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Research methods
Protocol
Reducing risk with e-based support for adherence to lifestyle change in hypertension (REACH): protocol for a multicentred randomised controlled trial
  1. Robert P Nolan1,2,
  2. Sam Liu1,2,
  3. Ross Feldman3,
  4. Martin Dawes4,
  5. Susan Barr5,
  6. Hazel Lynn6,
  7. Femida Gwardy-Sridhar3,
  8. Scott G Thomas7,
  9. Jack Goodman7,
  10. Paul Oh8,
  11. Janusz Kaczorowski9,
  12. Caroline Chessex10,
  13. Vladimir Hachinski11,
  14. Kevin Shoemaker12
  1. 1Behavioural Cardiology Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  2. 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  3. 3Departments of Medicine and of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  4. 4Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  5. 5Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  6. 6Grey Bruce Public Health Unit, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
  7. 7Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  8. 8Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  9. 9Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
  10. 10Department of Cardiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  11. 11London Health Science Center, London, Ontario, Canada
  12. 12School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, London, Canada
  1. Correspondence to Dr Robert P Nolan; rnolan{at}uhnres.utoronto.ca

Abstract

Introduction Web-based lifestyle counselling designed to improve adherence to self-management behaviours for diet, exercise and medication has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). However, the long-term clinical outcome of these interventions is not established. Our aim was to establish whether an e-counselling program is independently associated with improved clinical outcomes over a 12-month period, as defined by the following criteria: (1) reduction of systolic BP, diastolic BP, pulse pressure and associated risk factors for cardiovascular events; and (2) adherence to self-management behaviour (diet, exercise, smoke-free living and prescribed medication).

Methods and analysis Reducing risk with e-based support for adherence to lifestyle change in hypertension is a two-parallel group, double-blind randomised controlled trial that will utilise a two (Groups: e-counselling vs control) by three (assessment intervals: baseline, 4-month and 12-month outcome) design. BP, lipoprotein cholesterol, physical activity and dietary behaviours and psychological distress will be measured at each assessment. We plan to recruit 528 participants (35–74 years of age) diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 hypertension (systolic BP, 140–180 mm Hg; diastolic BP 90–110 mm Hg) from three major cities (Toronto, London, Vancouver) and one rural area (Grey Bruce region) across Canada between February 2012 and July 2015. Controls will receive general educational e-messages on heart healthy living and the e-counselling group will receive tailored e-messages that are matched to their stage of readiness for change. For both groups, e-messages will be sent proactively on a weekly basis during months 1–4, then bi-weekly during months 5–8 and then monthly during months 9–12.

Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from all recruitment sites. This will be one of the first studies to evaluate the long-term efficacy of preventive e-counselling strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with hypertension. Findings from this study will be used to guide the ongoing development of e-counselling services.

Trial Registration Clinicaltrial.gov NCT01541540; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01541540.

  • Preventive Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003547

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    Article summary

    Article focus

    • This article describes the study protocol of a multicentred double-blind randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a 12-month lifestyle e-counselling program in reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease and improving adherence to self-management behaviours in patients with hypertension.

    Key messages

    • An e-counselling strategy is becoming increasingly prominent in the development of community-based initiatives for prevention.

    • The long-term clinical outcome of these interventions is not established.

    • Reducing risk with e-based support for adherence to lifestyle change in hypertension (REACH) will be one of the first studies to evaluate the long-term efficacy of preventive e-counselling for cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with hypertension, and the findings from this study will be used to guide the ongoing development of e-counselling services at the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.

    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • A key strength of this trial is that the intervention is grounded in a clinical applied theory of behaviour change. Also, an unbiased response by participants to the REACH protocol will be facilitated by frequent and sustained e-messages that are supportive of controls and the Intervention group.

    • A limitation of REACH is that any supplementary heart health program in which participants are enrolled during the REACH trial is only controlled statistically, not methodologically. Owing to technical limitations, there is only limited interactivity in the interface between the e-counselling program and participants.

    Introduction

    Individuals with hypertension are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure and CVD mortality.1 Hypertension is prevalent among 19–21% of Canadian adults 20–79 years of age, and its prevalence rises to 53% among adults 60–79 years of age and higher among elderly adults.2 Hypertension is treated and controlled among only 66% of Canadian adults.2 ,3 This is a matter of concern as the risk of cardiovascular mortality among adults 40–69 years of age rises with elevated blood pressure (BP), doubling with each increase of 20mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic, from the base index of 115/75 mmHg.4

    Best practice guidelines in North America5 ,6 and Europe7 advocate the strategy of combining pharmacotherapy with lifestyle counselling for patients diagnosed with hypertension and/or those who are at elevated risk for CVD. Meta-analyses indicate that programs aimed at improving self-management behaviours significantly decrease systolic BP (SBP) by 3.0–8.7 mm Hg relative to controls.8–10 A major challenge for a community-based CVD prevention strategy is to extend the reach of therapeutic lifestyle counselling to individuals with hypertension and/or high CVD risk without overtaxing patient care resources. Currently, 73% of the Canadian population reports personal access to the internet, which includes 61–69% of Canadians in the two lowest income quartiles, and 61% of older Canadians (aged 55–64 years).11 The use of e-based programs that are designed to improve self-management behaviours for diet, exercise, smoke-free living and medication adherence may be well suited to meet this challenge.

    Our previous trials of COHRT12 and I-START13 have shown that it is feasible to apply an evidence-based model of behavioural counselling with motivational interviewing14 to a telehealth or e-based program in order to achieve a reduction in SBP, diastolic BP (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP). This was achieved by means of increased adherence to self-reported diet and exercise, and it was independent of the therapeutic benefit of medications. However, it is not established whether e-counselling improves clinical outcome and adherence over a long-term interval of at least 12 months. Thus, the aim of the reducing risk with e-based support for adherence to lifestyle change in hypertension (REACH) trial is to establish whether an e-counselling program is independently associated with improved clinical outcomes over a 12-month period, as defined by the following criteria: (1) reduction of BP and associated risk factors for cardiovascular events; and (2) adherence to self-management behaviour for diet, exercise, smoke-free living and prescribed medication.

    Our primary hypotheses are that e-counselling (vs control) will significantly reduce (1) SBP, DBP and PP at the 4-month and 12-month assessment intervals, as measured by a validated protocol for automated BP assessment in the clinic; and (2) lipoprotein cholesterol (total, low-density and total/high-density ratio) and the Framingham index of 10-year absolute risk for CVD.

    Our secondary hypotheses are that e-counselling (vs control) will significantly increase adherence to self-management behaviours at the 4-month and 12-month outcomes, as measured by the following objective and validated indices: mean 4-day step count recorded by a triaxial pedometer, dietary sodium ≤100 mmol/day measured by 24 h urinary sodium, smoke-free living measured by salivary cotinine, fruit and vegetable intake ≥9–12 servings/day as measured by the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) assessment and physical activity ≥150 min/week as measured by the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ); and medication adherence as defined by the medication possession ratio (derived from the pharmacy refill data) among participants who are prescribed antihypertensive medications at baseline.

    Methods

    Study design

    REACH is a two-parallel group, double-blind randomised controlled trial that will utilise a two (groups: e-counselling vs control) by three (assessment intervals: baseline, 4-month and 12-month outcome) design. Randomisation will be blocked within each of our four recruitment sites (Toronto, London, Grey Bruce region and Vancouver) to ensure overall balance (1:1) in the number of participants assigned to the two groups. This trial will be double blind according to CONSORT standards.15 The e-counselling and control groups will be informed that they will receive e-messages “...that are designed to support a heart healthy lifestyle which is an essential component of blood pressure management.” Therefore, all participants will be unaware of whether their intervention is the ‘experimental’ treatment. A randomisation code will be embedded into each participant ID number, which is known only to the Research Coordinator but not to the Principle Investigators or research assistants who administer the assessments. Blinding will be maintained during all assessment sessions (baseline, 4-month and 12-month intervals) and during the data processing and analysis of clinical outcomes. Moreover, participants will be instructed to not discuss their e-based treatment during these assessments. Over the 12-month intervention, 28–30 e-based messages (dependent on # weeks/month) will be sent to controls and e-counselling participants—see table 1. E-messages will be sent on a weekly basis during months 1–4, then bi-weekly between months 5 and –8, and then monthly between months 9 and –12 (figure 1).

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Twelve-month schedule for pro-active e-messaging to e-counselling and control groups

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Schematic summary of reducing risk with e-based support for adherence to lifestyle change in hypertension.

    Inclusion/exclusion criteria

    Participants will be 35–74 years of age and diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 hypertension (SBP, 140–180mm Hg; DBP 90–110mm Hg). Among participants not prescribed medication, hypertension status will be confirmed at baseline by a medical doctor or a nurse practitioner. Participants prescribed antihypertensive drugs will be required to have the prescription unchanged for at least 2 months before enrolment. In order to prevent ‘floor effects’ for the analysis of primary outcomes, participants prescribed antihypertensive medications will also be required to have a baseline BP that is at least in the high normal range (SBP≥130mm Hg and/or DBP≥85mm Hg). Exclusion will be based on diagnosis of sleep apnoea, kidney disease, major psychiatric illness (eg, psychosis), alcohol or drug dependence in the previous year; pregnancy, institutional residence or an inability to comprehend English.

    Experimental versus control interventions

    Control

    An ethical imperative for any long-term trial of preventive e-counselling for hypertension is to ensure that the control arm receives essential information about preventive guidelines for BP management. From a methodological perspective, it is a priority to balance e-based support across the control and experimental arms of the trial to ensure that potential improvement in clinical outcome is not confounded by differences in non-specific support and attention. Therefore, controls will be supported with educational material that will include brief articles on heart healthy living that are selected from the Resources section of the Heart and Stroke Foundation Blood Pressure Action Plan. The e-based articles for controls will provide information regarding appointments with physicians, BP measurement, lifestyle and antihypertensive medication.

    e-Counselling

    Participants will receive e-messages that will guide them in self-assessing their current stage of motivational readiness for adhering to self-management behaviours as a daily lifestyle routine. These participants will be directed to select their behaviour change priority according to the recommended goals for exercise, diet, smoke-free living and adherence to prescribed antihypertensive medications. In keeping with the guidelines from motivational interviewing, participants will be sent an e-counselling message that is tailored to their self-reported stage of readiness for change. Each message will provide a link to the e-counselling program on the Heart and Stroke Foundation website. A menu of stage-appropriate e-resources for lifestyle change will be presented which will include brief video-taped counselling messages that validated to each participant's presenting stage of readiness for change. This feedback will be supplemented by online self-monitoring charts and e-handouts that provide guidelines/tips for initiating or maintaining lifestyle change. The content of each video-taped message will be consistent with clinical guidelines for motivational interviewing,14 as established in our previously adapted manual.16 Accordingly, the video clips will highlight key clinical features which are not only applicable to our targeted self-management behaviours, but also promote the following: validation of the participant's presenting stage of readiness for behaviour change, individual review of salient pros versus cons for change that determine decisional balance, resolution of ambivalence for change, increased efficacy for initiating change, and review of social and cognitive-behavioural skills for relapse prevention to maintain adherence.

    Recruitment and randomisation

    We will replicate the successful recruitment strategy from our previous trial (I-START)13 by informing online visitors to the Heart and Stroke Foundation Risk Assessment Program about our study. This message will only appear once participants confirm online that they reside in our participating sites within Canada: Toronto, London, the Grey Bruce region of Ontario and Vancouver. Eligible participants will then undergo clinical assessment at the local participating sites: (1) University Health Network, Toronto, (2) London Health Sciences Center, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, (3) Grey Bruce Health Unit, Owen Sound and (4) UBC, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver. Recruitment will take place between February 2012 and July 2015. The Research Coordinator and Principal Investigator will be based in the Behavioural Cardiology Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto and a Coordinator/Research Assistant will be based in each recruitment site.

    Randomisation will be conducted by a computer program (randomize.net) using randomly permuted blocks to assign participants to control or e-counselling. The randomisation code will be hidden from research assistants during assessments and data processing of the primary and secondary outcomes. An unbiased response by participants to the REACH protocols will be facilitated by frequent and sustained e-messages (table 1) that are likely to be perceived as being supportive in nature.

    Assessment protocol

    Baseline, 4-month and 12-month assessments in REACH will be scheduled between 08:00 and 12:00 to minimise diurnal BP variability. Participants will be instructed to fast for 12 h in order to obtain a valid profile of lipoprotein cholesterol. They will also be directed to refrain from smoking for at least 4 h, caffeine for 12 h and strenuous exercise for 24 h prior to their appointment. Anthropometric characteristics, medical history and medication information will be collected. Medication adherence will be calculated by the Medication Possession Ratio, which is defined as the quantity of antihypertensive medication that has been utilised over each 4-month interval versus the quantity that has been prescribed, based upon pharmacy refill data.17 Resting BP, physical activity, dietary behaviour, psychological distress and participant's readiness to change will be examined at each assessment interval. Feedback of the Framingham 10-year absolute risk for CVD will be provided to the participants at the end of each assessment.

    Blood pressure

    Primary outcome measures of SBP, DBP and PP will be assessed by a validated protocol for automated BP assessments using the BpTRU device. Participants will be seated for at least 5 min prior to activation of BpTRU. The BP cuff will be applied to the left arm of the participant by a nurse or trained research assistant. An initial BP measurement will be recorded. The nurse/research assistant will then exit the room while the BpTRU device completes an automated series of five BP recordings. A 1 min interval will separate each of these recordings. The recorded BP (SBP, DBP, PP) at each assessment interval will be the mean of these five BpTRU measurements.

    Diet

    Adherence to a sodium-restricted diet will be evaluated by 24 h urinary sodium analysis and defined as ≤100 mmol/day. Adherence to recommended guidelines for daily intake of fruits, vegetables and supplementary dietary fat will be evaluated by the NIH/NCI DHQ, which has established validity18 and has been successfully adapted for a Canadian population19 and used in Canadian studies.20

    Physical activity/exercise

    Daily activity will be defined as the mean 4-day number of steps recorded on a tri-axial pedometer (LifeSource/A&D XL-18CN Activity Monitor). Adherence to physical activity will also be measured by a validated assessment: RPAQ.21 RPAQ measures self-reported time in activities (associated with light, moderate and intense energy expenditure) at home, work and recreational settings over the previous month.

    Salivary cotinine

    Physiological evaluation of smoking status will be recorded by salivary cotinine among participants who are current smokers at baseline. Positive exposure to nicotine, which is consistent with smoking, will be defined by cotinine ≥10 ng/mL. This evaluation will screen for exposure to nicotine replacement therapy, which would confound the interpretation of the cotinine index.

    Readiness for change

    Prochaska's Transtheoretical algorithm will be used to operationally define motivational readiness to initiate or maintain self-management behaviours that include planned exercise, daily activities for active living, fruit and vegetable intake, salt use, alcohol consumption and smoke-free living. The stages of change are conventionally defined as follows: precontemplation (not ready to adhere to the target behaviour in the next 6 months), contemplation (ready to adhere to the target behaviour in the next 6 months), preparation (ready to adhere to the target behaviour in the next 4 weeks), action (adhere to the behaviour but for less than 6 months) and maintenance (adhere to the behaviour for 6 months or more).22

    Psychological distress

    Diagnostic screening tools will be used to assess anxiety and depression: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Psychological stress will be assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires are well established.23–25

    Sample size

    The sample size estimation was based on the meta-analysis by Neubeck et al26 who evaluated the efficacy of randomised controlled trials of preventive telehealth and e-based programs in modifying BP: weighted mean difference in SBP between experimental versus control groups=–4.69 mm Hg, common pooled variance=354, pooled SD=18.81. In order to replicate this outcome, the estimated sample=254 participants per group (using a two-parallel group design, type 1 error=5% and power=80%). Dropouts from this study will be interpreted as an intervention failure. Therefore, we will recruit a sample of 528 participants.

    Statistical analysis

    Linear Mixed Models with a random effects intercept will be used to evaluate whether within-participant change across assessment intervals is independently and significantly associated with the e-counselling group, for each primary and secondary outcome.27 Generalised estimation equations for repeated measures will be used to analyse categorical outcomes (eg, smoking cessation status). All significant interactions or main effects in our statistical models will be followed up with post hoc contrasts, using a Bonferroni correction for the statistical significance criterion of p<0.05.

    Ethics and dissemination

    All participants will be provided written informed consent. Ethics approval will be renewed on an annual basis.

    Meta-analytic evidence clearly supports the use of lifestyle counselling to reduce SBP and risk for premature mortality. Programs aimed at improving self-management behaviours significantly decrease SBP by 3–8.7 mm Hg relative to controls.8–10 In order to optimise the efficacy of lifestyle change interventions, it is essential to develop strategies to sustain long-term adherence to recommended self-management behaviours.

    Once the long-term efficacy of preventive e-counselling is established as exemplified by this trial, it is likely that this strategy will become increasingly prominent in the development of community-based initiatives for CVD prevention. This point is highlighted by evidence that there is only low-to-moderate long-term adherence to recommended standards for exercise, diet and smoke-free living following conventional behaviour change programs.28–30 Moreover, there is high potential to use e-counselling to increase long-term adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy. Our team and others have reported that non-adherence to antihypertensive medication ranges from 15% to 50%,17 ,31 while persistence with antihypertensive medications diminishes over time for approximately 22–50% of patients.31 ,32

    Knowledge translation of findings obtained from this proposed trial will be utilised to guide the ongoing development of e-counselling services provided by the Heart and Stroke Foundation. This e-based service can be currently accessed through three portals: My Blood Pressure Action Plan, My Heart and Stroke Risk Assessment and My Healthy Weight Action Plan: http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.5374487/k.62BF/HeartStroke_Action_Plans.htm.

    Internet traffic is significant on this website. In 2011, 395 044 individuals accessed this website for health information, while 160 600 persons completed the Heart and Stroke Risk Assessment program.

    In sum, we anticipate that findings from the REACH trial will have high population impact, given our collaboration with the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Advancements achieved with this trial, concerning the content and methodology of preventive e-counselling, will be widely disseminated to the general public and most likely utilised in follow-up research by our team and others.

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors RPN conceived the study. RPN, RF, MD, SB, HL, FG, ST, JG, PO, JK, CC, VH and KS contributed to the study design. RPN, SL, RF, MD, FG and HL participated in conducting the trial and acquisition of data. RPN and SL drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors contributed critical intellectual input and approved the final manuscript.

    • Funding This trial is supported by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, grant number (MOP-111242).

    • Competing interests None.

    • Patient consent Obtained.

    • Ethics approval University Health Network, University of British Columbia, London Health Sciences Center and the Grey Bruce Public Health Unit.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement Data will not be automatically shared or distributed in a public forum. However, data will be made available upon request on a case by case basis.