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Qualitative research
Research
Qualitative study exploring the factors influencing physical therapy management of early knee osteoarthritis in Canada
  1. Crystal MacKay1,
  2. Gillian A Hawker2,3,
  3. Susan B Jaglal1,3,4
  1. 1 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  2. 2 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  3. 3 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  4. 4 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  1. Correspondence to Dr Crystal MacKay; crystal.mackay{at}utoronto.ca

Abstract

Objectives Increasingly, there is emphasis on identifying and initiating treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in the early phases of the disease. This study aimed to identify the perceived barriers and facilitators to managing clients with early knee OA and the contextual factors affecting implementation of care by physical therapists (PTs).

Design Qualitative study using in-depth semistructured interviews with 33 PTs. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively using thematic analysis.

Setting Canada.

Participants A purposive sample of PTs who managed clients with knee symptoms and/or diagnosed knee OA in community/outpatient settings in three provinces in Canada (Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia).

Results Factors that affected physical therapy management of early knee OA were identified at four levels: the community, healthcare system, healthcare provider and client level. Some healthcare provider factors acted primarily as enablers of management, such as PTs’ confidence in their ability to manage perceived early knee OA, PTs’ beliefs about consequences of OA and the PT scope of practice. However, the study illuminated a range of modifiable factors that can act as barriers to management. These factors included access to services in the community and healthcare system; healthcare provider factors such as time, access to evidence and physician’s role in referrals and messaging; and client factors related to client characteristics (eg, general health, socioeconomic status), engagement in management and beliefs about OA.

Conclusion These findings provide us with a basis to begin to address specific barriers and to optimise care for early knee OA.

  • qualitative research
  • physical therapy
  • osteoarthritis

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023457

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    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • This study contributes an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing management of early knee osteoarthritis (OA) by physical therapists (PTs), providing us with a basis to begin to address specific implementation problems.

    • Various strategies were employed to enhance rigour in the study, including detailing the study methods, use of an audit trail, iterative data collection and analysis, and use of thick description of findings.

    • Since there was no universally agreed upon definition of early knee OA at the time of the study, we focused on what participants perceived as early knee OA and used vignettes to help guide discussions about management.

    • Participants in this sample worked in various practice settings in three provinces of Canada; however, they were experienced PTs and their perceptions may not reflect the perspectives of PTs in all healthcare systems.

    Introduction 

    Osteoarthritis (OA) is highly prevalent and a leading contributor to global disability.1 It is estimated that 9.6% of men and 18.0% of women over 60 years of age have symptomatic OA worldwide.2 The knee accounts for 83% of OA disability.1 There is no cure for OA but there is strong evidence that exercise and weight loss reduce pain and disability.3 4 All clinical guidelines recommend non-pharmacological interventions, including education, exercise and weight management, as first-line management.5–8 Yet, research has shown that the care received by people with OA in primary care often varies from clinical guidelines.9–11 In a systematic review of studies comparing OA quality indicators to community-based clinical practice, pass rates for first-line non-pharmacological approaches (eg, exercise, education) were, on average, below 40%.9 Achievement of quality indicators has been shown to be worse in younger people and people with less severe symptoms.12 This is consistent with qualitative research from the patient’s perspective that has shown that working age adults with mild-to-moderate knee OA symptoms reported limited professional guidance and support.13 Given the growing awareness of the importance of identifying and initiating treatment in the early phases of OA,14 15 it is critical to begin to address this practice gap. Intervening early in the disease has potential to help control OA pain and disability and reduce work loss.

    Physical therapists (PTs) are central to the non-pharmacological management of OA symptoms through the design and delivery of exercise programmes.16–18 While prior research found that PT management of OA varies from evidence-based care delivered in clinical trials,19 there is limited information on the barriers and facilitators to providing OA care from the perspective of PTs20 particularly for management of early OA. As a first step towards optimising clinical care, this research sought to identify the barriers and facilitators to managing clients with perceived early knee OA and the contextual factors affecting implementation of care from the perspective of PTs considering the community, health system, healthcare provider and patient.

    Methods

    Study design

    We conducted a qualitative descriptive study. Qualitative description is a qualitative method, which produces a comprehensive summary of a phenomenon in everyday terms, with analysis and interpretation of the findings remaining closer to the data. It draws on the tenets of naturalistic inquiry in which researchers study a phenomenon in a manner as free of artifice as possible, without any intervention or alteration by the researcher.21

    We followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies guidelines for reporting qualitative research.22

    Sampling and data collection

    Participants were recruited via emails to members of the Orthopaedic Division, Canadian Physiotherapy Association and using a snowball technique. Interested individuals contacted the first author (CM) by email or phone. The first author followed up with potential participants by telephone to answer any questions, screen participants for eligibility and arrange a time for an interview. Registered PTs were eligible if they: (1) worked with individuals with knee symptoms (ie, pain, aching, stiffness) or diagnosed knee OA in the past 3 months, (2) worked in community-based or outpatient settings (eg, private clinics, primary care practice, hospital outpatient departments) and (3) could communicate in English. All participants indicated they worked with clients with perceived early knee OA. Participants in three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario) were purposively sampled to ensure variation in practice setting (eg, private/public) and geographical location. A semistructured interview guide was developed and pretested prior to commencing interviews (online supplementary file). The interview guide was constructed to begin with general questions about the PTs practice and their perceptions of OA. We inquired about participants’ experiences working with clients with early knee OA and their approach to management of these clients. The interview guide included two patient vignettes, which were developed using scientific literature, data from a qualitative study of people with mild-to-moderate knee symptoms23 and clinical input from PTs. Participants were asked how they would approach management of each clinical scenario. Finally, participants were asked about the barriers they faced providing support for people they perceived to have early knee OA and what helped them provide support to this population. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) helped guide development of interview questions and probes. The TDF is an integrative framework of theories of behaviour change which has been used in several studies to identify barriers and facilitators of health professional clinical behaviours.24–26 The TDF was rigorously developed and validated; it has 14 domains.27 28

    Supplemental material

    The first author, CM, a postdoctoral fellow who has graduate training and experience in conducting qualitative research, conducted the interviews. The interviewer was a PT who had worked in the field of arthritis research for several years and had a particular interest in OA. However, she had not worked directly with any of the study participants. Interviews were conducted by telephone or in person with only the interviewer and participant present. In-person interviews occurred in a private room at the participants’ place of work or at the university. The literature supports the use of both face-to-face and telephone interviews within the same study while maintaining the trustworthiness of the findings.29 Interviews lasted approximately 60–75 min. Thirty-three PTs from three provinces in Canada participated in the study (table 1). Twenty-four participants worked in private practice in the community (clients were self-referred to their services or were referred by a physician, typically a primary care physician); nine participants worked in publicly funded settings, including primary healthcare teams and hospital outpatient departments. Data collection ceased when no new responses or factors were identified.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Participant characteristics

    Analysis

    Data collection and analysis were conducted iteratively. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim by a professional transcriptionist. A qualitative software program, NVivo 10, was used to organise data. Inductive thematic analysis as described by Braun and Clarke30 was conducted. Two researchers (CM, SJ) met regularly to discuss their interpretations of the data. The first author inductively developed an initial coding framework. A second researcher independently coded a subset of transcripts (21%) and the researchers met to compare codes. Through these meetings, the coding framework evolved. The codes were then organised into groups and common themes were identified. During the process, the research team met to discuss the analysis and alternative interpretations of the data. Field notes were written after interviews and memos were written to support formulation and revision of codes/themes. The documentation of reflections and thoughts related to interviews, interpretations of the data and developing concepts helped to promote reflexivity. An audit trail was maintained to enhance trustworthiness of the analysis.

    Patient and public involvement

    This research question was informed by a study of the perceptions and experiences of people living with symptoms of early knee OA.13 23 31 People with perceived early knee OA were not involved in the study design or conduct of the study. PTs with clinical expertise in OA care were consulted in the process of developing the research methods. A lay summary of the study findings will be disseminated to study participants.

    Results

    Factors that influenced management of perceived early knee OA were identified and organised into four categories: the client, healthcare provider, healthcare system and community (figure 1). There was variation in how these factors influenced OA management, such that a factor could act as a facilitator or a barrier to management in different contexts. When specific conditions (eg, practice setting, rural/urban location) explained the variation in how these factors influenced management, this is indicated in the results. Illustrative quotes are in table 2.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Factors which influence physical therapy management of early knee osteoarthritis. PT, physical therapist.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Factors with sample quotes

    Community factors

    Availability of community infrastructure and programmes

    Participants consistently recommended clients participate in physical activity and exercise programmes to manage their knee symptoms. They often highlighted the benefits of having the infrastructure (eg, gyms, pools, walking/biking paths) and programmes (eg, exercise classes) available in their communities for their clients during the intervention period and following discharge. For example, one participant identified a community centre as a facilitator of management: ‘They have a lot of aqua therapy type programs… They have a gym.’ (PC10) In contrast, infrastructure or local programmes were lacking in other contexts, particularly rural settings. Some participants indicated that cost was a factor in whether their clients could access facilities/programmes. For example: ‘Even $25.00 at the local recreation centre for the year is just too much money for them.’ (FHT2)

    Healthcare system factors

    Access to timely physical therapy

    Access to physical therapy was consistently raised as a barrier to management. Canada’s publicly funded healthcare system provides universal coverage for medically necessary hospital and physician services. Physical therapy services are provided in both public and private healthcare settings. The challenges identified by participants related to access were contingent on the type of practice. Participants in private practice expressed concern that people with no (or limited) extended health coverage or personal funds to pay out-of-pocket could not access services or delayed seeking help for early symptoms of OA. One participant explained: “Because people have to pay, I think people aren’t getting early intervention. You always think, what if I could have seen this knee 2 years ago.” (PC22) Many participants also perceived that a lack of funding prevented clients from getting a full course of treatment. Some participants recounted how they worked with people to ‘ration’ their services based on the amount of funds available.

    Availability and funding of publicly-funded services was limited (eg, restricted by age or income) in all provinces. Participants working in publicly funded settings (eg, hospitals, primary care practices) indicated that clients often had a waiting period before accessing care. Some participants triaged their caseload based on patient need such that people with chronic orthopaedic problems, like OA, waited longer. Participants portrayed wait lists as a burden. One participant explained: “It’s like a constant albatross on my back. I have about 65 people on a wait list…It’s very rough.” (CHC01)

    Access to other healthcare providers

    Access to other healthcare providers varied significantly and was a perceived facilitator of care for some participants and a barrier for others. Participants who had access to a team on-site or who had developed a network of healthcare providers they trusted tended to perceive this as a facilitator of management. One participant explained: “actually having the whole team of people, the naturopath, and the chiropractor, and massage therapist all working together, that’s a big help.” (PC08) Communication was central to facilitating care, with participants highlighting the importance of good working relationships and effective mechanisms to communicate (eg, phone, electronic medical record). When participants did not have access to other non-physician healthcare providers (eg, dietitian, naturopath), they were more likely to send clients back to the primary care doctor for support. For example: “No, we don’t have a naturopath or dietician. If I thought it was an issue, I’d send them back to their GP, and see if they had resources.” (PC16) Access to other healthcare providers was only identified as a barrier if they were unable to help clients access support and services they perceived to be necessary. For example, some participants identified lack of access to physicians with expertise in OA as a barrier.

    Healthcare provider factors

    PTs’ confidence and perceived capability to manage early knee OA

    Participants consistently conveyed that they were confident in their capabilities and skills to help clients with perceived early knee OA using the strategies they believed to be effective within their scope of practice (eg, exercise, education, manual therapy techniques). They believed their training in orthopaedics made them well-suited to support this population. The following quote illustrates this confidence: “What obviously helps us is we have a huge orthopedic background. I think, to us, we are the experts in terms of providing care to this early knee OA.” (FHT2) While many participants identified weight management as important, there was variability in their confidence to provide this support.

    PTs’ beliefs about the consequences of OA

    Central to participants’ perceptions about early knee OA management, was a consistent belief that the treatment they provided could improve clients’ symptoms (eg, reduce pain, increase function). Participants often indicated that clients ‘do very well’ with early intervention. Some participants believed treatment could potentially slow the progression of symptoms. One participant commented: “We’re not curing arthritis, but we’re just using certain things, usually exercise for the most part, to maintain function and hopefully prolong that worsening of symptoms.” (PC24) However, participants believed without management, clients’ symptoms were likely to progress, suggesting they may experience increased pain, reduced activity levels, weight gain and eventually require a joint replacement.

    Physician’s role in referral and messaging to clients about OA

    This factor represents the primary care doctor’s role in management. The physician often was perceived to influence management through their role as a gatekeeper to services and their attitudes about OA. Physicians who did not make timely referrals to physical therapy were perceived to impede management. Participants also perceived that physicians’ attitudes could influence clients’ perceptions and their level of ‘buy-in’ to physical therapy. That is, physicians could negatively influence their patients by portraying OA as just part of ‘getting older’ and not supporting PT as a ‘valid option’. In contrast, physicians who expressed support for physical therapy and exercise and referred clients to physical therapy early were perceived to facilitate management. One participant explained: “Some doctors are pretty knowledgeable and are sending us people early and appropriately but then on the flip side, the barrier is those doctors who don’t get their clients in. They’re not identifying that maybe physio could help. They’re just saying… you know it’s OA and you’re stuck with it.” (PC03) While this factor was consistent across most accounts, a few participants de-emphasised physicians’ influence because their clients primarily self-referred to physical therapy.

    Scope of practice

    The majority of participants indicated that their physical therapy scope of practice was adequate to manage clients with perceived early knee OA. However, a few participants suggested it would be useful to expand their scope of practice to include ordering diagnostic imaging: “It would be great if I could send people in for x-rays, I think it’s a hindrance sometimes.” (PC08) Regulations governing the ordering of diagnostic imaging vary across Canada. While some participants could order X-rays, the majority could not. Most participants did not view this as a barrier believing it was unnecessary to order an X-ray on a client with early knee OA. They explained that X-ray findings can be ‘incongruent’ with the clients’ symptoms and were unlikely to change management. Participants who perceived X-rays to be useful mainly recommended them for clients who were not progressing as expected.

    Time per client

    Participants indicated that having adequate time to spend with clients was a facilitator of management. One participant reflected: “I think having someone actually just spend time, and listen to them, and help them work through some of the problems they’re having, and find solutions for those problems, is helpful.” (H02) Other participants were more restricted in the amount of time they could allot per patient. One participant explained that her growing wait list meant she would have less time with clients which she anticipated would affect her clients’ outcomes.

    Access to scientific evidence

    Some participants identified access to current evidence as a factor in supporting management. Access to scientific literature was highly variable depending on the province and type of work setting. Some participants in private practice shared their challenges in accessing scientific papers: “I think that’s a huge barrier because there are practitioners like me who are interested in reading the fine print of this study. The abstract doesn’t give me enough information, and I’m not affiliated with the university.” (PC06) One mechanism used to facilitate sharing of information was through professional networks or a ‘community of practice’.

    Client factors

    Client engagement in therapy

    All participants believed that client participation in management was critical to see improvement in symptoms. They indicated that a clients’ ‘motivation’ to participate in management could be a barrier or facilitator and used terms such as ‘buy-in’ to indicate if clients were ready to engage in recommended therapy. Participants also indicated that maintaining management or ‘sticking with it’ (sometimes termed being ‘compliant’) was necessary for successful outcomes. Participants indicated that it was challenging work to get clients to initiate management and maintain it over the long term. One participant explained: “Then that’s certainly challenging to people so those people need a lot of encouragement, education, and facilitation to try to get them adherent and onboard.” (H04)

    Participants’ accounts suggested that challenges surfaced when there was a disconnect between the PTs’ recommendations for treatment and the client’s expectations or preferences for treatment (eg, PT recommended exercise/physical activity while the client preferred passive therapies). One participant recounted examples of clients who did not want to engage in an exercise programme and commented: “I don’t know what you do as a physio then.” (PC02) Participants indicated that prior experiences with physical therapy (or other therapies) influenced client expectations of the clinical encounter.

    While participants indicated that they placed responsibility on the client to engage in management, their narratives suggested that they viewed themselves as having an important role in supporting clients to participate in management.

    Client beliefs about OA

    Participants explained some clients had misconceptions about OA, believing that there was nothing they could do to manage symptoms or normalising it as part of ageing. One participant explained: “People just accept that they have pain, because they’ve been told they have arthritis and they don’t understand there are things they can do.” (PC12) Such preconceptions about OA were perceived to be a barrier to management. Participants indicated that in viewing OA as a degenerative condition, some clients feared participation in exercise due to concerns it would lead to further degeneration.

    Participants believed that accepting a diagnosis of OA could be particularly challenging for people with early OA since X-rays may not show changes. One participant explained: “I think generally with the earlier symptoms of knee OA, would be a lack of understanding or to some extent a denial of what that is…I had x-rays done and there is nothing, so I can’t really having anything and it’s not that bad yet.” (PC18)

    Client characteristics and context

    Participants identified myriad client characteristics and contextual factors which affected management of perceived early knee OA. These included the client’s pre-existing activity level, general health (eg, obesity), socioeconomic status, language, family responsibilities, lifestyle and occupation. Sometimes factors acted as a facilitator to management. For example: “If you have an active person, they will do whatever it is they generally can, to try and work around it.” (PC11) Other factors acted as barriers to management. For example: “People are busy and they have a lot going on, especially if they have young kids or are carting kids all over.” (PC24)

    Discussion

    To date, there is a paucity of research that has examined the barriers and facilitators affecting OA management by PTs20 and, to our knowledge, no studies have focused on management of perceived early knee OA. Amid the increasing emphasis on early initiation of treatment for OA,14 15 it is important to understand the specific contextual factors affecting implementation of OA management for this population. The findings provide us with a basis to address specific implementation problems and to optimise care. We identified factors which were primarily enablers of management: PTs’ confidence in their abilities to manage perceived early knee OA, PTs’ beliefs about consequences of OA and scope of practice. We also identified modifiable factors that can be barriers to management in some situations and can be targeted to improve care: availability and timely access to services in the community (eg, exercise programmes) and healthcare system (eg, PTs); healthcare provider factors including time, access to evidence, and physicians’ referrals and messaging to clients; and client engagement in management and beliefs about OA. The participant’s context (ie, rural/urban, client characteristics, private/public) influenced whether a factor acted as a barrier or facilitator of management, highlighting the importance of considering the local context when developing interventions. While it is possible factors identified by participants may not only apply to early knee OA (ie, apply to all OA), some of the factors are particularly relevant if we are to optimise PTs’ management of early knee OA. These include timely access to physical therapy, physician messaging about OA and timeliness of referrals, PTs’ beliefs about the consequences of OA, client beliefs and client engagement in management. As such, these factors are the focus of the discussion.

    Participants believed that lack of access to PTs was a key barrier to providing management at an early stage of OA. They consistently expressed concerns that some people could not access care or delayed seeking help due to financial barriers. In Canada, the public–private mix for physiotherapy has been shifting with 49% of PTs working in the public sector compared with 51% in the private sector.32 Scholars have pointed out the potential for unequal access to PTs in this increasingly user pay system.33 When Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, partially delisted publicly funded community-based physical therapy services by restricting the eligibility criteria, one study showed that 20 of 113 people (17.7%) required services but did not receive them after delisting.34 While physical therapy is funded for people over age 65 in Ontario, this may be too late for some people with OA, for whom early symptoms may begin in the third or fourth decade of life.35 Policies and new models of service delivery are needed to ensure timely access to PTs for individuals with OA across the disease spectrum and lifespan.

    While PTs in Canada have direct access, some participants identified that the physician remained an important factor in OA management, both in terms of appropriately referring clients with perceived early knee OA and messaging to clients. Research suggests that some patients continue to perceive that doctors ‘know best’.36 Yet, research has shown that general practitioners sometimes believe OA is an inevitable disease of ageing and trivialise it in practice.20 37 Our study highlights that physicians’ referrals and messaging can be a detriment to early intervention by PTs. Their messages to clients can have ripple effects that impact the ability of PTs to deliver evidence-based management, such as exercise. Initiatives to improve physicians’ knowledge of OA, including when and to whom to refer clients for non-pharmacological management, are warranted to ensure clients with early knee OA are referred in a timely way.

    Existing research suggests that PTs experienced challenges in supporting behaviour change, lacking the requisite knowledge.38 Our participants’ accounts suggested that it could be challenging for them to motivate clients to engage in management. Supporting behaviour change is critical since studies show that adherence to exercise improves pain and disability39 40 but tends to wane over time.41 A Cochrane review examining interventions to improve adherence to exercise in OA found that motivational strategies showed promise.42 Motivational interviewing, a common behaviour change technique (BCT) used by health professionals, has improved outcomes, such as treatment adherence, health behaviours and clinical outcomes in people with conditions such as chronic pain, type 2 diabetes, cancer and obesity and may be a promising intervention.43–46 Recently, Nicolson et al 47 surveyed physiotherapists about their experience with BCTs. Education was most commonly used despite research showing that providing information is inadequate to change behaviour.48 Our research adds further evidence for the need for more support for PTs to use BCTs, like motivational interviewing, effectively in their practice.

    Participants perceived that client beliefs influenced management suggesting some clients normalised OA, believing nothing could be done about symptoms, and other clients were reluctant to accept an OA diagnosis, particularly when X-rays do not show changes in the early stages of the disease. In existing qualitative studies from the perspective of people with OA, findings are variable. In some research, older adults normalised OA as part of ageing.49 In contrast, a study of younger adults (<65 years) with mild-to-moderate knee OA symptoms did not normalise symptoms. However, younger adults believed there were few management options available to them.31 Our participants also perceived that some clients believed that exercise might result in further ‘degeneration’. This is consistent with studies of people with OA which found that some people have fears that exercise is damaging to their joints50 or will worsen pain.51 Overcoming misconceptions about OA may require more emphasis on public education that highlights the early signs and symptoms, de-emphasises the need for X-ray findings to diagnose early OA, challenges the assumption that all OA is inevitably progressive and explains the benefits of exercise. Effective, collaborative patient-provider communication about OA management is also crucial.

    In a review synthesising primary care clinicians’ (predominantly physicians) views on providing OA management, the researchers were unable to identify any themes that represented enablers of management.20 In contrast, we identified factors which acted primarily as enablers of management of perceived early knee OA. Participants were confident in their capabilities to manage perceived early knee OA. They also consistently believed that management could improve early symptoms, often citing exercise as recommended treatment. Exercise is recommended as first-line management in all evidence-based guidelines for knee OA7 and while studies specific to early knee OA are scarce, research has shown benefits of exercise in early knee OA.52 This is encouraging since healthcare providers’ beliefs have been associated with the beliefs and clinical management of their patients.53 In contrast, findings from a survey of UK-based PTs from 2009 found that PTs believed that knee OA would worsen, regardless of physical therapy and that exercise could make symptoms worse.38 It is important to note that while participants believed management could improve symptoms of early knee OA, they often indicated that OA would progress with no treatment. Cohort studies have begun to challenge the assumption that OA is slowly progressive by showing that pain changes little over time in the majority of individuals.54 55 As evidence related to our understanding of early knee OA and the trajectory of OA accumulates, effective knowledge translation of the evidence to healthcare providers will be necessary.

    Strengths and limitations

    This research was informed by theory and, in future, themes can be matched to TDF domains to identify BCTs which may be effective (by linking barriers to intervention components).27 The study also has limitations. At the time of the study, there was no universally agreed upon definition of early knee OA. We focused on what participants perceived as early knee OA and used vignettes to help guide discussions about management. Since participants in this sample were mainly recruited through a professional association specialising in orthopaedic physiotherapy and were an experienced sample, working an average of 21 years, it is possible that their perceptions may not reflect the perspectives of all PTs, particularly those in their early career. Finally, this research was situated in the Canadian healthcare system and some factors may apply more to this context.

    Conclusion

    We have identified barriers and facilitators to PTs’ management of early knee OA which have important implications for policy and practice. Factors that are particularly relevant across settings and critical to address to optimise intervention for early OA include timely access to physical therapy, physician messaging about OA and timeliness of referrals, client beliefs (and misconceptions of OA) and client engagement in management. Addressing these barriers will require a multipronged approach, targeted at both the healthcare system and healthcare providers. Future research is warranted to examine models of service delivery to optimise timely access to PTs and to test BCTs that have potential to optimise management of early knee OA by healthcare providers.

    Acknowledgments

    We would like to thank all study participants for participating in the interviews and Dr Victoria Young for coding a subset of the transcripts.

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors CM, GAH and SBJ conceived of and designed the study; CM collected the data; CM, GAH and SBJ contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the data; CM drafted the manuscript and all authors reviewed and provided comments on the manuscript.

    • Funding CM is supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. SBJ is supported by the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Chair at the University of Toronto. GAH holds the Sir John and Lady Eaton Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient consent Not required.

    • Ethics approval University of Toronto Research Ethics Board.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available.