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Intensive care
Protocol
Early rehabilitation for the prevention of postintensive care syndrome in critically ill patients: a study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
  1. Yutaka Kondo1,
  2. Ryota Fuke2,
  3. Toru Hifumi3,
  4. Junji Hatakeyama4,
  5. Tetsuhiro Takei4,
  6. Kazuma Yamakawa5,
  7. Shigeaki Inoue6,
  8. Osamu Nishida7
  1. 1Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun, Japan
  2. 2Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai city, Japan
  3. 3Emergency Medical Center, Kagawa University Hospital, Kita-gun-Takamatsu, Japan
  4. 4Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama city, Japan
  5. 5Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka city, Japan
  6. 6Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
  7. 7Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake City, Japan
  1. Correspondence to Dr Shigeaki Inoue; sg-inoue{at}is.icc.u-tokai.ac.jp

Abstract

Introduction Postintensive care syndrome (PICS) is defined as a new or worsening impairment in cognition, mental health and physical function after critical illness. There is little evidence regarding treatment of patients with PICS; new directions for effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. Early physiotherapy may prevent or reverse some physical impairments in patients with PICS, but no systematic reviews have investigated the effectiveness of early rehabilitation on PICS-related outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate whether early rehabilitative interventions in critically ill patients can prevent PICS and decrease mortality.

Methods We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of early rehabilitation for the prevention of PICS in critically ill adults. We will search PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for published randomised controlled trials. We will screen search results and assess study selection, data extraction and risk of bias in duplicate, resolving disagreements by consensus. We will pool data from clinically homogeneous studies using a random-effects meta-analysis; assess heterogeneity of effects using the χ2 test of homogeneity; and quantify any observed heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to rate the quality of evidence.

Discussion This systematic review will present evidence on the prevention of PICS in critically ill patients with early rehabilitation.

Ethics Ethics approval is not required.

Dissemination The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journal publication, conference presentation(s) and publications for patient information.

Trial registration number CRD42016039759.

  • Post-Intensive Care Syndrome
  • Early rehabilitation
  • Sepsis

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013828

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    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • The current systematic review will assess the efficacy of early rehabilitation on patients with postintensive care syndrome (PICS) and will provide further clinical evidence for clinicians and patients.

    • To the best of our knowledge, the present study will be the first meta-analysis of comprehensive PICS based on the randomised controlled trials whose study intervention population was limited to early rehabilitation.

    • Some outcomes may include small number of patients and it can be high risk of biases.

    Introduction

    Dramatic developments and improvements in the tools and techniques used to provide life support to critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) have reduced patient mortality.1 However, this evolution of life-saving interventions has resulted in increasing numbers of critically ill patient survivors with impaired physical and mental ability returning to usual life2 It is thus imperative that ICU care is managed with the goals of long-term patient health, wellness and functioning.1

    Besides physiological impairments in surviving ICU patients, persistent mental and cognitive symptoms are problems that prevent them from being discharged home and, once home, from returning to usual daily life.2 ,3 In September 2010, the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) held a meeting of stakeholders from rehabilitation, outpatient and community care settings to develop an action plan to initiate improvements for ICU survivors, and their families, across the continuum of care.4 In the meeting, postintensive care syndrome (PICS) was stated as the term to describe ‘new or worsening impairments in physical, cognitive or mental health status arising after critical illness and persisting beyond acute care hospitalisation’.4 Post-ICU patients may experience physical problems, such as ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), caused by a polyneuropathy and myopathy after ICU admission;3 ,5 dysphagia;6 cachexia or wasting syndrome;7 ,8 organ dysfunction;9 chronic pain;10 sexual dysfunction;11 ,12 mental health problems including depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD);13 ,14 and neurocognitive impairments such as new or worsening cognitive impairment or delirium.15 The impact of these problems is reduced quality of life,14 ,16 ,17 reduced functional status2 ,18 and reduced daily functioning.2 ,3

    Physiotherapy with early rehabilitation is seen as an integral component of the multidisciplinary management of patients in ICUs. Consistent with evidence that patients in ICUs may benefit from early mobilisation,4 ,19–23 the Pain, Agitation, and Delirium (PAD) clinical practice guidelines recommend mobilisation of patients in the ICU as soon as is feasible, to reduce the prevalence and duration of delirium and to improve functional outcomes. In 2013, Stiller24 published a systematic review investigating the effectiveness of physiotherapy for adult patients intubated and on mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Exercise in other populations has been shown to improve strength and function, decrease inflammation25–27 and affect oxidative stress;28–31 hence, it has been suggested that early physiotherapy for ICU patients may prevent or reverse some physical impairment. However, there is no systematic review investigating the effectiveness of early rehabilitation for the prevention of PICS in ICU patients. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of early rehabilitative interventions for the prevention of PICS in ICU patients. This knowledge could direct further research in the field.

    Methods

    This review protocol has been registered in PROSPERO, an International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews at the National Institute for Health Research and Center for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) at the University of York (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; Registration No. CRD42016039759).32 This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) statements,33 ,34 and the systematic review will be reported following PRISMA guidelines.33 ,35 ,36 PRISMA-P was described in online supplementary file 1.

    Types of studies

    Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) will be included and non-randomised and observational studies will be excluded. Restrictions on methodological quality of eligible RCTs will be imposed.

    Types of participants

    The population of interest is adult patients (aged over 18 years) admitted to the ICU. PICS criteria, namely acquired physical and psychiatric/cognitive dysfunction after ICU admission, will be identified using the PICS assessment scale (see ‘Types of outcome assessments’ section). We will exclude animal studies and studies with participants aged under 18 years (children, infants or neonates). We will also exclude patients with traumatic brain injury or stroke.

    Types of interventions

    The intervention of interest is early rehabilitation. ‘Early’ will be defined as (1) starting at an earlier point than usual care and (2) being conducted within 1 week of ICU admission. RCTs definitely described as ‘early’ will be included. ‘Rehabilitation’ will include all physiotherapy, occupational therapy and palliative care-related support.23

    We will exclude RCTs in which rehabilitation is initiated before ICU admission. RCTs must include a control group which undergoes standard care or no early rehabilitation. We will also exclude RCTs comparing early rehabilitation with another intervention.

    Types of outcome assessments

    The primary outcomes of interest for this review are the following: (1) physical-related outcomes (incidence of ICU-AW, and standardised physical function-related scale combined 6 min walk test37 and the Medical Research Council scale;38 and (2) health and mental status-related outcomes, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale39 and standardised Health Related Quality Of Life scale combined with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Function scale40 with EuroQol 5 Dimensions.41 ,42 Since exact PICS criteria do not exist, we will also evaluate overall outcomes after ICU discharge. The secondary outcomes are overall mortality (ICU-related or in-hospital) and adverse events.

    Adverse events and complications evaluated will be the termination rate of early rehabilitation; plasma lactate levels and other complications, such as catheter removal, endotracheal tube removal, etc.

    The Chelsea Critical Care Physical Assessment tool (CPAX),43 Physical Function in Intensive care Test (PFIT)44 and ICU Mobility Scale (IMS)45 are commonly used in the ICU and are useful tools for evaluating functional outcomes.46 However, we have chosen to use the 6 min walk test as the most reliable determinant of physical-related outcome in PICS, because we want to evaluate PICS in the ICU and also after discharge from the ICU.

    Search methods for the identification of trials

    A database search of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) will be conducted to retrieve relevant articles for the literature review. We will search full-text clinical trials conducted in humans that were published between January 1970 and July 2016 in the English language only.

    Data extraction and management

    Data extraction: Author(s), title, journal name, year of publication, website URL and abstract will be identified. Conference abstracts will be excluded. The authors (YK, RF, SI) will perform the first-line comprehensive literature search and filter for duplicates. After duplicates are removed, two authors, randomly chosen from six authors (YK, RF, TH, JH, TT, SI), will independently screen study titles and abstracts for potential relevance in the primary selection process. When disagreement is identified between reviewers, the full text of the paper will be retrieved; disagreements will be again considered and discussed until consensus is reached. If disagreements cannot be reconciled, a third reviewer will be consulted. The full text of articles included in the final selection will be reviewed by two authors randomly chosen from six authors (YK, RF, TH, JH, TT, SI). The study flow diagram is shown in figure 1.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    The primary selection process. RCT, randomised controlled trial.

    Assessment of risk of bias

    To assess the quality of included studies, we will adapt the Cochrane risk of bias tool.47 Each study will be assessed for: (1) random sequence generation (selection bias); (2) allocation concealment (selection bias); (3) blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias); (4) blinding of related outcomes assessment (detection bias); (5) incomplete outcome data (attrition bias); (6) selective reporting (reporting bias) and (7) other bias. We will categorise studies as having a low, unclear or high risk of bias in each domain. Two independent reviewers, chosen from the six authors (YK, RF, TH, JH, TT, SI), will perform the risk of bias assessment, with disagreements resolved by discussion, and by third reviewer opinion if necessary. We will consider the risk of bias for each element to be ‘high’ when bias is present and likely to affect outcomes, and ‘low’ when bias is not present, or present but unlikely to affect outcomes.48 The κ coefficient will not be used for assessment of risk of bias for interobserver agreement between reviewers.

    Summarising data and treatment effect

    We plan to perform a meta-analysis when data are available in one or more trials according to the ‘Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions’ and PRISMA guidelines by using Review Manager software (RevMan V.5.3, Copenhagen, Denmark: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, the Cochrane Collaboration 2014). We will summarise the results of the meta-analysis using the generic inverse variance method to facilitate pooling of estimates of treatment effect. We will use ORs with 95% CIs for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences or standardised mean differences with 95% CI for continuous outcomes, when appropriate. If quantitative synthesis is not appropriate for a particular outcome, we will provide a qualitative summary for that outcome.

    Assessment of heterogeneity

    We will assess heterogeneity between trials for each outcome using the I2 statistic for quantifying inconsistency. We will consider that significant heterogeneity is present when the reason for heterogeneity cannot be explained and I2 is 50% or greater. If significant heterogeneity is found, the median of the estimates will be reported rather than a weighted, pooled estimate. Clinical heterogeneity will be explored by assessing differences in baseline data, types of early rehabilitation, definition of PICS and other outcome parameters. The presence of strong clinical heterogeneity will be considered in the decision to conduct quantitative synthesis of data or to perform sensitivity analyses with a special focus.49

    Assessment of reporting bias

    We will investigate the possibility of publication bias using a funnel plot. To test for funnel plot asymmetry, we will use the Egger test for continuous outcomes and the arcsine test for dichotomous outcomes, using STATA SE Statistical Software (Release V.13, College Station, Texas, USA: StataCorp LP).50 ,51

    Data synthesis

    Estimates will be pooled using a random-effects model. We are not planning to attempt to contact the primary trial authors for additional data. We will perform our analysis based on all published data or data made available to us.48

    Subgroup analysis

    We will also perform subgroup analyses to investigate the differences in pooled effect estimates related to different patient subgroups. We will test whether there is a differential intervention effect among the various subgroups with an interaction test, which is preferred over separate subgroup group-specific analyses. Subgroup analyses will be performed for the following variables:

    1. Type and severity of conditions of patients in the ICU: a subgroup analysis will be necessary to investigate differences among categorised patients since we hypothesise that patients in the ICU have a variety of diseases and disease severity (such as sepsis, postoperative-related conditions, torso trauma and burn injuries).

    2. Timing of initiation of early rehabilitation: we will conduct a subgroup analysis since there is potential for clinical heterogeneity in the variation in the timing of early rehabilitation.

    Sensitivity analysis

    To ensure the robustness of evidence, we will perform sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of studies with a high risk of bias. We will compare the results to decide whether lower quality studies should be excluded on the basis of sample size, strength of evidence or influence on pooled effective size.

    Rating the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach

    Two authors (RF and TH) will independently use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool to rate the quality of the body of evidence. We will apply the GRADE approach to rate the quality of evidence of early rehabilitation for patient-important outcomes. Although the quality of evidence represents a continuum, we will assess the quality of the body of evidence for each outcome categorised as high, moderate, low or very low using the GRADE pro Guideline Development Tool.

    Ethics and dissemination

    This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol does not require ethics approval. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presentations at conferences and publications for patient information.

    Discussion

    PICS has emerged in the past decade as a common and life-altering consequence of critical illness. Since then, it also has reported a lot of risks during hospitalisation.52 The effects of rehabilitation on PICS are unknown because there are a limited number of systematic reviews, and the concept of PICS is not widely used. In 2015, Castro-Avila et al53 conducted systematic review and meta-analysis, which are to discuss the effect of early rehabilitation for functional status in ICU patients. They did not have the concept of PICS and included all critically ill patients in the ICU, whereas we focus on only patients with PICS. We found 10 systematic reviews associated with rehabilitation and PICS,24 ,54–62 but only 1 used the SCCM definition of PICS.62 This previously reported systematic review suggested that symptoms of PTSD may be reduced by simple interventions such as ICU diaries, whereas most other outcomes are not improved. The review had several problems, notably that the interventions of included studies were mainly conducted in general wards or in outpatient departments, which may be too late for improving PICS. In addition, methodologically, this systematic review was unable to perform a meta-analysis.

    Hence, our protocol is focused on early rehabilitation, and a meta-analysis has been considered in this study. In addition, many studies report favourable outcomes with early rehabilitation in postsurgical patients;63–65 however, the exact effect of early rehabilitation on the prevention of PICS is still unknown. This systematic review will present evidence on the prevention of PICS in critically ill patients with early rehabilitation.

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    View Abstract

    Footnotes

    • Contributors YK, RF, TH, JH, TT and SI conceived the idea for this systematic review. YK, RF, TH, JH, TT and SI developed the methodology for the systematic review and KY supervised the methodological process. The manuscript was drafted by YK and SI. RF, TH, JH, TT and KY supported the revision of the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement The authors will publish all relevant data collected as part of this study; however, readers are invited to contact the corresponding author if further information is desired.