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Abstract
Introduction Palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP) is used in patients with articulation and swallowing disorders caused by postoperative loss of tongue tissue due to tongue cancer, cerebrovascular disease sequelae and age-related hypofunction. We have previously reported a newly designed soft PAP fabricated using an thermoplastic material that is particularly appropriate for early intervention. However, the effect of soft PAP on oral function improvement remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate whether soft PAP can improve dysarthria and dysphagia occurring as cerebrovascular disease sequelae.
Methods and analysis This prospective, randomised, controlled trial will compare the immediate and training effects of rehabilitation using soft PAP with those of rehabilitation without using it. Primary outcomes are the single-word intelligibility test score and pharyngeal transit time (PTT). Secondary outcomes are tongue function (evaluated based on maximum tongue pressure, repetitions of tongue pressure and endurance of tongue pressure), articulation function (evaluated based on speech intelligibility, oral diadochokinesis, Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL)) and swallowing function (evaluated using Eating Assessment Tool-10). The study results will help determine the efficacy of Soft PAP in improving functional outcomes of word intelligibility and PTT. We hypothesised that early rehabilitation using Soft PAP would more effectively improve articulation and swallowing function compared with conventional rehabilitation without using soft PAP.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from the Okayama University Certified Review Board. The study findings will be published in an open access, peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences and research meetings.
Trial registration number jRCTs062200054.
- oral medicine
- rehabilitation medicine
- geriatric medicine
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Strengths and limitations of this study
A randomised controlled design will minimise bias and allow for a direct comparison between the groups.
The intervention group will undertake rehabilitation using soft palatal augmentation prosthesis, although the control group will receive normal training.
The study sample size was calculated based on previous study regarding the improvement in pharyngeal transit time.
The limitation of this study is that only the evaluator is blinded to allocation results, not the therapist or participants.
Introduction
Palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP) is used in patients with articulation and swallowing disorders caused by postoperative loss of tongue tissue due to tongue cancer, cerebrovascular disease sequelae and age-related hypofunction.1 The Japan Council for Quality Health Care guideline for PAP states that it enhances the rehabilitation effect when fabricated and used appropriately.1 PAP use has been recommended in the PAP guidelines issued by the Japan Prosthodontic Society.1 PAP can be used to improve dysphagia or dysarthria caused not only by tissue loss after glossectomy but also by posterior movement disorders occurring as cerebrovascular disease sequelae.2 In patients requiring upper and/or lower limb rehabilitation, early initiation of rehabilitation effectively improves the prognosis of movement disorders.3 However, an early intervention protocol involving PAP use for rehabilitation therapy has not yet been established. This might be partly attributable to the practical difficulties faced by general dental practitioners in fabricating and adjusting PAP during the acute stage of the primary disease. Therefore, medical and dental interprofessional collaboration in acute care-oriented hospitals in this field is required for PAP use in early rehabilitation therapy.
Most studies reporting the effect of PAP on dysphagia and dysarthria occurring due to stroke and neuromuscular diseases are either case reports or retrospective studies.4 Moreover, the methods used for evaluating clinical efficacy in these studies were not well structured; therefore, a meta-analysis could not be performed.4 Thus, prospective cohort studies examining the effect of rehabilitation using PAP on patients with stroke and neuromuscular disease are needed.
Conventionally, PAP has been fabricated using acrylic resin.5–8 Acrylic resin is a denture base material and exhibits stable mechanical properties that are appropriate for long-term use, even after repeated clinical adjustment. To achieve the best effect on patients’ oral function, frequent adjustments by a skilled dentist are usually required, even when PAP is fabricated at a rather stable or chronic stage of the primary disease. However, given the atmosphere of acute care units providing early intervention in hospitals, a device that is easy to fit and requires less adjustment might be easily accepted. We have previously reported a newly designed Soft PAP fabricated using an elastic thermoplastic material that is particularly appropriate for early intervention (figure 1).9 10 Soft PAP is a simplified PAP that has a flat palatal surface. Although a major disadvantage of Soft PAP is that it may not be fully adjustable to exactly reproduce patient’s oral function, it provides a mechanical target point as a terminus ad quem for tongue movement during rehabilitation. Its inherent properties of ease of fabrication and no requirement of adjustment to provide a mechanical target point are expected to benefit patients undergoing rehabilitation.11 Early rehabilitation interventions using this simplified type of PAP may improve dysarthria and dysphagia occurring as cerebrovascular disease sequelae. We conducted a preliminary study using a small sample size to ascertain the effect of early intervention using soft PAP.12 The results of this preliminary study suggest that early rehabilitation using soft PAP improves the functional speed of the tongue tip during articulation movements. We hypothesised that early rehabilitation using soft PAP would more effectively improve articulation and swallowing function compared with conventional rehabilitation without using it. Therefore, our null hypothesis is that the effect of rehabilitation using soft PAP on articulation and swallowing function is not different from that of conventional rehabilitation without using soft PAP.
Soft palatal augmentation prosthesis.
Methods and analysis
Trial design
This study will be a prospective, randomised, controlled trial comparing the immediate and training effects of rehabilitation using soft PAP (SP group) with those of conventional rehabilitation without using soft PAP (NSP group) on patients with dysarthria and dysphagia. Figure 2 shows the flowchart of this clinical trial. Two PAPs with different palatal plate thicknesses will be fabricated for each participant. One will extend up to the height of the flat palatal surface at the cervical line of the upper posterior tooth, whereas the other one would be half as thick as the previous one (figure 3). The participants will select the PAP they feel most comfortable with. They will be instructed to wear soft PAP for as long as possible, except during meals and sleep, with each participant maintaining a record of the actual duration of wearing the PAP. Each group will be provided the same articulation training during the study period. The patients will be assessed at baseline and at 2 and 8 weeks postintervention. Enrolment in the study will be performed by a medical doctor or dentist. Soft PAP will be fabricated by a dentist, and video fluorography (VF) assessment will be performed by a medical doctor, radiologist and speech–language pathologist. Other evaluations will be performed by medical doctors, dentists and speech–language pathologists. The criteria for stopping the trial include deterioration of patients’ condition and a request to stop.
Study flow chart. PAP, palatal augmentation prosthesis.
Soft palatal augmentation prosthesis (soft PAP) used in the SP group: type 1 and type 2.
Patient and public involvement
Patients admitted to Kawasaki Medical School Hospital who meet the inclusion criteria receive an explanation for this study. They are not involved in the design or conducting of the study. Results of the study will be disseminated to the participants who want to know the results. In addition, they are not asked to assess the burden of the intervention and time required to participate in the research.
Study sites
This study is funded by the Department of Occlusal and Oral Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University.
Study participant recruitment will take place at the Kawasaki Medical School Hospital.
Ethical approval
The study protocol was approved by the Okayama University Certified Review Board and the ethics review of board of Kawasaki Medical School.
Study population
Study participants will be selected from among patients admitted to the Kawasaki Medical School Hospital with a primary diagnosis of stroke, neuromuscular disease or head trauma and with a speech articulation disorder score of ≥2.13 Speech intelligibility will be evaluated by recording the patient reading a text aloud and assessed by three speech–language pathologists with at least 3 years of experience. The following paragraphs provide a detailed description of the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria
Patients fulfilling the following five conditions will be enrolled in the study:
Those who are acutely hospitalised for stroke, neuromuscular disease, head injury or other related diseases in the Kawasaki Medical School Hospital.
Those suffering from dysarthria with a speech intelligibility score of ≥2 or dysphagia with problems in the preparatory, oral or pharyngeal phase.
Those within 2 weeks of being allowed to receive articulation or swallowing rehabilitation.
Those aged ≥20 years at the time of obtaining informed consent.
Those who have been fully informed about the study and completely understand their participation and have provided voluntary written consent for enrolment.
Exclusion criteria
Patients fulfilling one or more of the following five conditions will be excluded:
Those diagnosed as having impaired consciousness (a score of ≥10 on the Japan Coma Scale).
Those unable to wear soft PAP due to edentulous maxillae.
Those with residual tooth mobility that makes it difficult to obtain dental arch impressions.
Those unable to follow movement instructions due to mental deterioration.
Those deemed inappropriate for inclusion by the principal investigator or subinvestigator.
Enrolment
Enrolment will start after the approval of application for a specific clinical trial. The target completion year is 2026.
Randomisation
Participants will be assigned to either the SP or NSP group according to their sex and age (over and under 65 years) using a web application that automatically achieves stratified randomisation.14
Blinding
Randomisation will be reported to the researchers on the basis of the allocation table by someone not involved in the study, with the allocation table strictly controlled. Although participants cannot be blinded to the assigned intervention, they will be blinded to all data analyses, including expected treatment outcomes.
Outcome measures
Figure 4 shows outcome measures and time points. The following three types of functional data will be collected:
Outcome measures and time points. PAP, palatal augmentation prosthesis.
Motor function of the tongue
The maximum tongue pressure, maximum number of repetitions of tongue lift-up movement (repetitions of tongue pressure, RTP), and maximum duration of maintaining tongue pressure (endurance of tongue pressure (ETP)) will be measured using a tongue pressure measuring device (TPM-01, JMS, Hiroshima) (figure 5).
The tongue pressure measurement device (TPM-01, JMS, Hiroshima) is connected to a personal computer. Measurements are performed with real-time visual feedback on the screen.
Maximum tongue pressure (Pmax)
After positioning the device probe in the mouth, the subject will be instructed to press the probe against the hard palate as strongly as possible using the tongue. This measurement will be performed twice, and the maximum value of the two measurements will be defined as Pmax.
Repetitions of tongue pressure
RTP will be defined as the maximum number of repetitions performed to press the probe to increase the pressure from 0 kPa to >50% of Pmax in 5 s (figure 6).15 Real-time visual feedback of the applied tongue pressure with the target value will be provided on a computer screen to the patient during the measurement. The number of times the tongue pressure reaches the target pressure will be defined as RTP, and the number of times it does not reach the target pressure will be defined as failed RTP. The above measurements will be performed three times, with a 30 s break between each attempt.
An example of measurements obtained when 50% of Pmax is considered the target tongue pressure.
Endurance of tongue pressure
ETP will be defined as the maximum duration for which the patient can maintain a tongue pressure ≥50% of Pmax.16 Two measurements, with a 1 min break between them, will be performed. For the offline measurement of ETP from the waveform, the starting point of the duration will be defined as the moment at which tongue pressure exceeds 50% of Pmax. The endpoint of the duration will be defined according to the following three settings (figure 7).
A: Tongue pressure decreases between 40% and 50% of Pmax for 2 s with subsequent pressure recovery to >50% of Pmax.
Measurement of the endurance of tongue pressure (ETP): A, B and C show a schematic sample of the endpoint of ETP. A: Tongue pressure decreased between 40% and 50% of Pmax for 2 s with subsequent pressure recovery to >50% of Pmax. B: Tongue pressure decreased below 40% of Pmax for 0.5 s with subsequent pressure recovery to >50 of % Pmax. C: Tongue pressure decreased below 50% of Pmax without any subsequent recovery to >50% of Pmax.
B: Tongue pressure decreases below 40% of Pmax for 0.5 s with subsequent pressure recovery to >50% of Pmax.
C: Tongue pressure decreases below 50% of Pmax without any subsequent recovery to >50% of Pmax.
The earliest time point for the above three settings will be regarded as the endpoint.
Articulation function
Oral diadochokinesis (Oral DDK)
Patients will be instructed to repeat each of the three target sounds (/ta/, /ka/, /taka/) as quickly as possible for 5 s, and the sounds will be recorded using a digital voice (integrated chip; IC) recorder (Sony ICD-SX850, Tokyo, Japan). Two measurements will be performed for each sound. The average of the two measurements will be considered the oral DDK for each sound.
Forty-word intelligibility test
Ishihara’s 40-word list will be used for a 40-word intelligibility test, with the words listed in a randomised order. Participants will read out the words from the list, and their voices will be recorded using an IC recorder. The assessment will be completed by three healthy adults without hearing impairment whose native language is Japanese. The average percentage of correct responses by the three examiners will be calculated.
Speech intelligibility
Patients’ speech will be recorded in two conditions: (1) reading aloud a fairy tale, ‘Jack and the Beanstalk’ and (2) ‘routine conversation about patients’ events of the day’ in 1 min. The assessment will be completed by three healthy adults without hearing impairment whose native language is Japanese. Speech intelligibility will be rated on a five-point scale for each recording.17 Conventional criteria will be used for this scale in all cases, as in Taguchi’s method. The conventional criteria and scores are as follows: 1=intelligible, 2=partially intelligible, 3=intelligible when the topic is known, 4=mostly unintelligible and 5=unintelligible. The average of the three examiners’ ratings will be calculated.
Voice-Related Quality of Life
Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) is a questionnaire used for examining the V-RQOL.18 Patients will fill in a self-assessment V-RQOL sheet using the following five-point scale for each of the 10 questions about their voice: 1=none, not a problem; 2=a small amount; 3=a moderate (medium) amount; 4=a lot; and 5=problem is ‘as bad as it can be’.
Swallowing function
Swallowing VF
The patient will sit in a chair and swallow 5 mL of thickened barium twice. During this task, VF will be recorded in the lateral and frontal views and assessed using the following parameters:
Oral transit duration: time elapsed between the start of swallowing motion of the tongue and the arrival of the bolus head at the ramus of the mandible.
Pharyngeal transit time (PTT): time elapsed between the bolus head crossing the ramus of the mandible and its passage through the upper oesophageal sphincter.
Stage transition duration: time elapsed between the bolus head crossing the ramus of the mandible and the onset of hyoid bone elevation.
Hyoid movement distance: the maximum elevation of the hyoid bone from the resting position to an anterior and superior position during the swallowing reflex, with the lower border of the spinous process of the fourth cervical vertebra used as the reference point.
Videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale: assessment of VF recordings obtained for evaluating dysphagia according to the report by Han et al.19
Questionnaire on swallowing
Patients will answer a questionnaire on swallowing function (Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10)) that comprises 10 items on swallowing-related quality of life.20
Sample size calculation
Sample size was determined using the results of a previous study on PTT, which is the primary endpoint, as reference Matsubara et al.21 Matsubara et al21 reported an improvement in PTT after 4 weeks of a high-speed jaw-opening exercise in elderly patients with mealtime malaise (p=0.01; Cohen’s d=0.57). Using an unpaired two-tailed t-test with Cohen’s d=0.57, α=0.05, power=0.8, and allocation ratio=1, the sample size will be 50 patients per group. Thus, the target study participants are estimated to be 100. We will be collaborating with our research partners for participant recruitment.
Data processing and analysis
We will follow the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle and perform data collection and analysis based on the treatment assigned to patients by stratified random allocation. ITT analysis is an analytical method based on the allocation determined before the start of the intervention. Missing data will be statistically analysed using the last observation carried forward method. The obtained data will be entered into a dedicated database for collection and analysis. The background and functional test results of participants as well as adverse events experienced by them will be compared between the SP and NSP groups. The primary outcomes are the single-word intelligibility test score and PTT. The secondary outcomes are tongue function (evaluated based on maximum tongue pressure, RTP and ETP), articulation function (evaluated based on speech intelligibility, oral diadochokinesis, V-RQOL) and swallowing function (evaluated using EAT-10). The immediate effect will be assessed under paired conditions. Training effects will be assessed using two-way analysis of variance. All statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS V.22 (IBM). A p value <0.05 will be considered significant.
Data management
The principal investigator or subinvestigator will explain the study in writing to participants and obtain their consent. Furthermore, a case report form (CRF) has been prepared. The data collected in this study will be entered into and analysed using the researcher’s computer (not connected to the internet) to protect participants’ personal information; moreover, the data will be stored in a digital versatile disc recordable (DVD-R) as a password-protected file. The data will remain in a locked cabinet in the Division of Oral Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, for 5 years after study completion. Subsequently, the DVD-Rs will be destroyed and the consent forms shredded.
Data monitoring
On-site monitoring of this study is conducted by a person designated by the principal investigator in accordance with the protocol. The monitoring manager has no conflicts of interest to declare.
All adverse events will be recorded on the CRF that will include information on the nature and timing of onset and resolution, severity, treatment and outcome of the adverse event as well as assessment of its severity. Follow-up investigations will be performed if deemed necessary.
Compensation
The study will be covered by clinical research insurance in case of liability for compensation in the event that study participants experience health problems.
Discussion
Acute rehabilitation is usually primarily achieved through functional training and compensatory methods; therefore, prosthesis use has rarely been incorporated into acute rehabilitation. Studies reporting the starting point of rehabilitation interventions for cerebrovascular diseases have shown that patients starting rehabilitation within 72 hours of hospitalisation had a shorter hospital stay and better gait at discharge than those starting rehabilitation later than 72 hours.22 Furthermore, Takashima and Abe have reported that early construction of a knee-ankle-foot orthosis during the acute phase of stroke improves gait independence at an early stage.23 Accordingly, using prosthetic orthotics to support functional movement may contribute to early rehabilitation of patients with central nervous system-related locomotor disability. Moreover, as soft PAP is easy to fabricate and use, it may become a widely used training device for early intervention. Future research will help identify the optimal timing of initiating a soft PAP intervention and its duration and other impacts.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval was obtained from the Okayama University Certified Review Board. Study findings will be published in an open access, peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences and research meetings. Any changes or revisions to the research protocol or consent explanatory document will be approved in advance by an accredited clinical research review committee.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincerely gratitude to Mr. Katsuya Nakamura and Dr. Shinsuke Nagami for their help in conducting this study.
References
Footnotes
Contributors TY and SM conceptualised the original study and drafted the manuscript. KT, TM, TH, NA, JY, HN, KH and NK contributed to refining the study design. YM is the monitoring manager. NK and SM critically revised the manuscript. TM and SM are the principal investigators. SM is the lead researcher. All authors have approved the final draft of the manuscript.
Funding This work is funded by the Department of Occlusal and Oral Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.