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Diagnostics
Research
Reporting quality in abstracts of meta-analyses of depression screening tool accuracy: a review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
  1. Danielle B Rice1,2,
  2. Lorie A Kloda3,
  3. Ian Shrier1,4,
  4. Brett D Thombs1,2,4,5,6,7,8
  1. 1Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  2. 2Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  3. 3Library, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  4. 4Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  5. 5Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  6. 6Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  7. 7Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  8. 8School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
  1. Correspondence to Brett D Thombs; brett.thombs{at}mcgill.ca

Abstract

Objective Concerns have been raised regarding the quality and completeness of abstract reporting in evidence reviews, but this had not been evaluated in meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy. Our objective was to evaluate reporting quality and completeness in abstracts of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of depression screening tool accuracy, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for Abstracts tool.

Design Cross-sectional study.

Inclusion Criteria We searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO from 1 January 2005 through 13 March 2016 for recent systematic reviews with meta-analyses in any language that compared a depression screening tool to a diagnosis based on clinical or validated diagnostic interview.

Data extraction Two reviewers independently assessed quality and completeness of abstract reporting using the PRISMA for Abstracts tool with appropriate adaptations made for studies of diagnostic test accuracy. Bivariate associations of number of PRISMA for Abstracts items complied with (1) journal abstract word limit and (2) A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) scores of meta-analyses were also assessed.

Results We identified 21 eligible meta-analyses. Only two of 21 included meta-analyses complied with at least half of adapted PRISMA for Abstracts items. The majority met criteria for reporting an appropriate title (95%), result interpretation (95%) and synthesis of results (76%). Meta-analyses less consistently reported databases searched (43%), associated search dates (33%) and strengths and limitations of evidence (19%). Most meta-analyses did not adequately report a clinically meaningful description of outcomes (14%), risk of bias (14%), included study characteristics (10%), study eligibility criteria (5%), registration information (5%), clear objectives (0%), report eligibility criteria (0%) or funding (0%). Overall meta-analyses quality scores were significantly associated with the number of PRISMA for Abstracts scores items reported adequately (r=0.45).

Conclusions Quality and completeness of reporting were found to be suboptimal. Journal editors should endorse PRISMA for Abstracts and allow for flexibility in abstract word counts to improve quality of abstracts.

  • PRISMA for Abstracts
  • diagnostic test accuracy
  • meta-analyses
  • screening

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012867

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    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • This is the first study to systematically evaluate the transparency and completeness of reporting in abstracts of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of depression screening tools.

    • Areas that require improvement were identified.

    • As there is not currently a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for Abstracts tool developed for reviews of diagnostic test accuracy, minor adaptations had to be made to the original tool.

    • Our sample included a relatively small number of systematic reviews with meta-analyses.

    • The lack of variability in the word limits of journal abstracts where included systematic reviews with meta-analyses were published limited our ability to examine the association between PRISMA for Abstracts ratings and abstract word limits.

    Introduction

    Researchers, clinicians and other consumers of research often rely primarily on information found in abstracts of systematic reviews.1 Frequently, the abstract is the only part of an article that is read, making it the most frequently read part of biomedical articles after the title.2 This may be due to time limitations, accessibility constraints or language barriers.2 For time-pressed readers or readers with limited access to a full-text article, the abstract must be able to stand alone in presenting a clear account of the methods, results and conclusions that accurately reflect the core components of the full research report.2 This goal, however, is infrequently achieved, as the quality and completeness of information provided in abstracts of systematic reviews are often suboptimal.3–6

    The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for Abstracts tool was developed as an extension of the PRISMA statement,2 with the goal of improving the quality and completeness of abstracts in systematic reviews, including meta-analyses.2 The PRISMA for Abstracts checklist includes 12 items related to information that should be provided in systematic review abstracts, including title; objectives; eligibility criteria of included studies; information sources, including key databases and dates of searches; methods of assessing risk of bias; number and type of included studies; synthesis of results for main outcomes; description and direction of the effect; summary of strengths and limitations of evidence; general interpretation of results; source of funding and registration number.

    Only one previous study has used the PRISMA for Abstracts checklist to evaluate the quality and completeness of abstracts for systematic reviews of trials.7 That study included 197 systematic review abstracts published in 2010 in the proceedings of nine leading international medical conferences that have conference abstracts that are searchable online. PubMed was then searched from 2010 to 2013 to identify subsequently published journal articles (N=103).7 In published conference abstracts and published articles, nine of the 12 PRISMA for Abstracts items were completed in <50% of abstracts reviewed. Poor reporting of abstracts has also been found in studies that have evaluated abstracts of meta-analyses and systematic reviews using other methods. We identified three studies, all from dentistry literature, that reviewed reporting of abstracts in systematic reviews of trials.4–6 Two of the studies evaluated abstracts using a 16-item checklist derived from the full PRISMA statement, prior to the official PRISMA for Abstracts publication.5 ,6 The third study assessed abstract reporting based on the presence or absence of seven characteristics related to the meta-analyses results.8 In all three studies, major deficiencies were identified.

    Depression screening is an area where indirect evidence from diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies has played an important role in policy and where the quality of reporting may be particularly important. Depression screening is controversial, and recommendations on screening are inconsistent.9 Based on indirect evidence, including evidence on screening tool accuracy, the US Preventative Services Task Force recently recommended universal depression screening in all adults.10 The UK National Screening Committee and the Canadian Task Force on Preventative Healthcare, however, recommend against depression screening due to a lack of evidence from randomised controlled trials that depression screening would improve mental health outcomes.11 ,12

    No published studies have evaluated the completeness of reporting in abstracts of DTA systematic reviews or meta-analyses. The PRISMA for Abstracts guideline was developed for systematic reviews of interventions, and the authors suggested that modifications would be required to apply the checklist to DTA systematic reviews.2 In the absence of a PRISMA for Abstracts tool designed for studies of DTA, we applied PRISMA for Abstracts with adaptations to some items in order to appropriately assess systematic reviews with meta-analyses of DTA studies of depression screening tools. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the transparency and completeness of abstracts of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools that were published in journals indexed in the MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases, using PRISMA for Abstracts. Our secondary objective was to determine if the quality of the meta-analysis or the word count permitted by the journal of the systematic reviews with meta-analyses were associated with PRISMA for Abstracts scores, as the feasibility of adhering to the PRISMA for Abstracts items may be compromised by abstract word count constraints set by journals.

    Methods

    Identification of meta-analyses on the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools

    The search strategy used for this study was originally conducted for a study assessing the quality of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of DTA for depression screening tools.13 We searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO (both on the OvidSP platform) from 1 January 2005 through 13 March 2016 for meta-analyses in any language on the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools. We restricted the search to this period in order to identify relatively recent meta-analyses. We adapted a search strategy originally designed to identify primary studies on the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools, which was developed by a medical librarian and peer-reviewed by another medical librarian,14 by adding search terms designed to restrict the results to meta-analyses. The strategy was then adapted for PsycINFO. A medical librarian adapted the meta-analysis search strategies and conducted the search. The complete search strategies used for MEDLINE and PsycINFO can be found in online supplementary S1 appendix.

    We included publications of meta-analyses, but not systematic reviews without meta-analyses, in order to focus only on commonly used depression screening tools, which are more likely to be evaluated in systematic reviews with meta-analyses. Eligible publications had to include one or more meta-analyses that (1) included a documented systematic review of the literature using at least one electronic database, (2) statistically combined results from ≥2 primary studies and (3) reported measures of diagnostic accuracy (eg, sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio) of one or more depression screening tools compared with a reference standard diagnosis of depression based on a clinical interview or validated diagnostic interview (eg, Composite International Diagnostic Interview). We excluded meta-analyses that did not use a clinical or diagnostic interview as the gold standard. Publications that included meta-analyses of the diagnostic accuracy of screening tools for depression and for other disorders, such as anxiety disorders, separately, were eligible for inclusion, but only results for screening for depression were considered.

    Search results were initially downloaded into the citation management database RefWorks (RefWorks, RefWorks-COS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), duplicates were removed, and unique citation records were transferred into the systematic review program DistillerSR (Evidence Partners, Ottawa, Canada). DistillerSR was used to identify duplicate citations and to track results of the review process. Two investigators independently reviewed citations for eligibility. If either reviewer deemed a citation potentially eligible based on a review of the title and abstract, we carried out a full-text review of the article. Any disagreement between reviewers after full-text evaluation was resolved by consensus, including consultation with an independent third reviewer if necessary.

    Assessment of reporting in abstracts

    The reporting of abstracts was evaluated using a PRISMA for Abstracts tool, with some items adapted for applicability to studies of DTA. The original PRISMA for Abstracts tool was developed to provide guidance on a minimum set of items necessary to provide a reasonably complete and transparent representation of a full article report.2 The checklist was created to fit into headings mandated by journals and conference submissions, including title, background, methods, results, discussion and associated funding and registration information, but was designed with flexibility regarding the specific headings and where information should be listed. The PRISMA for Abstracts checklist was developed for systematic reviews of abstracts involving interventions, but many of the items are applicable to other designs, including DTA systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

    We adapted the original PRISMA for Abstracts tool to ensure that items were applicable to DTA studies. The team that adapted the PRISMA for Abstracts tool included members with expertise in evidence synthesis (IS, BDT, LAK), information sciences for evidence synthesis (LAK) and DTA studies of depression screening tools (BDT). Each original PRISMA for Abstracts item was reviewed by team members, who considered ease of coding and applicability to DTA systematic reviews and meta-analyses, then either accepted the item as appropriate or edited the item to better reflect practices in the conduct of DTA systematic reviews. In addition, a coding manual was developed with specific criteria for yes and no ratings, along with additional coding notes (see online supplementary S2 appendix for details).

    The adapted tool included 14 items because two of the original PRISMA for Abstracts items were divided into two parts. The two items that were divided did not undergo any additional changes. Item 3 was originally ‘Study and report characteristics used as criteria for inclusion’ and was adapted to item 3a ‘Study characteristics used as inclusion criteria’ and item 3b ‘Report characteristics used as inclusion criteria’. Item 3 was divided into two parts in order to differentiate between characteristics for inclusion in primary studies (ie, eligible participants, index tests, reference standards and outcomes), and characteristics for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analyses (eg, language and publication status of eligible reviews). Item 4, ‘Key databases searched and search dates’, which involved reporting specific databases searched and the dates searched, was divided into 4a (key databases searched) and 4b (search dates). Of the original 12 items, seven were unaltered (1: title, 5: risk of bias, 6: included studies, 9: strengths and limitations of evidence, 10: interpretation, 11: funding, 12: registration). Three items (2: objectives, 7: synthesis of results, 8: description of effect) were slightly modified for applicability to DTA systematic review abstracts. The original item 2 refers to ‘the research question including components such as participants, interventions, comparators and outcomes’. For increased relevance to DTA reviews, this item was revised to encompass the reference standard and index test within the systematic review rather than the interventions and comparators found in intervention studies. Item 7 was adjusted to encompass results of the principal summary measures (eg, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) that are reported in DTA studies. Finally, the original item 8 refers to ‘the direction and size of the effect’ and was adjusted to evaluate if the summary of accuracy estimates that are presented within DTA studies are presented in terms meaningful to clinicians.

    Data extraction

    For each meta-analysis publication, one investigator extracted author, year of publication, journal, journal impact factor for 2014, the abstract word limit of the journal where the meta-analysis was published (see online supplementary S3 appendix for details) and previously published A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) quality ratings.13 Accuracy was verified by a second investigator. Two investigators independently rated each included systematic review with meta-analyses using the adapted PRISMA for Abstracts checklist. Disagreements between reviewers were discussed and resolved by consensus after consultation with an independent third reviewer, as necessary. When there was difficulty determining whether a meta-analysis publication met criteria for a yes coding on any item, the adapted item was discussed by three team members and revised for better clarity, as necessary. For publications that included meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy and other measurement characteristics, only results relevant to diagnostic accuracy were extracted.

    Statistical analyses

    Bivariate associations between the (1) abstract word count permitted by the journal and (2) AMSTAR scores of meta-analyses to the PRISMA for Abstracts scores were assessed with Pearson correlation coefficients. Analyses were conducted using SPSS V.22.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA); statistical tests were two-sided with a p<0.05 significance level and 95% CIs were also calculated.

    Results

    Article selection

    The electronic database search yielded 1522 unique title and abstracts for review. Of these, 1492 were excluded after title and abstract review because they did not report results from a meta-analysis or because the study was not related to the diagnostic accuracy of a depression screening tool. Of the 30 articles that underwent full-text review, 9 were excluded because they were not meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools (see online supplementary S4 appendix), resulting in 21 eligible systematic reviews with meta-analyses published between 2007 and 2016 (see figure 1).15–35 Characteristics of included systematic reviews with meta-analyses are shown in table 1.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Characteristics of included meta-analyses

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Flow Diagram of Selection of Meta-Analyses of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Depression Screening Tools.

    As shown in table 2, of the 14 adapted PRISMA for Abstracts items, there were two items for which 20 of the 21 included meta-analyses received a yes rating: items 1 (title; 95%) and 10 (interpretation of results; 95%). One item received a yes rating in 16 of 21 meta-analyses (item 7, synthesis of results; 76%), and three items received a yes rating in seven to nine of 21 meta-analyses (33–43%): items 4a (databases searched), 4b (key search dates) and item 9 (strengths and limitations of evidence). Very few meta-analyses fulfilled criteria for a rating of yes for the remaining eight items including item 8 (description of the outcomes; 14%), item 5 (risk of bias; 14%), item 6 (included studies; 10%), item 3a (eligibility criteria for study characteristics; 5%), item 12 (registration; 5%), item 2 (objectives; 0%), item 3b (eligibility criteria for report characteristics; 0%) and item 11 (funding; 0%).

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Adapted PRISMA for Abstracts item totals for the 21 meta-analyses reviewed

    When considering item ratings for each meta-analysis, two of the 21 meta-analyses received a yes rating for seven of the 14 adapted PRISMA for Abstracts items.15 ,33 An additional seven meta-analyses received ratings of yes for 516 ,17 ,31 ,34 ,35 and 618 ,19 of the 14 PRISMA for Abstracts items. The remaining 12 meta-analyses received yes ratings on between 2 and 4 of the 14 items (see table 3).

    View this table:
    Table 3

    PRISMA for Abstracts item-by-item ratings

    Association of journal abstract word count and AMSTAR scores with PRISMA for Abstract scores

    There was a significant positive association of AMSTAR scores with the number of yes ratings of PRISMA for Abstracts items (r=0.45, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.74, p=0.040). The abstract word count permitted by the journal was not significantly correlated to the PRISMA for Abstracts scores (r=−0.03, 95% CI −0.45 to 0.41, p=0.914). However, 20 out of 21 meta-analyses were published in journals that had word limits between 200 and 300 words.

    Discussion

    The main findings of this study were that only three of 14 items from the adapted PRISMA for Abstracts tool received yes ratings in at least 50% of 21 systematic reviews with meta-analyses of depression screening tools. The other 11 items were infrequently met. Furthermore, overall quality of reporting in the abstracts of the systematic reviews with meta-analyses was poor, with only two of 21 meta-analyses rating yes for at least half of the PRISMA for Abstracts items. Overall quality ratings of the systematic reviews with meta-analyses, based on AMSTAR, were associated with the number of PRISMA for Abstracts items that were adequately reported.

    Among meta-analyses evaluated in the present study, almost all met criteria for having a title that identified the report as systematic review or meta-analysis, for reporting the main results of the synthesis and for providing a general interpretation of the results and important implications. In addition, 9 of 21 systematic reviews with meta-analyses also provided a list of databases searched and 7 provided dates of coverage for the literature search and strengths and limitations of evidence. On the other hand, three or fewer systematic reviews with meta-analyses received yes ratings for stating the methods used for assessing risk of bias, the number of included studies and participants, eligibility criteria for study characteristics, registration information and the description of summary estimates. No studies met criteria for the remaining three PRISMA for Abstracts items (complete study objectives, eligibility criteria for report characters and funding information).

    Beyond systematic reviews and meta-analyses, specific concerns have been raised about the quality of abstracts of primary studies of DTA. A 21-item tool was developed to assess whether abstracts of primary DTA studies are adequately informative, based on the reporting of essential methodological features and study results.36 The tool was applied to a sample of 103 primary DTA studies published in 12 high-impact journals in 2012, and only 39 of the 103 primary studies that were evaluated received a rating of adequate for at least half of the items assessed. Specifically, the authors reported that <50% of included primary studies adequately reported the study population, setting, patient sampling, blinding, cut-offs used and CIs around accuracy estimates.36 The mean number of adequately reported items within abstracts was significantly lower for abstracts that had lower word counts.

    Several authors have recommended that journal editors endorse abstract guidelines, such as the PRISMA for Abstracts tool, to help ensure that abstracts better address the needs of consumers of research2 ,4 ,7 ,36 and, generally, journal endorsement of reporting guidelines improves the completeness of reporting.37 The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) reporting guidelines for abstracts of randomised controlled trials was published in 2009,38 and a recent study found that journals that implement these guidelines have improved reporting in abstracts of randomised controlled trials.39 As of 6 April 2016, only one of the journals where DTA meta-analyses included in the present study were published (Journal of General Internal Medicine) includes a statement specifically endorsing the PRISMA for Abstracts tool and a weblink to the PRISMA for Abstracts tool in its author instructions. A second journal (Health Technology Assessments) required authors to comply with general PRISMA guidelines in developing the abstract, but did not refer to the PRISMA for Abstracts statement or its items. No other journals mentioned PRISMA in relation to abstracts. All journals had word limits of between 200 and 300 words for abstracts with the exception of Health Technology Assessments, which allows 500 words. Health Technology Assessments is a UK National Institutes of Health Research journal that typically publishes extensive, multiquestion systematic reviews. Currently, it is not likely to be feasible for authors to include all PRISMA for Abstracts-recommended reporting items due to word count restraints typically imposed for biomedical journal abstracts. Thus, we recommend that journals endorse the use of the PRISMA for Abstracts checklist for formulating abstracts and that journals provide flexibility in word counts and the structure of abstract headings in order to comply with recommendations. This is already done in some journals (eg, BMJ, PLOS Medicine).

    As almost all of the systematic reviews with meta-analyses that we evaluated were published prior to the development of the PRISMA for Abstracts tool, it could not have been expected that our sample of studies would have been able to follow the checklist when developing their abstracts. Our study provides direction for evaluating PRISMA for Abstracts adherence in reviews and meta-analyses in the field of DTA. Further, our study highlights areas where improvement is needed, specifically in systematic reviews with meta-analyses of DTA of depression screening, and will allow future DTA reviews to apply our coding manual and compare the reporting of abstracts after the PRISMA for Abstracts tool has been more widely endorsed.

    Specific limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of our study. First, we did not perform a pilot test of our tool. Adjustments were made to our coding manual during the initial part of our meta-analysis scoring and, as such, we were unable to calculate an inter-rater agreement statistic for the adapted PRISMA for Abstracts items. Second, our sample included a relatively small number of systematic reviews with meta-analyses that were indexed in MEDLINE and PsycINFO. It is not clear to what degree our findings would be applicable to systematic reviews without meta-analyses, to meta-analyses on the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools that were not indexed in these two databases or to meta-analyses of diagnostic accuracy in other conditions and other fields. Third, we reported results on an item-by-item basis for illustration purposes. Not all items, however, would be expected to influence the transparency and completeness of abstract reporting equally, and an evaluation of the quality of any given meta-analysis abstract would need to consider specific items individually. Finally, we adapted the PRISMA for Abstracts tool for this study, as it was developed for use in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of intervention studies. Ideally, however, a PRISMA for Abstracts tool would be developed specifically for reviews of DTA. We also attempted to analyse the association between journal word limits and the PRISMA for Abstracts scores; however, 20 of 21 meta-analyses included in our study were published in journals with word limits of 200–300 words.

    In conclusion, the present study found that only two of 21 existing meta-analyses of the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools met at least half of the adapted PRISMA for Abstracts items related to quality and completeness of abstract reporting. Furthermore, the majority of the PRISMA for Abstracts items were rarely met in the meta-analyses we evaluated, including items related to study objectives, eligibility criteria for study characteristics, eligibility criteria for report characters, methods used for assessing risk of bias, the number of included studies and participants, the description of summary estimates, funding and registration. Journal editors should endorse the PRISMA for Abstracts tool to improve on the completeness of reporting in abstracts. When PRISMA for Abstracts is updated, it should consider the number of words that may be necessary to comply with recommendations. Journal editors should either provide authors with flexibility in abstract headings and abstract word counts, or match their abstract word limit with that recommendation so that authors can more realistically comply with PRISMA for Abstracts recommendations.

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors DBR, LAK, IS and BDT were responsible for the study concept and design, drafted the study protocol, contributed to data extraction, contributed to drafting the manuscript and approved the final manuscript. BDT is the guarantor.

    • Funding DBR is supported by a Fonds de Recherché Santé Québec (FRSQ) Master's Award. BDT receives support from an Investigator Award from the Arthritis Society. There was no specific funding for this study.

    • Disclaimer No funders had any role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Authors had full access to the data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available. Full data extraction data set is available in the tables and supplementary data files.