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Abstract
Introduction In Scotland, the incidence of breast cancer is predicted to rise significantly in the next few decades and while there are measures to support reductions in morbidity and mortality, the breast cancer community is currently exploring preventative opportunities including supporting weight management programmes in postmenopausal women. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a theory-based, community delivered, minimal contact, weight management (diet, physical activity and behaviour change techniques) programme (ActWELL) in women with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 attending routine breast cancer screening appointments.
Methods and analysis The study will be a four-centre, 1:1 parallel group randomised controlled trial of a 12-month weight management intervention initiated in breast cancer screening centres, delivered by trained Breast Cancer Now lifestyle coaches in community settings. The intervention programme involves two intervention meetings with coaches plus (up to) nine telephone contacts over 12 months. The programme will focus on personalised diet (including alcoholic and sugary drinks) and physical activity habits. Behaviour change techniques include self-monitoring, goal setting, implementation intentions, action and coping plans. The study has a sample size of 414 women with a BMI >25 kg/m2 attending routine National Health Service breast cancer screening appointments. Measures will be taken at baseline, 12 weeks and at 12-month follow-up, complemented by qualitative interviews exploring perceived acceptability and impact on habitual behaviours. The two co-primary outcomes are mean change in measured body weight and change in physical activity between groups to 12 months. Secondary outcomes are changes in eating habits, alcohol intake, sedentary time, quality of life, waist circumference, lipid, haemoglobin A1c and insulin profiles, blood pressure and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
Ethics and dissemination The protocol has been approved by East of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (17/ES/0073). All participants provide written informed consent. Dissemination will be through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.
Trial registration number ISRCTN11057518; Pre-results.
- cancer prevention
- breast cancer
- screening
- lifestyle
- behaviour modification
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This work has the potential to provide routine support for weight management for women aged over 50 years.
Multicentre, randomised controlled design.
Novel approach to deliver weight management by trained volunteers in community locations.
The study has a large potential reach with around 73% of ALL women of this age group attending appointments including high numbers from disadvantaged backgrounds.
The intervention will not be readily accessible for women who do not accept screening appointments.
Introduction
Breast cancer accounted for 14.5% of all cancer diagnoses in Scotland in 2014 and accounts for 28% of female cancer cases.1 Incidence is increasing and current predictions from ISD (Scottish Government) suggest a rise by 27.5% between 2008–2012 and 2023–2027.2
While many factors are implicated in aetiology (genetics, reproductive history, hormone use), current estimates suggest that 38% of breast cancers in postmenopausal women in the UK are related to physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and body fatness.3 There is consistent evidence that being overweight or obese throughout adulthood increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.4
In addition, gaining weight in adult life is a strong predictor of breast cancer (especially in women who have not taken hormone replacement therapy).5 Ahn et al reported that at any body mass index (BMI), increased weight in adult life is associated with greater risk of breast cancer and a gain of 2–10 kg after the age of 50 (eg, postmenopausal) is associated with a 30% increase in breast cancer risk.6 Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study have also demonstrated that high weight gain in middle adulthood increases the risk of breast cancer.7 In the Women’s Health Initiative, Neuhouser et al 8 reported that postmenopausal women with a BMI <25 kg/m2 at baseline who gained >5 kg of body weight during the follow-up period (median 13 years) had a 36% increase risk of developing breast cancer.
Lifestyles and weight management are also related to risk reduction. Women meeting at least five of the World Cancer Research Fund prevention guidelines for lifestyle show a 60% lower risk for breast cancer compared with women meeting none of the guidelines9 and a recent systematic review reported that high versus low adherence to cancer prevention guidelines was associated with consistent reductions in breast cancer incidence.10 Data from audits of bariatric surgery show that large weight losses are associated with large decreases in female cancers.11 One recent North American study of 22 198 people 3.5 years after bariatric surgery reported reductions in postmenopausal breast cancer of 42%.12 In addition, moderating weight gain in adult life through caloric adjustment and being physically active is likely to be of benefit for reduction in other cancers related to these behaviours13 as well as other non-communicable diseases.14 15
Most (73%) Scottish women aged 50–70 years accept invitations to attend the routine NHS Scottish Breast Screening Programme (NHSSBSP) and over 175 000 women attend each year.16 In addition, women aged over 70 years are able to attend through self-referral. The NHSSBSP therefore provides a unique opportunity to endorse a weight management intervention. However, a greater understanding of the benefits, costs, acceptability and impacts are needed to examine whether a NHSSBSP-initiated intervention can be effective and cost-efficient.
In 2007, Fisher et al 17 reported that most women attending breast screening clinics are interested in receiving lifestyle advice, and an updated paper reporting the view of 1803 women shows overwhelming support for receiving interventions through this setting.18 However, a review published in 201319 reported that while the importance of weight management in breast and colorectal cancer prevention is widely recognised, there is little evidence that lifestyle is discussed within cancer screening settings. It was also noted that the lack of advocacy about health behaviour change may endorse poor health behaviours by creating a ‘health certificate effect'. This issue may be particularly relevant for body weight, where a lack of guidance to visibly obese patients may imply a lack of medical concern. The cancer research ‘gap analysis’ reviews by Breast Cancer Campaign20 21 highlighted the role of breast screening programmes as an opportunity for promoting cancer prevention activities, but noted the challenge of finding ways to support and facilitate women to achieve healthy ways of life.
In Scotland, the breast cancer community (government, charities and health professionals) is currently exploring innovative and sustainable preventative opportunities including supporting weight management programmes. The Scottish Health Survey22 has reported that 72% of women aged 55–74 years have a BMI >25 kg/m2 (76% in women living in areas of higher deprivation). Furthermore, 42% of women do not achieve the recommendation of 150 min of physical activity per week, and this proportion increases with age. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence23 recommend that lifestyle weight management programmes are multicomponent and aim to reduce a person’s energy intake and help them to be more physically active by changing behaviour. However, access to such National Health Service (NHS) programmes is limited and commercial programmes have cost implications for low-income adults.
It is recognised that partnerships between the NHS and the voluntary sector offer significant value for money and the potential for greater ‘reach’ of interventions into community settings. The recent Lancet series on obesity highlighted that, despite government efforts to reduce the prevalence of obesity, these approaches are insufficient to help adults who are currently overweight or obese.24 Innovative strategies beyond those currently delivered by health professionals are needed to increase capacity of delivery of weight management programmes.
Community lifestyle interventions initiated in the breast cancer screening setting are a largely unexplored area, although repeated triennial appointments offer unique opportunities for initiation and re-enforcement.25 This setting also provides an opportunity to engage with women from areas of higher deprivation (63%, 71% and 76% of women from Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 1, 2, 3 quintiles, respectively attend for screening).26
The ActWELL feasibility study demonstrated that recruitment, retention, indicative results and participant acceptability merited a full randomised controlled trial to test the long-term impact of the intervention. In addition, 31% of participants recruited were from the lowest two quintiles of deprivation27 indicating significant potential to reach women from higher rates of social deprivation who also tend to be more obese.
Feedback from screening centre users showed while many were aware of lifestyle issues in relation to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, information about lifestyle and breast cancer was new and considered ‘motivating’ if the focus was on positive ways to help support behaviour change.28
The current study is designed to assess the effectiveness of a community-based, personalised, minimal contact weight management programme in women with a BMI >25 kg/m2 attending routine breast cancer screening clinics. The intervention programme is a collaboration between the charity Breast Cancer Now (BCN), NHSSBSP, local authority leisure centres and academic partners. This work is the first time that a cancer charity has offered volunteer capacity for cancer prevention action on weight management and offers significant potential to address gaps in public health efforts. The design is pragmatic to increase the relevance of the findings to policymakers, women eligible for breast screening and health professionals (see online supplementary appendix 1).
Supplementary file 1
The study aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a theory-based, community delivered, minimal contact, weight management (diet, physical activity and behaviour change techniques) programme (ActWELL) in women with a BMI >25 kg/m2 attending routine breast cancer screening clinics.
Methods and analysis
Trial design and setting
The study will be a four-centre, 1:1 parallel-arm, randomised controlled trial of a 12-month, weight management intervention. The participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: (1) standard care with health information leaflet or (2) experimental group who receive the ActWELL intervention. Potential participants will be introduced to the study while attending a routine NHS breast cancer screening appointment (static and mobile screening units) in Scotland. The study participant flow is presented in figure 1.
Study flow chart. NHSSBSP, NHS Scottish Breast Screening Programme; PIS, Participant Information Sheet.
All trial measurements will be undertaken by trained research nurses at baseline, 12 weeks and 12 months within the NHS Clinical Research Centres in the areas served by the breast screening sites.
The intervention is delivered and supported by BCN volunteers who have undergone 2 days bespoke training on the intervention. The face-to-face intervention communications are delivered within local authority run leisure centres (or other appropriate community locations).
Participants
All attendees at routine NHS breast screening appointments will be advised about the study by NHSSBSP staff in writing and verbally. On checking in at the clinic women will be given a brief study information leaflet by the receptionist. During their visit the mammographer will briefly (approximately 30 s) mention the study verbally. If they are agreeable to a researcher making contact with them, women will be invited to leave their details on a contact card (telephone/email/postcode), which they can place in a study box in the reception area. A pop up banner, or poster, will also be displayed in the breast screening clinic or mobile van to further highlight the study and how to contact the research team. All NHS screening staff will be provided with training which introduces the aims of the study, why the trial is designed the way it is, the importance of their role, how to minimise the time taken to introduce the study and how to answer common questions. Within each site, a team ‘champion’ will be identified from within the NHSSBSP staff to encourage colleagues and coordinate recruitment efforts.
Research staff will contact women leaving contact cards within 2 weeks and assess study eligibility.
Inclusion criteria
Attending, or invited to attend, routine breast screening clinics (not recall clinics).
Measured BMI >25 kg/m2.
Age 50–70 years.
Exclusion criteria
Currently undergoing treatment for any malignant condition (excluding basal or squamous cell skin cancers).
Reported contraindication to physical activity (eg, recent surgery).
Reported contraindication to weight loss (eg, currently following a recovery programme for weight gain).
On a specialised diet, for example, gluten free.
Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.
Current use of insulin.
No telephone contact.
Unable to consent.
Participants who are considered eligible will be invited to attend their local research centre to provide informed consent before commencing baseline measures.
Participants found to be ineligible to take part, either on telephone screening or at a baseline visit, will be thanked for their time and will be offered, by post or email, lifestyle and cancer prevention information and/or information on local leisure facilities applicable to them. Where possible, this will also apply to women who have expressed an interest (eg, left a completed card) but who have not been selected to take part in the trial due to the volume of people that can be seen by the research team. In the event of very large numbers of cards being returned, it may not be possible to contact all women and this is made clear in the brief information leaflet.
Randomisation
Participants will be randomised centrally at a 1:1 ratio into the intervention or usual care groups using the web-based TRuST system designed by Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU). Randomisation will be stratified by site and minimised by socioeconomic status based on SIMD29 (two groups: SIMD 1 or 2; SIMD ≥3).
In addition, a subgroup comprising 146 women (73 from each group) will be randomly allocated by the TRuST system to receive an activPAL monitor (accelerometer; PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK) as an objective measure of physical activity. This number has been identified to meet statistical power (see below).
Usual care group
Following the end of their baseline measures, participants will receive a cancer prevention leaflet.30 The study administrator will then notify participants of their randomisation by letter. On completion of their 12-month follow-up visit, women will be offered a single personalised coaching session and the ActWELL intervention booklet.
Intervention group
Following the end of their baseline measures, participants will receive a cancer prevention leaflet.30 The study administrator will then notify participants of their randomisation by letter. The BCN volunteer coordinator will allocate a BCN lifestyle coach to the participant. The lifestyle coach will contact the participant to arrange an appointment for their first face-to-face visit.
Blinding
The study team will be blind to the participants’ group allocation until completion of the primary outcome analysis. Exceptions are the trial manager, study administrator, lifestyle coaches and participants who cannot be blinded owing to the nature of the intervention.
Intervention
Initial work focused on optimising the intervention to scale up the previous prototype for a 12-month follow-up period. This was developed from the original feasibility study protocol and using feedback obtained from study participants and lifestyle coaches. Later feedback came from our recent research study offering a weight management lifestyle intervention to women attending family history clinics31 and our newly formed ActWELL public advisory team. The proposed study builds on existing behaviour change models,32 particularly the COM-B model.33 Thus, the intervention aims to incorporate capability for effective lifestyle change combined with opportunities for greater physical activity through an emphasis on walking initiatives and other community facilities (using taxonomy-derived effective behaviour change techniques34) and increased motivation for weight management (through awareness raising within the teachable moment setting).
In addition, four formative qualitative focus groups with individuals in the target population will be held to obtain feedback on the prospective 12-month intervention including refinements on alcohol messaging.
Intervention content
The initial part of the intervention (1–3 months) will focus on helping achieve 7% of body weight loss (consistent with the lifestyle intervention in the highly effective Diabetes Prevention Programme35) and the remaining months will also combine techniques for weight loss maintenance (WLM) by addressing both caloric intake and energy expenditure.
Behavioural change techniques (BCT) include goal setting, implementation intentions, self-monitoring of body weight and feedback. The latter may be particularly important for WLM. This part of the intervention will take a habit formation-based approach using the ‘Ten Top Tips’ shown to be successful for WLM over a 2-year period.36 Social support will be encouraged throughout the 12 months through regular coach contact and encouragement to share the intervention with a friend/buddy. The initial introduction to the leisure centre will also provide an introduction to locally available exercise facilities and classes.
Tailored personalised advice is a key component of all aspects of the intervention. Motivational interviewing about weight loss will be undertaken to identify participant ambivalence and perceived personal advantages to weight management.
The caloric prescription will be based on 600 kcal below that required for weight maintenance (calculated using the equations for basal metabolic rate according to gender, age and body weight).
Food and drink choices will be based on information obtained from current eating habits obtained through a 24 hour recall questionnaire to guide personalised advice on food frequency, portion sizes and foods to limit. Participant agreed goals (and implementation intentions) will be used for one specific food or drinking habit and this will be self-monitored with personalised feedback provided.
Physical activity dose: all participants will undertake the Scottish Physical Activity Screening Questionnaire37 by the coach as an indicator of current activity levels to help guide the communications about walking plans and signpost other activities (including those offered in the local leisure centres). Participant agreed pedometer goals (and implementation intentions) will be used for habitual walking and this will be self-monitored with personalised feedback provided. Participants will be supported to gradually increase physical activity towards accumulating at least 150 min of moderate intensity physical activity per week and then, where appropriate, towards 300 min per week (based on Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network38 guidance on weight management).
A detailed description of each intervention visit and telephone calls are provided in online supplementary appendix 2.
Intervention delivery: there will be two face-to-face intervention meetings (one of 60 min and one of 45 min). Over a 12-month period there will be up to nine further contacts by telephone. The intervention programme will be delivered by BCN volunteers who have received the training programme to become lifestyle coaches.
Intervention fidelity: we will undertake independent analysis of fidelity to the intervention. Fidelity of programme delivery and content will be assessed by audio-recording and transcription from a purposeful sample of approximately 10% of ActWELL lifestyle coaches including face-to-face interactions and telephone contacts at each site. A researcher independent from the intervention delivery will analyse the transcripts and evaluate the proportion of points covered in each session relative to those described in the intervention protocol. Time for implementation procedures will be recorded by the lifestyle coaches.
Outcome measures
A full list of measurable outcomes and sources39–42 is presented in table 1.
Outcome measures
Data collection will occur at baseline, 12 weeks and 12 months. Data will be collected by the blinded research nurses from the clinical research centres in each location (trained on the study protocol) at baseline and 12 months, and over the telephone at 3 months, and entered directly onto study case report forms and questionnaires. Detailed Standard Operating Procedures will be provided on each aspect of the protocol to ensure consistent methodology is used by all staff.
At baseline, along with the collection of demographic and background (eg, menopausal and smoking status) data by questionnaire, any contraindications to physical activity will also be assessed using the PAR-Q physical activity readiness questionnaire.43 44 Where required, and in all women aged 70 years, participants will be asked to seek advice from their general practitioner before becoming more physically active. Height will also be measured to the nearest 1 mm using a calibrated stadiometer, with shoes removed, in order to determine BMI and confirm eligibility.
Co-primary outcomes
Co-primary outcomes will be change in body weight and change in physical activity by 12 months. Both will be measured as the mean difference between groups at 12 months adjusted for baseline, site and SIMD.29 Weight will be measured to the closest 100 g, in light indoor clothing and without shoes, heavy jewellery or pocket contents, using regularly calibrated electronic scales. Physical activity will be objectively measured using thigh worn activPAL accelerometers. These monitors measure free-living sedentary, upright and ambulatory activity and provide data on step count and time spent sedentary. The devices will be fitted by the research nurses to ensure correct placement, and the participants will be asked to wear them at all times (excluding when swimming or bathing) for eight nights to ensure a full seven days of recording. A demonstration and instructions will be provided in case removal is required.
Secondary outcomes
Secondary outcomes will be changes in waist circumference, modes (types) of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, eating habits, alcohol intake, psychosocial variables, economic outcomes, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), non-fasting lipids and non-fasting insulin, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk (incorporating blood pressure and lipid measures).
Waist circumference will be measured midway between the iliac crest and lower costal margin using a Seca 201 measuring tape. Modes of physical activity will be determined from a 7-day recall questionnaire,45 and sedentary behaviour from analysis of the activPAL data. Questionnaire-based tools will be used to determine eating habits, alcohol intake, psychosocial variables (eg, illness perception, knowledge and beliefs about lifestyle and breast cancer risk and personal health resources, eg, motivation, awareness and social support around weight management, self-monitoring and perceived ability to manage weight) (table 1). In order to determine the economic outcomes of the trial, data on health-related quality of life was collected using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire,42 along with questions on use of NHS healthcare resources (number of primary care contacts, inpatient, outpatient and day cases).
Blood pressure will be measured using a Microlife 3BTO digital blood pressure monitor, or other approved BP monitor in the local clinical research facility, with the participant seated and relaxed. One non-fasted blood sample will be taken per person at both the baseline and 12-month follow-up visits in order to measure HbA1c, non-fasting lipids and non-fasting insulin. Samples will be processed and stored at local clinical research centres and shipped in batches to Glasgow University laboratories for analysis. All samples will be analysed in a blinded and anonymised fashion at the same time to minimise analytical variation, with no individual results being made available to participants.
Delivery outcomes
In addition to the intervention delivery time recording and fidelity assessments described earlier, delivery will be also be evaluated in terms of engagement (recruitment and retention), using data collected by coaches, exit questionnaires and through interviews with coaches and participants to record their experiences.
Process evaluation
These measures are aimed at identifying feasibility and acceptability issues pertinent to decisions about roll-out:
Breast screening centres
Observations from the waiting room by the research team will be conducted on two occasions per site before and after recruitment commences. Data on clinic start and end times will be noted and mammography staff asked to provide comments relating to clinic flow.
In order to estimate the reach of endorsements by mammographers, we will request that clinic numbers are obtained (preferably as appointments attended), and track total ActWELL cards provided to clinics and total cards returned.
A sample of mammographers will be invited to participate in individual semi-structured qualitative interviews (one interview per site, total n=4) to explore perceptions and experiences of recruitment, including perceived ease of study introduction, time burden, positive and negative experiences that have arisen, handling of questions, support from clinic staff and training from research team. Interviews will be conducted shortly after the end of the study recruitment period (eg, September 2018) to enable mammographers to reflect on experiences over the whole period while recall is still relatively fresh.
BCN are collecting information on
advertising for coaches (where, when and costs);
responses to advertising (applications and telephone/email queries);
time and volunteer/coach experience of joint training programme with ActWELL team;
volunteer coach reported problems, queries and reasons for drop out;
coordinators’ experience of managing coaches.
These data will be used to inform the economic analysis.
BCN lifestyle coaches will be asked to collect data on participant contacts
Number of face-to-face visits attended.
Number of phone calls achieved.
Time taken for each contact.
Perceived engagement at each contact.
A sample of coaches from each site (two per site, total n=8) will be invited to participate in individual semi-structured qualitative interviews to explore perceptions and experiences of delivery, including recruitment, training, implementation, participant contact procedures, perception of intervention acceptability, time commitments and exit strategies. The interviews will also explore coaches’ perceptions of facilitators and barriers to participant engagement in the programmes. Interviews will be conducted shortly after the end of the delivery period.
Leisure centres
A sample of four leisure centre coordinators will be invited to participate in individual semi-structured qualitative interviews to explore their perceptions and experiences of hosting the coach sessions, including burden, space, time, challenges and any potential benefits or negative consequences for the leisure centre. Interviews will be conducted shortly after the end of the delivery period (eg, May 2019) to enable coordinators to reflect on experiences over the whole period while recall is still relatively fresh.
Participants
Semi-structured qualitative interviews will be conducted with 20 intervention participants (5 per study site) after expression of an interest to participate during the final 12-month visit. Interviews will be conducted via telephone. Interviews will be conducted at the end of each participant’s period of engagement in the study to allow participants to reflect over the entire period of their engagement while recall is still relatively fresh. We decided not to interview participants during their engagement in the study so as to avoid introducing any intervention effects which might have arisen from participants being sensitised to the questions and issues under discussion.
A semi-structured interview schedule designed to cover key topics while also eliciting additional participant perspectives will be used. Interviews will cover participants’ views and experiences of engaging with the study, including motives for participation and understanding of the study purpose; possible impact of the study on attendance for screening; perceptions and opinions of the programme content, duration, accessibility intensity, recruitment and exit strategy; views of the coaching process and experience of setting goals; experiences of attempting to make changes over the 12-month intervention period, and the facilitators and barriers to making changes. Possible facilitators and barriers to be explored include personal beliefs, motivation, family members, social and coach support. With the consent of participants, all interviews will be audio-recorded.
Statistical considerations
Sample size
Body weight: using the data from the overweight women (BMI >25 kg/m2) in the ActWELL feasibility study (mean body weight 80.9±17.9 kg), a total of 414 women (207 per group) would be needed to detect a 7% wt change at 90% power. Allowing for 25% drop out (based on our findings from the feasibility study), this would mean randomising 552 women. Based on feasibility data, we estimate that we would need 849 women to express an interest in the study which allows for 25% who would be ineligible on grounds of BMI <25 kg/m2 and 10% who initially express interest then change their minds. The NHSSBSP screens thousands of women each year so we do not anticipate any problems with 849 women expressing an interest in the study.
Physical activity: given that the activity data from the ActWELL feasibility study was based on self-report, an objective measurement of steps using pedometers in the predominantly (80%) female participants of the ‘Walking for Well-being in the West’ study45 was used to inform the sample size calculation. At baseline, a mean of 6802±3212 steps were recorded in the intervention group. In order to detect a difference of 2000 steps between groups at follow-up, at 90% power, 102 women (51 per group) would be required to complete this aspect of the study using activPAL accelerometers (shown to be feasible in studies of older adults and enabling accurate estimates of activity and sedentary behaviour46 47). Allowing for 20% drop out plus any equipment malfunction/postal losses, we would recruit a further 30% bringing the total enrolment to 146 of the 552 participants for this aspect of the study. In summary, a subsample of 146 of the 552 women recruited above will be asked to wear the accelerometers.
Quantitative analysis
Statistical analysis of outcomes will be undertaken by statisticians at TCTU. In the main analysis, we will use an intention-to-treat analysis with all available data. We will undertake multiple linear regression analyses with mixed effects models adjusted for the corresponding baseline values with group allocation and site as fixed effects. For the primary outcomes, we will also undertake a sensitivity analysis using both repeated measures and multiple imputations for missing values.
We do not anticipate that clustering effects will be a substantial issue in ActWELL, which is why we have designed the trial as individually randomised. We anticipate 24 or more BCN lifestyle coaches delivering the intervention, making each cluster small at around 10 participants. It is possible that even more lifestyle coaches will be involved depending on the capacity of BCN. We also anticipate that participants will be evenly distributed across the four breast screening centres rather than having a dominant centre. We will, however, look for evidence of clustering effects as a secondary analysis and present and interpret our results in light of this analysis.
Missing data
The extent of missing data will be examined and, if necessary, methods such as multiple imputation will be implemented to provide robust results, assuming data are missing at random (MAR). We will examine the extent of missing data by considering the differences between those with complete data and those with missing data, and if they are similar we will assume data are missing completely at random. If they do differ we will assume MAR and use multiple imputations and compare with the primary analysis. We will try to obtain reasons for missing data during the trial and if the probability of missing data are related to the outcome then data may not be missing at random. If this looks likely, then mechanisms of missingness and outcomes will be modelled together.
Qualitative analysis
All interview recordings will be transcribed in full for analysis. Transcripts will be coded for thematic analysis, with the coding themes to be agreed among the researchers based on the core questions and topic areas, including any new and emerging themes. The reliability of the themes will then be reassessed by a process of familiarisation with the transcript texts. Discussions between researchers will enable identification of emerging themes and resolution of interpretive difference.
Cost-effectiveness analysis
Intervention costs data will be collected by health economics team including:
BCN costs (coordinator salary, training, transport);
Intervention consumable costs (training packs and participant materials);
Intervention delivery staff costs (coach training, mentoring and overseeing costs).
The cost-effectiveness analysis of the ActWELL intervention compared with usual care will be based on resource use and outcomes (EQ-5D-5L) data42 (collected from participants’ questionnaires and telephone interviews). This will take the format of a within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis and use a cost-utility analysis framework. The effects of the ActWELL intervention will be estimated as gain in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) at 12 months using EQ-5D-5L data collected at baseline, 3 and 12 months. Estimates of cost-effectiveness will be expressed as the incremental cost per QALY gained (over 12 months).
Patient and public involvement
The development of research questions and outcome measures arose from pilot work,27 which included feedback from participants. A public advisory group was established comprising three patient representatives from breast screening attendees recruited by BCN, plus a patient advisor on the investigation team (who will chair the public advisory group). The public advisory group will be involved in every aspect of the trial. This is particularly important with respect to trial design and feedback, issues including inequalities, access to intervention, recruitment, perspectives on written, verbal and e-communications, burden of study procedures (including questionnaires), interpretation of qualitative data, conduct of the study and dissemination events. In addition, information attained from formative research with screening participants will be used to assist in the design of the intervention content and delivery. After the study is complete, participants will be interviewed to gain insight into the study burden and procedures. A summary of results will be available for all participants.
Ethics and dissemination
The ActWELL trial follows all procedures set out by the Tayside clinical trials unit including reporting adverse and serious adverse events. All reports will be reviewed by the senior clinician and appropriate actions taken. The intervention is considered low risk and all coaches are trained on supporting modest changes in physical activity to decrease risks associated with vigorous or intense activity.
The study dissemination plan includes reports to the funder to assist in decision making about potential roll out. Reports of the findings will also be shared with BCN, Scottish Screening Committee, Scottish Cancer Task Force, participating screening centres, participating leisure centres and our public advisory group. A summary of findings will be available for all participants.
Academic dissemination through papers in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations will be focused on reporting the main impact of the intervention on primary and secondary outcomes, health economic evaluation and qualitative findings that will assist decisions about roll out. Findings related to recruitment challenges, the experience of volunteer coaches and psychosocial findings which may have impacted on process and outcomes will also be reported.
Public dissemination will use social media channels including those of the Scottish Cancer Prevention Network, academic institutions involved and public events such as ‘café science’.
Discussion
This paper describes the protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a weight management intervention targeted at women aged between 50 and 70 years of age who are invited to attend routine breast screening clinics. This is consistent with the concept that ‘every healthcare contact is a health improvement opportunity’ as embodied within NHS Scotland’s health promoting health service.48
Current epidemiological evidence highlights adult weight gain, excess body fat, low levels of physical activity and alcohol intake as modifiable factors associated with an increased risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer.3 The NHS breast screening setting is one of only a few nationwide opportunities that offers face-to-face contact by a health professional to over 70% of (healthy) women aged 50–70 years including significant numbers of women from deprived areas (>60% of women from SIMD quintile 1 and >70% from quintile 2)26 who may have no other opportunity to access free, personalised lifestyle change support. Few other free, national NHS clinical services provide a routine invitation to reach this number of women in this age group. At present, no support for lifestyle change is provided in this setting, although survey and intervention work highlights the potential for engagement and behaviour change.19 28 Recent work undertaken in Scotland in routine breast screening clinics has reported that a simple women’s magazine intervention about breast cancer risk produced by The Scottish Cancer Prevention Network resulted in 60% of respondents claiming an increased knowledge about breast cancer, lifestyle and motivation to find out more about cancer prevention with 40% of respondents expressing intentions to make lifestyle changes.49 It was notable that there was no difference in results by social position. While concerns have been raised about the potential for increasing health inequalities through individual level interventions, a recent Cochrane review has reported that individual obesity management interventions (in both children and adults) do not increase health inequalities.50
While the current trial has primary outcomes of increased physical activity and weight loss, the programme will target energy expenditure (caloric usage in physical activity) and dietary intake (caloric intake from foods, soft and alcoholic drinks). The length of the study is designed to embrace the principles of weight loss and weight loss maintenance and therefore has the potential to achieve a long-term change in lifestyle habits. The study has been developed from a well-conducted feasibility trial with positive indicative outcomes and uses a gold standard multicentre, randomised controlled design methodology. The development of the intervention used a unique combination of staff from academia, NHS, breast cancer charity and healthy screening attendees and employs a novel approach to deliver weight management by volunteers in community locations. The study is not powered to assess long-term risk of breast cancer and indeed the intervention would need to demonstrate effective weight loss prior to investment in a cancer outcomes trial. There have been no trials of primary prevention of breast cancer using a weight management intervention (largely due to length of follow-up and study size). However, there are a number of ongoing trials of weight management interventions in women with a breast cancer diagnosis which will report on cancer and all-cause mortality end points (as described by Demark-Wahnefried et al 51).
It should be noted that the trial is also designed to collect information relevant for clinicians and policymakers responsible for considerations about the potential roll out of the programme throughout the national NHS breast screening programme drawing on feedback from screening staff and participants. This trial is highlighted within the National Cancer Strategy as an investment from Scottish government in cancer prevention.52 The programme may also have salience internationally where population-based breast cancer screening programmes are offered.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Mary Allison, Amy Hickman and Eluned Hughes from Breast Cancer Now and Dr Stephen Caswell in manuscript preparation and coordination of volunteer training. Staff at the NHS Scottish Breast Screening Service who have assisted in programme design. The authors would also like to acknowledge our patient advisor (Elspeth Banks) and Public Advisory Group members (Pamela Deponio, Maggie Taylor and Mary Wotherspoon) for their regular communications and valuable time. The Health Services Research Unit and The Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen receives core funding from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates.
References
Footnotes
Contributors ASA is the principal investigator and has overall responsibility for all aspects of the ActWELL study. She initiated the study, designed the intervention, led on development of the protocol and drafting the manuscript. AMC, CM and NM were involved in intervention design and training, assessment methodology, finalising the protocol, reading, editing and approving the manuscript. SG is the trial manager and responsible for coordinating all aspects of the ActWELL study, drafting the protocol and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. EJM has responsibility for clinical issues, inclusion and exclusion criteria, trial design, finalising the protocol and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. ARN is responsible for health economics analysis, assessment methodology, finalising protocol and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. REO’C has responsibility for all psychological aspects of intervention design, assessment methodology, fidelity measures, finalising the protocol and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. PR is responsible for statistical design, analysis plan drafting protocol and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. NS is responsible for design of blood collection procedures, overseeing analysis of bloods, finalising protocol design and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. MS is responsible for formative qualitative analysis, intervention design, acceptability measures, finalising protocol and reading, editing and approving the manuscript. ST is responsible for trial design, recruitment strategies, day-to-day management decisions (with ASA and SG), finalising protocol reading, editing and approving the manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by The Scottish Government, grant number BC/Screening/17/01.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Not required.
Ethics approval Ethical approval for this study was provided by East of Scotland Research Ethics Service (REC reference: 17/ES/0073). Our initial submission to ethics in January 2017 was withdrawn as we were advised to submit the formative work to the University of Dundee ethics committee (approved 5 April 2017, Ref 020/17) and the remainder to NHS ethics once the formative work was completed. It took several months to complete the formative work which delayed both the NHS ethics submission (approval provided on 22 June 2017) and the recruitment start date. This resulted in a delay in registering the study with ISCRTN until the final protocol was completed and the submission details updated. ISCRTN registration was assigned prospectively on 21 July 2017. Recruitment for the study commenced on 1 August 2017 with first participant randomised on 5 September 2017 due to the aforementioned project delay.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement The authors are happy to provide data upon request to the corresponding author.