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Abstract
Background High-resolution ultrasonography is a new and promising technique to evaluate peripheral and spinal nerves. Its validity as a diagnostic tool in neurological diseases has been demonstrated in adults. Up to now no reference values have been published in children and adolescents although this technique would be ideal in this population as it is fast and non-invasive.
Methods/design Our aim is to generate ultrasonographic reference values for several peripheral nerves (median, ulnar, radial, tibial, sural, peroneal and tibial nerve) as well as for the spinal nerves C5 and C6 and the vagus nerve in children and adolescents. In an observational prospective study, we will recruit 205 children and adolescents aged between ≥2 and ≤18 years without neuromuscular symptoms/signs and without a history of neuromuscular disease. After the collection of demographic and anthropometric data (height, weight, body mass index, age, gender and handedness) and a neurologic examination, a high-resolution ultrasonography of peripheral and spinal nerves at several anatomic landmarks will be performed. These data will be used to estimate age-dependent percentile curves and to evaluate inter-rater, intrarater and interequipment reliability of the measurements.
Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the local ethics committee (EKNZ 2015-210). The findings from this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.
Trial registration number NCT02570802, pre-results publication.
- High resolution nerve ultrasound
- normal values
- peripheral nerve system
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Sample size estimation is based on measurements from pilot data.
The estimated sample size of 200 patients allows to estimate the 50% percentile curve for cross-sectional areas of the most examined nerves at different clinically important locations with adequate accuracy.
Monocentric study.
Unrecognised confounders could potentially alter our measurements.
Background
High-resolution ultrasonography is an emerging non-invasive technique for the investigation of peripheral nerves and is increasingly used worldwide in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders. The value of peripheral nerve ultrasound for diagnosis of peripheral nerve damage in entrapment syndromes, nerve tumours and focal nerve lesions has been demonstrated clearly.1–9 In adults, it has become a useful supplementary tool for electrodiagnostic studies in these conditions. Characteristic nerve size changes in polyneuropathies have been reported as well10–16 and are now further investigated. Nerve width (medial to lateral diameter), thickness (anterior to posterior diameter) and cross-sectional area (CSA) measured on transverse scans, and anteroposterior diameter measured on longitudinal scans are the most frequently used quantitative parameters for the ultrasound investigation of peripheral nerves. Furthermore, ratios of CSA between different segments of the same nerve have also been used. Several reports have been published on reference values for the CSAs in nerves in adulthood, as well as normal values for cervical roots, radial nerve, lower limb nerves and pure sensory nerves.17–22 In children, the use of ultrasound was demonstrated in few studies of hereditary and immune-mediated neuropathies.23 ,24 So far no work has been published on standard values for ultrasonography in children and adolescents. Especially in this population, benefit of this fast and non-invasive technic is great because children can be examined much more stress free. The aim of our study is to establish normal CSA values for C5 and C6 cervical roots, and several upper and lower limb nerves, including some pure sensory nerves, at predefined anatomical sites in children and adolescents and to assess whether the CSAs correlates with height, age, gender and body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, to test if such measurements are reliable in routine clinical practice, the intrarater and inter-rater reliability of peripheral nerve ultrasound measurements will be assessed.
Methods/design
Objectives and end points
The purpose of this study is to assess standard values of nerve ultrasonography in children and adolescents to use these values as a reference in clinical practice. This allows that nerve ultrasonography in children can be further evaluated and compared with standard values in different diseases as it has been done in adults. The primary end point is to determine standard values of the CSA of the C5 and C6 cervical roots, the vagus, median, ulnar, radial, superficial radial, peroneal, tibial and the sural nerves in children and adolescents between ≥2 and ≤18. The secondary objectives are (1) to determine relations between CSA and epidemiological data and (2) to assess inter-rater and intrarater reliability of measurements.
Study design
This is an observational prospective, monocentre study with an estimated duration of 12 months. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02570802).
Inclusion criteria
Children and adolescents aged between ≥2 and ≤18 years.
Written informed consent of the caregivers and the children/adolescents between 10 and 18 years.
Oral assent by children under the age of 10 years.
Exclusion criteria
Inability to meet study requirements.
Neuromuscular disease or symptoms/signs.
Methodology
Children/adolescents that fullfill the inclusion criteria and their caregivers will be informed about the procedures and asked to participate directly after a routine consultation in the outpatients' department, during a hospitalisation at the University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), per written letter addressed to school classes or sports clubs and from the authors' circle of acquaintances and colleagues. Demographic and anthropometric data are collected (height, weight, BMI, age, gender and handedness) and a neurologic examination is performed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are verified. If the criteria are met, the child will be enrolled into the study (table 1).
Project flow chart
Most of the children are examined once for about 60 min by one examiner. A number of 47 participants will be examined twice. Of these, 19 children will be examined again by the same examiner (intrarater reliability), 28 children by another examiner (inter-rater reliability). The second examiner will be blinded to the results of the first examination.
Assessments of primary end point/outcome
Ultrasound measurements will be done in different nerves and at different locations. Ultrasound is performed using a high-frequency probe real-time linear array scanner (Philipps Affiniti 50G and others). Ultrasound of different nerves at the upper and lower limbs and the neck are performed bilaterally. The nerves are scanned in axial planes, and the CSA of each nerve is measured at standardised anatomical points as described before.25 In short: median nerve in the mid-upper arm, at the elbow, in the mid-forearm and at the carpal tunnel; ulnar nerve at mid-humerus, at the cubital tunnel and in the mid-forearm; radial nerve in the mid-upper arm and superficial radial as well as posterior interosseous nerve at the supinator loge; peroneal nerve in the popliteal space and at the fibular head; tibial nerve in the popliteal space and at the medial malleolus and sural nerve between lateral and medial gastrocnemic head in the calf. In addition, the vagus nerve is analysed at the lateral margins of the anterior cervical region beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the diameter and CSA of the 5th and 6th cervical nerve roots are measured in longitudinal scan below the processus transversus. CSA is traced inside the hyperechoic rim of the nerve (figure 1).
Standardised anatomical points for the measurement of CSA of the measured nerves and diameter of nerve roots.
Assessment of secondary end points
Epidemiological data will be measured before performing the ultrasonographic examination. Height and weight are measured, BMI is calculated. The patient or the caregiver is asked about the age (date of birth), gender and handedness.
Statistics
The sample size was calculated in order to estimate the percentile curves with adequate accuracy. The accuracy of the estimation was quantified by the length of the bootstrapped 95% CI of the 50% percentile curve. The sample size estimation was based on the measurements of medianus prox. forearm right side from the pilot data. Twelve patients between age 3.75 and 6.25 were used in this sample size estimation using a resampling method. Each sample size was evaluated by estimating the 50% percentile curve together with its bootstrapped 95% CI R=100 times. Each 95% CI was estimated by simulating 99 times in individual patients, fitting a “Generalised additive model for location, scale and shape” and estimating the 50% percentile curve from the fitted model. Then the 95% CI of the 50% percentile curve was estimated using a bootstrap approach using these 99 estimations. For each 50% percentile curve, it was assessed whether the length of the 95% CI was below the predefined margin of 1.2. Assuming a dropout rate of 2%, 205 patients should be recruited to ensure 200 evaluable patients. This sample size allows in more than 80% of 100 hypothetical repetitions of the study (ie, with a power of 0.8) to estimate the 50% percentile curve with adequate accuracy (length of the 95% CI below the predefined margin of 1.2). Figure 2 shows how the sample size depends on the predefined accuracy threshold of the estimate. Additional sample size estimation was performed in order to estimate the sample size needed to estimate the inter-rater and intrarater reliability of the measurements. Reliability is expressed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
Sensitivity of the sample size with respect to the predefined accuracy threshold of the estimate. The curves for a power of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 (ie, 70%, 80% and 90%) are shown. (The curves are smoothed and are shown for illustrative purposes only).
Two scenarios have been calculated assuming two examinations in each child with different ICC for intrarater and inter-rater reliability. It is assumed that the ICC is 0.8 for intrarater and 0.75 for inter-rater reliability. The study should be able to estimate the ICC with a certain precision. This precision is expressed as the width of a 95% CI and is here defined to be one-third. By applying the sample size approximation of Bonett26 and assuming a dropout rate of 5%, a sample size of 20 patients results (value rounded to the next higher integer) when assuming each child is examined twice for intrarater reliability (figure 3). A sample size of 30 results when assuming each child is examined twice for inter-rater reliability (figure 4).
Sample size estimation for ICC—intrarater reliability. The curve for a power of 0.8 is shown.
Sample size estimation for ICC—inter-rater reliability. The curve for a power of 0.75 is shown.
Figures 3 and 4 show how the sample size depends on the assumed ICC and the number of examinations in each child.
Primary analysis
The age-dependent percentile curves will be estimated using a “Generalised additive model for location, scale and shape” as suggested by the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group27 using the R-package Rigby and Stasinopoulos.28 The analysis will be performed on the full-analysis data set.
Secondary analyses
The same percentile curves as described in the main analysis will be estimated depending on size and weight. The models will be compared with the main model in order to investigate whether a growth curve in dependence of size or weight is more applicable than a growth curve depending on age. The association between gender and handedness and the thickness of the nerves will be investigated by including these variables as covariables in the main model in an exploratory manner. If gender has a relevant influence on thickness of the nerves, separate growth curves for each gender will be considered.
Inter-rater, intrarater and inter-equipment reliability of the measurements will be investigated by estimating ICCs according to Streiner and Norman.29
Data protection, archiving and destruction
In this study, personal patient data will be captured. These data will be encoded and are only accessible to experts. The appropriate experts of the sponsor (or their designees) can survey the conduct of the study with monitoring or audits. In case of inspections, these experts and also members of the appropriate authorities can get access to the original data. Also the responsible Ethics Committee can get access to the original data. The confidentiality of the data will be strictly protected during the whole study and when performing the mentioned controls. The name of the patient will not be published in no way in reports or publications arisen from the study.
The paper documents will be stored in a lockable room during 10 years in the archive of the UKBB in a dedicated shelf.
Ethical considerations
To generate ultrasonographic reference values in children and adolescents it is inevitable to include participants requiring particular protection (children under the age of 18 years) into this trial. The participation in this study is voluntary. The parents and the patient can withdraw their consent at every time point without giving any reason. In case of withdrawal, the data collected until this time point will be used.
As the ultrasonography of peripheral nerves is a non-invasive and painless examination, the benefit of generating normal values and therefore providing a tool to complement and minimise more invasive electrophysiological examinations legitimates the recruitment and examination of participants requiring particular protection.
The study is registered online with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02570802).
Dissemination
The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international scientific meetings and congresses to ensure the applicability of its findings into clinical practice.
Discussion
Standard values for nerve ultrasonography in children and adolescents have not been published so far. This fast and non-invasive technique may provide great benefit especially in children because they can be examined much more stress free. Therefore, the main aim of our study is to establish normal CSA values for C5 and C6 cervical roots, and several upper and lower limb nerves, including some pure sensory nerves, at predefined anatomical sites in children and adolescents. This study will provide these urgently needed reference values for the ultrasonographic evaluation of several peripheral and spinal nerves at specific anatomic landmarks in children and adolescents under the age of 19 years. These normal values will guide clinicians in examining children and adolescents with neuromuscular diseases by ultrasonography.
Strength: The sample size estimation was based on the available measurements from pilot data. Assuming a dropout rate of 2%, 205 patients aged between 2 and 18 years should be recruited to ensure 200 evaluable patients. This sample size allows in more than 80% of 100 hypothetical repetitions of the study (ie, with a power of 0.8) to estimate the 50% percentile curve for CSAs of the most examined nerves at different clinically important locations with adequate accuracy.
Limitations: Even though we plan to include a large cohort there still is the possibility of unrecognised confounders. The trial is planned as a monocentric study. By not only including patients from our hospital but also from schools, sports classes and the authors' circle of acquaintances, we will try to reduce selection bias.
Trial status
The trial started enrolment in November 2015 and is expected to be completed by the end of December 2017.
References
Footnotes
Contributors MR participated in the design of the study, acquired data and drafted the manuscript. BFD participated in the design of the study and acquired data. SS participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis and calculated the sample size for the study. AG designed the study and acquired data. DF participated in the design of the study and revised the manuscript. PH designed and conducted the study, acquired data and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz (EKNZ 2015-210).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.