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Abstract
Objective Sleep disorders are prevalent medical disorders in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, whether patients with RA are at an increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is unclear.
Design Using population-based retrospective cohort study to examine the risk of OSA in patients with RA.
Setting We used claims data of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan.
Participants We identified a RA cohort with 33 418 patients newly diagnosed in 2000–2010 and a randomly selected non-RA comparison cohort with 33 418 individuals frequency matched by sex, age and diagnosis year.
Primary and secondary outcome measures Incident OSA was estimated by the end of 2011. The HRs of OSA were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.
Results The overall incidence rate of OSA was 75% greater in the RA cohort than in the non-RA cohort (3.04 vs 1.73/10 000 person-years, p<0.001), with an adjusted HR (aHR) of 1.75 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.60). Stratified analyses by sex, age group and comorbidity revealed that the incidence rates of OSA associated with RA were higher in all subgroups.
Conclusions This population-based retrospective cohort study suggested that patients with RA should be monitored for the risk of developing OSA.
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RHEUMATOLOGY
- RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine)
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This is the first population-based retrospective cohort study to examine the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
The study cohorts were large enough to observe the risk variations among subgroups.
Information on potential confounding factors, such as body mass index, family history and drink and smoking habits was unavailable.
Information on the severity of RA and OSA was unavailable to demonstrate dose–response relationship between RA and OSA.
Relevant clinical variables such as image reports, serum laboratory data and polysomnography results were unavailable to differentiate whether clinical characteristics are associated with the risk of developing OSA.
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most prevalent autoimmune inflammatory arthritis found in adults, with the worldwide prevalence ranging from 0.4% to 1.3%.1 ,2 Patients with the disease, living with decreased quality of life, are at an increased risk of disability and premature death.2 ,3 The aetiology of RA is largely unknown and it may result from an interaction between genetic factors and environmental exposures.4 The medical diagnosis and therapy for RA usually follows well-established clinical practice guidelines.5 ,6
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common but underestimated disorder, which may affect 2–4% of the adult population. Individuals with OSA are characterised with apnoeas, hypopnoeas or respiratory effort related arousals, occurring for at least five times/hour during sleep (apnoea–hypopnoea index, AHI ≥5).7 Patients may suffer from loud snoring and breathing interruptions leading to daytime sleepiness. Men, old age, obesity and sometimes, orthopaedic pathology are risk factors associated with OSA.8–10 This disorder has been, in particular, associated with the development of cardiovascular comorbidities and even with sudden death.11
Evidence has shown the association between RA and subsequent OSA. An earlier case report in 1983 showed a patient with RA related adult-acquired micrognathia could develop severe OSA.12 Subsequently, several case studies also reported an increased risk of OSA in patients with RA with cervical or temporomandibular lesions.13–20 It is interesting to note that Gjevre et al21 have even found a very high prevalence of OSA in patients with RA: 8 OSA cases in 10 patients with RA (80%) with abnormal Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores (≥10), and 9 OSA cases in 15 patients with RA (60%) with normal ESS scores (<10). Furthermore, Mutoh et al22 recently reported that among 62 hospitalised patients with RA, 23 cases (37%) had been confirmed to have OSA,and 13 patients (20.9%) were moderate-to-severe cases. In addition, Reading et al23 conducted a sex and age-matched comparative study and found a higher OSA prevalence in patients with RA (23/164, 14%) than in non-RA controls (30/328, 9.1%) (p=0.13).
Previous studies on the relationship between RA and OSA risk were limited to case reports and case–control studies with small sample sizes. No large scale population-based follow-up study has been performed. This study used the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to conduct a retrospective cohort analysis to compare the OSA risk between patients with RA and without RA. NHIRD is a reliable data source and has been used in various studies, including studies on issues of RA and OSA.24–27
Materials and methods
Data source
This cohort study used reimbursement claims data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for Catastrophic Illness Patients (LHID-CIP), which is part of the NHIRD used for research purposes. The National Health Insurance (NHI) programme is a mandatory universal health insurance system covering more than 99% of Taiwan's 23.74 million population (http://nhird.nhri.org.tw/en/index.html). The NHIRD database contains information on the demographic status of insured population, diagnostic codes and care and medications for inpatients and outpatients. Advantages of using NHIRD in research have been previously described.28 The National Health Research Institute (NHRI) manages the NHIRD, and provides scrambled random identification numbers to ensure patient privacy.
Study cohorts
We used LHID-CIP file and identified 33 418 patients who were newly diagnosed with RA (International Classification of Diseases Ninth Edition Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 714) between 2000 and 2010 as the RA cohort. Individuals with a history of OSA or those <20 years were excluded. Thus, we established the non-RA cohort with those free of RA and OSA, frequency matched by sex, age and diagnosis year of patients with RA. Both cohorts were followed up until OSA was diagnosed, withdrawal from the insurance programme, death or until the end of 2011. The diagnostic criteria of OSA was that people with a diagnosis of OSA (ICD-9-CM codes 327.23, 780.51, 780.53 and 780.57) following a diagnostic examination of polysomnography (PSG, examination codes: 17008A and 17008B in NHIRD). Selected comorbidities were identified at the baseline, including hypertension (ICD-9-CM codes 401–405), diabetes (ICD-9-CM code 250), hyperlipidaemia (ICD-9-CM code 272), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (ICD-9-CM codes 410–414), dysrhythmia (ICD-9-CM code 427), congestive heart failure (CHF) (ICD-9-CM code 428), stroke (ICD-9-CM codes 430−438), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (ICD-9-CM code 585), asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (ICD-9-CM codes 493, 496) and obesity (ICD-9-CM code 278.0).
Statistical analysis
The χ2 test was used to compare the categorical distributions of sex, age and baseline comorbidities between the RA and the non-RA cohorts. Differences in the continuous variables between the two cohorts were examined using the Student's t-test. Cumulative incidence curves of OSA for both cohorts were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences in curves between the two cohorts were examined using the log-rank test. The OSA incidence densities were estimated by dividing the number of OSA cases by the follow-up person-years for both cohorts and by covariates. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportion hazards regression models were employed to examine the RA cohort to non-RA cohort crude HRs (cHRs) and adjusted HRs (aHRs) of OSA, respectively, and related 95% CIs. Covariates used in the multivariable model included sex, age and comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, IHD, dysrhythmia, CHF, stroke, CKD, asthma/COPD and obesity. All analyses were conducted using SAS V.9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA), with the significance level set as 0.05 in the two-tailed tests.
Results
Both cohorts had similar distributions for sex and age, and were found to be predominant in women (77.6%), and in the age group of 20–49 years (39.0%; table 1). The mean ages of the RA and the non-RA cohorts were 54.0 (SD=13.9), and 53.5 (SD=14.3) years, respectively. As compared with the non-RA cohort, the RA cohort exhibited a higher prevalence in the comorbidities of hypertension, IHD, dysrhythmia, CHF, stroke, CKD, and asthma/COPD at the baseline (p<0.05). During the mean follow-up period of 6.62±3.62 years for the RA cohort and 6.75±3.63 years for the non-RA cohort, the results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the RA cohort exhibited a higher cumulative incidence of OSA than the non-RA cohort (log-rank test, p=0.005; figure 1).
Baseline characteristics of individuals compared between RA and non-RA cohorts
Cumulative incidence of obstructive sleep apnoea in cohorts with and without rheumatoid arthritis.
The overall incidences of OSA, in the RA and the non-RA cohorts, were 3.04 and 1.73/10 000 person-years, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age and comorbidities, patients with RA exhibited an increased risk of OSA as compared with those without RA (adjusted HR (aHR)=1.75, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.60) (table 2). The incidence rates of OSA were higher in men than in women (5.75 and 1.50/10 000 person-years) and in patients with any selected comorbidity than in those without the comorbidity. In the multivariable model analyses, the risk of OSA was 4.19-fold higher in men than in women (95% CI 2.85 to 6.15) and was higher in patients with hyperlipidaemia, IHD and obesity (p<0.05).
Incidence rates and HRs of obstructive sleep apnoea in study population by study cohort and covariates
Table 3 shows the OSA incidence rates for both RA and non-RA cohorts and the RA cohort to non-RA cohort HRs by sex, age and comorbidity. Men had higher incidence of OSA than women had in both cohorts, and sex-specific RA cohort to non-RA cohort aHRs of OSA were 2.00 for men (95% CI 1.13 to 3.54) and 1.51 for women (95% CI 0.87 to 2.62). The incidence of OSA was higher in patients with any comorbidity than in those without any comorbidity in both cohorts. In the RA cohort, the incident OSA was 2.52-fold higher in patients with comorbidity than those without the comorbidity.
Incidences of obstructive sleep apnoea and RA cohort to non-RA cohort HRs of obstructive sleep apnoea
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first retrospective cohort study using nationwide population-based data to evaluate the OSA risk associating with RA. Results show a 75% greater hazard of OSA for patients with RA compared with those without RA. The OSA risk was greater in men than in women, in old people than in young people and in individuals with comorbidity than in those without comorbidity. These findings are in accordance with the generally acknowledged concepts. Furthermore, we provided detailed epidemiological characteristics and important comorbid conditions for RA by using the large database available.
In the present study, the risk of OSA has been measured in association with several well-known contributing factors. It is of interest to note that cHRs of OSA are significantly associated with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, IHD, and obesity in the univariate analysis and the aHRs of OSA remained significant for hyperlipidaemia, IHD and obesity in the multivariate analysis. In addition, most studies to evaluate the risk of OSA were men or equal predominant. This study population, however, was predominantly composed of women (77.6%). Therefore, the data obtained is valuable because the incidence of OSA in a large female population has less been reported.
To date, the mechanisms explaining the relationship between RA and OSA remain largely unclear. Several clinical features of RA have been recognised as contributing factors for OSA, such as micrognathia, cervical spine pathology, temporomandibular joint involvement, cricoarytenoid joint involvement and obesity.21 In addition, genetic factors, environmental exposures, shared comorbidities and inadequate lifestyles such as fat and sugar-heavy diet, alcohol consumption, heavy smoking or lack of exercise may contribute to the occurrence of OSA in patients with RA.
It has been acknowledged that patients with RA are at an increased risk of unrecognised cardiovascular diseases and sudden deaths.29 In fact, OSA also plays an important role in the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. OSA can affect autonomic arousal and these autonomic abnormalities may occur in patients with OSA even when they are awake and not hypoxic. In addition, OSA has been linked to inflammation, coagulation and endothelial dysfunction.30 Therefore, early diagnosis and adequate treatment for OSA is necessary, which may help eliminate the cardiovascular comorbidities and mortality in patients with RA.31
Evidence has shown that patients with RA with cervical and temporomandibular lesions are associated with a much higher risk of OSA (50–100%).32–34 Recently, Mutoh et al confirmed a close association between temporomandibular joint abnormality (TMJA) and OSA; patients with moderate-to-severe OSA had a higher level of TMJA, and the converse is also true. Patients with RA at a higher TMJA stage tend to have more severe OSA.22 Therefore, in addition to common strategies to treat OSA there is a need of specific care for patients with RA with orthopaedic pathology. Few studies have reported an improvement of OSA in patients with RA with orthopaedic pathology after receiving surgical treatment.18 ,34
The strength of this study was the use of a nationwide population-based data to evaluate OSA risk in patients with RA. While it is expensive to conduct a population-based prospective cohort study, a retrospective population-based cohort study using insurance data is a suitable and economical alternative. Several limitations should be considered when interpreting our findings. First, we used the ICD-9-CM algorithm to define RA, OSA and comorbidities. However, the diagnosis of RA is reliable because it is classified a catastrophic illness, which requires a carefully peer-reviewed technique to confirm the diagnosis. The diagnosis of OSA was based on both polysomnography and clinical evaluation. The diagnoses of selected comorbidities depended on the competence of clinical physicians. An ad hoc committee, established by the insurance authority, has been actively evaluating the claims data to prevent errors and violation of confidentiality. Moreover, only diseases with at least two diagnoses within 1 year were identified as comorbid disorders, to increase the validity and accuracy of the diagnosis. Second, NHIRD did not provide detailed information on the severity of RA or OSA, and potential confounding factors, such as height, body weight, family history of RA and/or OSA, and lifestyles including drinking and smoking habits. In addition, relevant clinical variables such as image reports, serum laboratory data and PSG result were unavailable in our study. In addition, our estimates of the elevated risk of OSA are likely conservative, due to the requirement for PSG to define OSA. It is likely that many people with OSA do not undergo PSG. Further, because of the higher overall prevalence of OSA in men, it is likely that OSA is disproportionately under-recognised in women.
Conclusion
This population-based cohort study suggests that patients with RA are at an increased risk of developing OSA. Therefore, it is important to evaluate sleep quality and quantity for patients with RA to detect the occurrence of OSA and to reduce further complications.
References
Footnotes
L-WH and F-CS contributed equally.
Contributors T-CS, L-WH, S-JL and C-CH conceived and designed the study. C-YT, T-CH, C-MS and W-HH provided administrative support. T-CS, L-WH, C-LL and F-CS analysed and interpreted the data. T-CS, L-WH, C-LL and F-CS contributed by writing the manuscript. All authors were involved in collection and assembly of data. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
Funding This study is supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW105-TDU-B-212-133019); Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank, Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10501010037); NRPB Stroke Clinical Trial Consortium (MOST 105-2325-B-039-003); Tseng-Lien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan; Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan; Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan; China Medical University Hospital; CMU under the Aim for Top University Plan of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No additional external funding received for this study.
Competing interests None declared.
Ethics approval This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the China Medical University and Hospital (CMUH-104-REC2-115).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement No additional data are available.