different-generation DES.21 Liou et al demonstrated no superiority of the new-generation DES over DCB but their analysis included four observational studies in which an inequality of baseline characteristics was observed.19 A further limitation of this meta-analysis was the small number of randomised patients (n=548 from three RCTs).19 Additionally, in a Bayesian network meta-analysis comparing the performance of all therapeutic treatments for ISR, EES was considered as optimal strategy with pronounced improvements in clinical outcomes.6 However, the effect was mainly derived from indirect comparison.5 In the present meta-analysis, we, for the first time, included only randomised trials of new-generation DES in comparison with DCB, so the possibility of confounders influencing estimates for various endpoints is less likely. Furthermore, this meta-analysis included the largest number of patients with ISR to date and demonstrated that contemporary DES with improved design were associated with favourable outcomes and a lower risk of reintervention at midterm follow-up, compared with DCB.
Angiographic and clinical outcomes
Compared with DCB, new-generation DES were related to favourable prognosis for coronary ISR with superior angiographic outcomes and reduced TLR. The advantages of new-generation DES comprised of persistent radial strength which prevents acute or subacute prolapse of the disrupted plaque and elastic recoil of the vessel wall, sufficient antiproliferative drugs and subsequent excellent neointimal hyperplasia inhibition compared with DCB.8 22 Interestingly, the rate of recurrent binary restenosis was similar in two groups. The difference of TLR was possibly related to the fact that presence of an existing additional stent layer in the DES group discouraged the operator from repeat intervention.
Although one may argue that DES add one more stent layer in the finite lesion segment, 80–100 µm of lumen loss due to the implants seems negligible when considering that new-generation DES assumes less reintervention. Although one may express concern regarding the long-term safety of stent implantation, studies have shown that the vascular inflammatory response with the thin-strut platform profile and also its biocompatibility or biodegradable polymer is extremely low.4 21 23 The present study, however, remains limited by its small sample size and short periods of follow-up. By virtue of previously published literature, it is reasonable to assume that the short-term (less than 1 year) benefit of new-generation DES will remain consistent.
In the RIBS V trial,13 14 the authors have observed one TLR event in the EES group and two in the DCB group from 1 to 3 years. In the RESTENT-ISR (Prospective Randomised Comparison of Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes Between Everolimus-eluting vs Zotarolimus-eluting Stents for Treatment of Coronary Restenosis in Drug-Eluting Stents: Intravascular Ultrasound Volumetric Analysis) trial, Hong et al reported an approximate rate of 6.0% in late (>1 year) TLR in patients with ISR treated with EES and zotarolimus-eluting stents,24 similar to several subgroups from all-comers study.25 26 Similarly, rates of TLR after 1 year of DCB angioplasty were varied between 0% and 10%.6 7 11 12 The Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results: Drug Eluting Stent In-Stent Restenosis: 3 Treatment Approaches (ISAR-DESIRE 3) and PEPCAD China ISR (A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomised Trial of Paclitaxel-Coated versus Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent for the Treatment of Drug-Eluting Stent In-Stent Restenosis) trials have shown a late mortality benefit of DCB treatment versus first-generation DES treatment on longer follow-up. On the other hand, there were similar deaths in the EES group and DCB group from 1 to 3 years in the RIBS V trial. Thus, any potential long-term benefit of DCB compared with additional new-generation DES implantation remains unproven.27
The studies included in this meta-analysis have several differences. First, The RIBS IV trial contributed significantly in the endpoint of TLR in favour of DES on the basis of our sensitivity analysis.11 The RIBS IV and RIBS V trials, which account for nearly 64% of studied patient populations in this meta-analysis, allowed acute predilatation residual stenosis of up to 50% before DCB application. This is in strong opposition to what is accepted by most high-volume DCB centres and published as the German Consensus Recommendations.10 Moreover, our study presented high heterogeneities in the majority of angiographic and clinical outcomes, which were mainly driven by the TIS trial.15 The TIS trial had small sample size and extensive inclusion/exclusion criteria.28 29 Furthermore, the use of scoring balloons and implantation of another bail-out stent were more common in TIS trial, which may have a potential role in improving the antiproliferation potency of DCB.30 Further researches with a careful follow-up protocol and large sample size should be performed to provide more confirmative information.
Future perspectives
Both new-generation DES and DCB for the treatment of ISR are on the same class I (A) recommendation in the latest European Society of Cardiology guideline on myocardial revascularisation.1 However, our meta-analysis suggests that new-generation DES represent a superior treatment strategy with similar safety and improved angiographic and clinical efficacy at short-term follow-up. Nevertheless, concerns remain about multilayers of metal stents in the vessel wall which may entail difficulty in further treatments and an inherent poorer clinical prognosis.31 Similarly, for patients with intolerable long-term dual antiplatelet therapy or high risk of bleeding, DCB may be more suitable. Bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) may be an alternative treatment choice in the future.32 33 The ongoing AbsorbISR (Absorb Bioresorbable Scaffold vs Drug Coated Balloon for Treatment of In-Stent-Restenosis, NCT02474485) trial comparing bioresorbable vascular scaffold with DCB to treat ISR will shed light in terms of clinical utility of BRS for coronary ISR. Finally, further refinements in DCB technology and auxiliary strategies,34 35 such as use of scoring balloon before DCB,30 are warranted.
Limitations
The following potential limitations of the present study are acknowledged. First, the results were based on the trial level and share the limitations of the original trials. Specially, the clinical outcomes of TLR, TVR and MACE were only reported in four trials, respectively, which may, in some degree, affect the outcomes of this meta-analysis. Second, the studied DCB group included Sequent Please and Pantera Lux paclitaxel-eluting balloons, which have different coatings design, as well as the implemental methods of DCB in individual trials.10 Thirdly, the definitions of clinical and angiographic parameters were not identical in some studies. Finally, in light of the fairly highly selected criteria in our study, only a total of 913 patients were enrolled. However, our study demonstrates the largest patient population presenting with ISR and is likely to remain the most powerful evidence base for evaluation of DCB versus new-generation DES.
Conclusions
New-generation DES seems an acceptable treatment strategy with comparable safety and favourable angiographic and clinical efficacy compared with DCB for coronary ISR at short-term follow-up. Further larger-scale randomised trials with longer term follow-up are warranted.
References
Footnotes
J-ZC, Y-XZ and X-YW contributed equally.
Contributors Y-JZ is the guarantor. Y-JZ, J-ZC, Y-XZ, X-YW, HZ, CVB, S-jD and JI conceived the study design. J-ZC, Y-XZ, X-YW, ZH and AM performed the report screening, study inclusion, data extraction. PC, AM, S-jD and HZ analysed the data. Y-JZ, J-ZC, Y-XZ, X-YW, CVB, JI, PC and AM drafted the manuscript. PC, AM, S-jD and HZ reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have significantly contributed to the design of study, analysis of data and drafting or revising manuscript. All authors have read and approved this article.
Funding This work was supported by Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation, Nanjing Department of Health (YKK15100), key project of Nanjing Science and Technology Development Foundation (201503024) and six talent peaks project (WSN-212).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Detail has been removed from this case description/these case descriptions to ensure anonymity. The editors and reviewers have seen the detailed information available and are satisfied that the information backs up the case the authors are making.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.