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Surgery
Original research
Feasibility study of a randomised controlled trial of preoperative and postoperative nutritional supplementation in major lung surgery
  1. Amy Kerr1,
  2. Sebastian T Lugg2,
  3. Salma Kadiri1,
  4. Amelia Swift3,
  5. Nikolaos Efstathiou3,
  6. Krishna Kholia1,
  7. Venessa Rogers1,
  8. Hazem Fallouh1,
  9. Richard Steyn1,
  10. Ehab Bishay1,
  11. Maninder Kalkat1,
  12. Babu Naidu1,2
  1. 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
  2. 2Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
  3. 3Institute of Clinical Sciences and School of Nursing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
  1. Correspondence to Babu Naidu; b.naidu{at}bham.ac.uk

Abstract

Objectives Malnutrition and weight loss are important risk factors for complications after lung surgery. However, it is uncertain whether modifying or optimising perioperative nutritional state with oral supplements results in a reduction in malnutrition, complications or quality of life.

Design A randomised, open label, controlled feasibility study was conducted to assess the feasibility of carrying out a large multicentre randomised trial of nutritional intervention. The intervention involved preoperative carbohydrate-loading drinks (4×200 mL evening before surgery and 2×200 mL the morning of surgery) and early postoperative nutritional protein supplement drinks two times per day for 14 days compared with the control group receiving an equivalent volume of water.

Setting Single adult thoracic centre in the UK.

Participants All adult patients admitted for major lung surgery. Patients were included if were able to take nutritional drinks prior to surgery and give written informed consent. Patients were excluded if they were likely unable to complete the study questionnaires, they had a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, were receiving parenteral nutrition or known pregnancy.

Results All patients presenting for major lung surgery were screened over a 6-month period, with 163 patients screened, 99 excluded and 64 (41%) patients randomised. Feasibility criteria were met and the study completed recruitment 5 months ahead of target. The two groups were well balanced and tools used to measure outcomes were robust. Compliance with nutritional drinks was 97% preoperatively and 89% postoperatively; 89% of the questionnaires at 3 months were returned fully completed. The qualitative interviews demonstrated that the trial and the intervention were acceptable to patients. Patients felt the questionnaires captured their experience of recovery from surgery well.

Conclusion A large multicentre randomised controlled trial of nutritional intervention in major lung surgery is feasible and required to test clinical efficacy in improving outcomes after surgery.

Trial registration number ISRCTN16535341.

  • Thoracic surgery
  • Thoracic medicine
  • NUTRITION & DIETETICS

Data availability statement

Data are available upon reasonable request. All available study data can be obtained from the corresponding author.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057498

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    Strengths and limitation of this study

    • This randomised, feasibility study had preplanned feasibility to assess whether a larger randomised trial would be feasible.

    • The study included a large regional thoracic surgical centre and cohort of patients undergoing major lung surgery predominantly for cancer, which would be representative of full trial national recruitment.

    • The study was not designed and powered to be large enough to provide conclusive evidence to support the use of nutritional intervention in major lung surgery, but provided evidence that a larger, substantive randomised controlled trial is feasible.

    Introduction

    In the UK, patients undergo major lung surgery (MLS), including over 6500 resections per year for treatment of lung cancer.1 Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) occur in 13% of all MLS patients. Once a PPC has developed, there is an increase in mortality (1% to 12%), intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission rate (2% to 28%), length of hospital stay (6 to 13 days) and 30-day hospital readmission (12% to 21%).2 Poor nutritional state is a major independent risk factor for death and complications after MLS.3 Two-thirds of all patients undergoing MLS are malnourished before surgery or are at risk of becoming malnourished after surgery.4 5

    Malnutrition and a loss of muscle mass are frequent in patients with cancer and are associated with poor clinical outcomes.6 Oral nutritional supplement (ONS) drinks are recommended in patients with cancer who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.6 ONS is also recommended as part chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rehabilitation programmes and COPD is common in patients with lung cancer.7 The use of ONS in COPD patients is associated with weight gain, improved patient quality of life and respiratory muscle function, particularly in the undernourished.8 A meta-analysis of nutritional interventions including ONS in patients with cancer showed improvements in both weight gain and quality of life.9

    There are two distinct types of nutritional intervention as discussed in the Enhanced Recovery after Lung Surgery (ERAS) guidelines10; carbohydrate loading (CHO) before surgery and perioperative protein nutrition supplementation via ONS or enteral nutrition. In other types of major surgery, preoperative CHO loading has been demonstrated to ameliorate the physiological hit of surgery to metabolic parameters, muscle and lung function and improved length of stay.11 12 CHO loading has also been shown to significantly reduce patient symptom burden.13 14 In major abdominal surgery, routine pre and/or postoperative ONS reduced postoperative weight loss, improved nutritional status and muscle strength and may reduce complication rates.15 16

    The most recent thoracic surgery-specific guidelines cite the evidence for nutritional intervention as being of moderate level.10 The European nutritional guidance in surgery ranked evidence only ‘as good practice’ rather than of high level (A or B).17 A national survey of all 38 UK thoracic surgery units found that almost all patients undergoing lung surgery are not routinely offered either CHO or ONS.18 Despite CHO loading recommended is the ERAS guidelines, evidence is limited in MLS, and only few reports of its use in practice.19 In one small study in MLS of nutritional supplementation (n=58), patients were randomised to receive 10 days of preoperative immune enhancing nutrition or normal diet.20 Those who received nutritional intervention had reduced plasma albumin drop and a reduction in PPC incidence; though they classified air leak as a PPC despite this being a minor surgical complication. The study was also under powered to detect any difference in clinical outcomes.20 Thus, the gap in direct evidence prevents strong guidance for ONS and CHO loading in MLS. It is clear that the type and magnitude of surgery are important in the efficacy of CHO loading,11 12 and so it is important to conduct an independent study in patients undergoing MLS. Thus, nutritional supplementation might be able to optimise recovery after surgery and preventing complications.21

    The aim was to conduct a single-centre mixed method open-label randomised controlled trial (RCT) to assess the feasibility of carrying out a large multicentre RCT in patients with MLS (ISRCTN: 16535341). We compared a nutritional intervention regime of preoperative CHO drinks and postoperative ONS to a control group receiving an equivalent volume of water.

    Methods

    We conducted a randomised controlled feasibility trial of CHO drinks presurgery and high energy, high protein drinks postsurgery compared with the equivalent volume in water in enhancing recovery after MLS. Recruitment took place over 6 months in an adult thoracic centre at Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham.

    Population and inclusion/exclusion criteria

    Eligible participants were all adults aged over 18 undergoing elective MLS. MLS was defined as any patient having part of the lung removed for primary or secondary cancer with curative intent, or benign lung conditions. Additional eligibility included participants able to consume nutritional drinks prior to surgery and were able to give written informed consent. Participants were excluded if they were likely unable to comply with completion of the study questionnaires, they had a body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2, were receiving parenteral nutrition or had known pregnancy.

    Study conduct

    Patients listed for MLS were identified and screened for eligibility at clinics prior to surgery. When a patient was screened but not eligible for the trial or did not consent for randomisation, a record of the case was been recorded on a detailed screening log. This data informed recruitment targets, will help with sample size in the definitive trial and enabled answering of the feasibility outcome questions. Participants were provided with a patient information sheet about the study, including details of the treatment procedures and trial data collection. Written valid informed consent was obtained from each of the study participants under unhurried circumstances. Participants were informed of the aims, methods, any conflicts of interests, benefits and risks of participating in line with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Reconfirming consent was sought at every study contact and participants could withdraw consent at any time without any reprisal. After written informed consent, the patients were randomised before surgery to either a nutritional intervention or water. Participants were individually randomised into the study in an equal 1:1 ratio; randomisation was conducted using a web-based randomisation system. Patients were stratified by diagnosis (cancer or benign) and type of surgery (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or open thoracotomy) using an online randomisation service to reduce allocation bias.

    Interventions

    The nutritional intervention was defined as follows. In the preoperative period, the evening before surgery patients consumed 4×200 mL of carbohydrate-loading supplement. On the morning of surgery patients consumed 2×200 mL of carbohydrate-loading supplement and if the surgery was scheduled for the afternoon, 200 mL of CHO drinks was given every 2 hours up until 2 hours before surgery. This has proven to be the most effective regime of carbohydrate loading in terms of insulin resistance22 (Nutricia preOp, per 100 mL: 50 kcal, 12.6 g carbohydrates, 0 g protein, 290 mOsm/kg, pH 5.0). In the postoperative period, patients were given 125 mL polymeric nutritional supplement drink two times per day from the period immediately after their operation until discharge, continuing at home up until 14 days after surgery (Fortisip Compact Protein, per 100 mL: 240kcal, 24.4 g carbohydrate, 14.4 g protein, 900 mOsm/kg, pH 6.6).

    The control group was provided with the same quantity of water in bottles to take home, thus any benefit from the intervention will not be due to preventing dehydration. All other aspects of the patient care were as per usual care in both groups. All patients received standard patient information based on current national guidelines. Free fluids were permitted immediately after surgery and a light diet as tolerated by the patient. Standardised nausea and vomiting prophylaxis and laxatives prescribed. Analgesic technique is based on patients’ preference and discussion with the anaesthetists. Both the intervention and control groups were managed daily by a specialised thoracic team. All patients received a daily physiotherapy programme from postoperative day (POD) 1 onwards.

    Feasibility outcomes

    The following outcomes and targets provided the basis for interpreting the results of the study and determining whether it is feasible to proceed to the substantive study. The primary outcome was patient recruitment rate: it is estimated that 300 eligible patients a year will undergo MLS a recruitment rate of 5 a month for 12 months, that is, 60 patients.

    Secondary objectives included: (1) reasons for failure to recruit. (2) Is the randomisation process of patients easy to use and efficient? This was ascertained by the speed in which patients can be randomised and whether important prognostic data can be collected preoperatively. (3) What is the compliance rate of the intervention and contamination rate of the control group? Data were gathered by questionnaires and interviews; we expected to have a compliance of 50% of prescribed carbohydrate drinks and ONS taken as scheduled. (4) Are the data collection processes during patient’s hospital stay robust? We expected completeness of important peri-operative data to be over 90%. (5) What is follow-up rate of patients at 3 months? To be viable as a primary outcome, we expected to achieve a response rate of 80%. (6) What are the reasons for loss of follow-up if any? We should be able to capture 100% of mortality data. (7) Which questionnaire best reflects patient experience? We envisaged from the patient interviews in both patients getting the intervention and those not we would be able to discern if one of the questionnaires was better than other. (8) What is the variability and distribution of quality-of-life questionnaires measured up to 3 months after surgery? This would help us ascertain an appropriate sample size for any possible full study.

    Clinician and participant-reported outcome measures

    Data were collected using a case report form, this included demographic information and comorbidities. PPC was defined by the Melbourne Group Scale, this tool was selected as it has been shown to outperform other scoring tools in the recognition of PPC in lung resection.23 Data on hospital readmission rate within 30 days of discharge was also collected. A nutritional assessment using Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)24 was completed preoperative and 3 months postoperatively. The MUST tool was used as it is fast and simple to use with a fair–good to excellent concurrent validity.25 Handgrip strength was used, which is a measure of muscle strength, which can be used in the assessment of sarcopenia. Guidelines recommend measuring handgrip strength in thoracic patients due to their increased risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia.26 Handgrip strength is a simple measure that can be used in hospital and community settings, it has been shown to be predictive of survival in advanced cancer patients.27 Peak expiratory flow rate was used to assess pulmonary function, as demonstrated in other studies.28

    Recently there has been an increase in the use of patient-reported outcome measures in trials. In this study, the feasibility of a number of questionnaires was tested at different stages throughout the patients’ surgical journey. Systematic reviews of postoperative recovery outcome measurements appraised the Quality of Recovery Score-40 (QoR-40) as being a good measure of early recovery after surgery and suggested as a valuable endpoint in clinical research,29 30 this score has been validated in many specialities of surgery in several countries. The QoR-40 tool has 40 questions, which assess five dimensions: physical comfort (12 items), emotional state (nine items), physical independence (five items), psychological support (seven items) and pain (seven items), which are all relevant in thoracic surgery. A generic health-related quality of life tool (EQ-5D-5L) was selected in this trial as it is a widely used tool and easy to use. The EQ-5D-5L has five dimensions of health which assess mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression on a five-level classification score. The tool has been developed from the EQ-5D-3L to be more sensitive when assessing quality of life.31 In addition, a Visual Analogue Score looking at patient well-being was created, these were based on questions that have been used in other RCTs assessing CHO drinks and nutritional support in other specialties.32 33

    Throughout the trial, adverse events (AEs) were collected and recorded to assess any relation between AEs and the trial intervention. However, patients undergoing thoracic surgery have a 13% risk of developing PPCs, which impact on ITU admission, length of stay, readmission and mortality.2 PPCs, acute complications, length of stay, readmission, ITU admission and mortality data were collected in this study, therefore they were not reported as AEs and serious AEs. Any other AE which occurred during the duration of the patient’s involvement in the study was recorded and reported in accordance with ICH GCP guidelines.

    Statistics

    We expected to recruit 60 patients over a 12-month recruitment period, five patients a month, depending on the number found to be eligible. Feasibility outcomes were considered with simple summary statistics including percentages. Patient-reported outcome measures were analysed with mean, mean differences and 95% CIs. Further statistical analysis for hypothesis testing was not performed as this was neither a primary or secondary outcome of the feasibility study. Prism V.8 was used for data analysis. Participants were considered in the group if they were randomised, which was regardless of the participants compliance (intention-to-treat).

    Qualitative assessment and survey of practice

    Semistructured telephone patient interviews were undertaken at 3–4 weeks postdischarge. This time point was selected as it was 1–2 weeks after patients had finished the trial interventions and after completion of 3-week patient-reported outcome questionnaires. All patients consenting to take part in the trial were eligible for interview and were selected using maximum variation sampling by age, sex, admitting diagnosis and surgical procedure. This approach was used to understand how different groups of people viewed the trial. Interviews were conducted until saturation was achieved.

    An interview guide was developed using evidence from the use of nutritional intervention with other patient groups. Interviews explored the experiences of the patients through the surgical journey, the trial interventions and questionnaires. Reasons for intervention compliance and non-compliance were also gathered. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and coded using NVivo. Thematic analysis was used to identify the main acceptability issues for patients, and key barriers and facilitators in the use of the interventions.

    Patient involvement

    Patient and public collaboration was sought from the UK thoracic surgery patient involvement group. This was for creating the trial protocol, assessing and defining outcome measures, data collection tools and writing patient information sheets and consent forms.

    Results

    Participants and follow-up

    Adult patients undergoing elective MLS at a regional thoracic surgery unit were approached between September 2016 and May 2017 as the study completed 5 months ahead of target. One hundred and sixty-three patients were screened for eligibility (figure 1). Of those, only five patients were initially deemed to not meet the exclusion criteria. Of the remaining patients, the most common reason for not including patients was that they were not approached due to reaching the recruitment quota for the week. Other reasons included patients not wanting to participate, not willing to take nutritional drinks, and not willing to complete study questionnaires. Sixty-four patients were randomised. Of those, 33 patients were allocated to receive nutritional drink and 31 patients received water. Of the patients randomised, one patient in the nutritional group and two patients in the control group did not receive allocated intervention. Baseline details of the randomised participants are in table 1. The randomisation process provided appropriate balance for the balancing factors; the median age of those undergoing MLS was 70 (IQR 60–74.5), with the vast majority having lung resection for cancer (n=57; 93%) and VATS approach in 37 (61%) patients. At 3-month postrandomisation, 59/61 (97%) patients were followed up, and 54/61 (89%) of questionnaire booklets were returned.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Flow of participants during the trial.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Baseline characteristics of patients

    Nutritional intervention

    The consumption of drinks in both the intervention and control group is shown in table 2. All patients in the nutritional intervention group had five or more drinks prior to surgery with 96.9% (31/32) having six or more drinks. On POD1, 71.9% (23/32) of patients received both drinks, with 84.4% (27/32) receiving at least one drink. By POD3, 68.8% (22/32) received both drinks, while 81.3% (26/32) received at least one drink. The median overall compliance of postoperative drinks between POD1–14 was 89% (25/28 drinks, IQR 14.5–28). Within the control group of water only, there was 100% compliance with all patients.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Drinks consumed between groups

    Clinical outcomes

    The clinical outcomes of the study are shown in table 3. The PPC incidence in the nutritional intervention group and the control group was 3/32 (9.4%) and 5/29 (17.2%), respectively, with numbers too small to draw any conclusions and hypothesis testing not performed. The high dependency unit stay, ITU admission and hospital length of stay were also recorded between groups.

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Clinical outcomes

    Regarding the 3-month follow-up, less patients had unplanned weight loss in the intervention group compared with the control grou. Zero patients in the intervention group had ≥10% weight loss compared with five patients in the control group (17.2%) and 24 patients in the intervention group (80%) had <5% weight loss compared with 15 patients in the control group (55.2%). Wound complications and hospital readmission between groups were also recorded.

    Physiological outcomes

    The physiological outcomes of handgrip strength and peak expiratory flow rate are shown in table 4, with no clear differences between groups.

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Physiological parameters

    Patient-reported outcomes

    The patient-reported outcomes from questionnaires are shown in table 5. Results from the questionnaire responses had uncertainty, and as with the clinical outcomes the study was not powered for statistical testing. There was a trend for lower overall visual analogue scores in the nutritional intervention group at all timepoints, where patients with lower scores were less symptomatic. With regards to specific symptoms, at 3 weeks after surgery, in the intervention group, there was less reported thirst (2.6 vs 4.8; difference −2.2, 95% CI −3.6 to −0.8) and mouth dryness (2.8 vs 4.8; difference −2.0, 95% CI −3.5 to −0.5). The median total QoR-40 score showed trend for higher scores in the interventional group at all timepoints other than baseline. The EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale showed a trend for higher scores at all time points in the intervention group; higher scores in both of these represent better health. The EQ-5D-5L Scores showed trend for lower scores at all timepoints apart from baseline, where lower scores represent better health.

    View this table:
    Table 5

    Results of patient reported outcomes

    Safety

    There were no safety concerns expressed by the trial management group who met during the recruitment period. There were no deaths of patients during the study period. There were no serious AEs recorded during the study period. The nutritional drinks were considered safe as in previous trials and there were no concerns during the study. None of the AEs reported were deemed to be related to the study intervention.

    Qualitative interviews

    Semistructured qualitative interviews were undertaken in 14 patients randomised into the study. The interviews were conducted at 3–4 weeks posthospital discharge, the overall aim of the interviews was to ascertain if the trial processes were acceptable to the participants and to aid insight into trial intervention and questionnaires used to capture symptoms and recovery. The themes that emerged from the interviews around the trial consent, randomisation and impact on the hospital stay were positive. All patients felt well informed of the trial processes such as consent and randomisation. All participants reported that the study questionnaires captured recovery and general health and well-being throughout the surgical recovery, and did not find the questionnaire burdensome.

    Discussion

    Our key indicators for feasibility were met. We have shown that a large multicentre RCT of nutritional intervention in MLS with an objective of assessing postoperative outcomes is feasible. The study completed recruitment 5 months ahead of target. It is also possible to both randomise and follow-up patients with high fidelity over the 3-month period. Importantly, qualitative interviews demonstrated that the trial design and the nutritional intervention were acceptable. Patients felt that the questionnaires used captured their experience of recovery and symptom burden from surgery well. There were no clear differences in PPC incidence between groups, although this study was not powered to investigate this. Unintentional weight loss was less in the nutritional intervention group at 3 months. The study questionnaires showed trends for increased perceived health in participants in the interventional group. There were observed differences found in symptom scores at 3 weeks between groups, however, hypothesis testing was not an aim of this feasibility study, and this would need to be investigated further in a much more substantive trial.

    This feasibility study has allowed the fine tuning of processes ahead of a larger more substantive trial. There would be further modifications to the future study protocol. With regards to inclusion criteria, patients were included if they were having MLS. Over 90% of our patients were having thoracic surgery for cancer and very few patients were excluded on the basis of the current eligibility criteria. MLS can range from biopsy to pneumonectomy and some patients may be having surgery for other reasons than cancer, such as lung volume reduction surgery in COPD. We believe going forward the substantive study would focus on patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer who are having MLS for lung resection. Therefore, the future large-scale study would include patients undergoing curative lung cancer surgery only. Given the success of the recruitment process in this feasibility study, we feel this would not impact on recruitment rates of eligible participants.

    With regards to the exclusion criteria, we excluded patients with a BMI <18.5. These exclusion criteria were chosen as guidelines require patients with BMI <18.5 kg/m2 to have additional nutritional support in the form of ONS.17 The substantive study would need to incorporate these patients and recognise that patients may have different baseline nutritional needs in MLS.34 Benefits may be more marked in patients with pre-existing malnutrition.15 35 Therefore, those with a BMI <18.5 kg/m2 would be included, and participants could be randomised with aim to best balance patients with BMI <18.5 or >18.5 kg/m2.

    The patients in the feasibility study were well balanced according to the type of surgical approach (open or VATS). There were observed differences in pack year history and a higher number of never smokers in the intervention group. Smoking is the biggest risk factor for the development of PPC, this risk reduces following smoking cessation.2 A tailored smoking cessation intervention in the thoracic surgical pathway is currently being investigated in a feasibility study,36 though the optimum timing to stop smoking before surgery is yet to be determined.37 The substantive study which follows from this feasibility should factor in smoking history into the randomisation component of trial design, with aim to balance current and recent quitters from long-term ex-smokers and never smokers.

    In this feasibility study, a placebo was not required as a control to the nutritional intervention. This is because one of the objectives of the study was whether the patients had the nutritional drinks or not. Therefore, there was no additional value in having placebo control for this reason. This study showed that patients are compliant with CHO loading and ONS drinks. with compliance of 89% with postoperative drinks and 100% of patients had at least five CHO loading drinks preoperatively. There is no set definition for adherence to nutritional supplements, however, the results from this study replicate other research in this area. A systematic review into compliance of ONS in a range of settings and clinical conditions found mean compliance of 78%, ranging from 67% in hospital and 81% in community settings.38 Within cancer prehabilitation, compliance of 93.7% was demonstrated with whey protein supplement drinks39 and 100% compliance with CHO.40 The substantive study would look to randomise to either nutritional intervention or usual care as the control, rather than use equal measures of water. A lack of blinding could potentially lead to bias regarding outcome measures. Thus, the importance of having both clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes in the study.

    While the feasibility study was not powered to show a significant difference in PPC incidence, it is important for the substantive study to be able to determine if nutritional intervention has an impact on PPCs. Even modest improvements in the PPC rate would have massive cost savings through reduction ITU admissions, hospital bed days used and readmission rates. In the UK, 30-day readmission to hospital after lung cancer surgery is high (12%) and is a key target for improvement in the national lung cancer audit.41 42 Thus, potential clinical and cost benefits to the NHS of optimising nutrition and so ameliorating major complications and hospital readmission are significant.

    There is growing evidence around the implementation of prehabilitation within surgical pathways. A systematic review found that multimodal prehabilitation involving exercise and nutrition has a positive impact on physical function in patients awaiting lung cancer surgery.43 The benefits of prehabilitation include personal empowerment, physical resilience and improvements in long-term health.44 The substantive study could, therefore, embed the nutritional intervention as part of an enhanced package of multimodal prehabilitation compared with standard care and evaluate the impact on postoperative outcomes, physical status and quality of life.

    One of the limitations of this feasibility study is that CHO loading is not truly nutritional optimisation, as we would not expect CHO to reverse the catabolic effects of malnutrition and wasting from cancer and other comorbidities. The substantive study will, therefore, be looking at an intervention in optimising nutrition based on weight, BMI, weight loss instead of CHO loading. This study shows that patients are willing to take nutritional supplement drinks and has shown good compliance, which will support future research. Another limitation is that goal-directed fluid therapy (another ERAS component) could impact groups disparately and potentially could confounds results. The further substantive study should specifically report perioperative intravenous fluid administered normalised to mL/kg/hour to factor this into the study findings.

    Since the study was not a definitive trial, the findings must not be over interpreted. We cannot expect at this stage for the outcomes of the study to influence clinical care, as the study was not large enough to detect realistic sized differences in rates of postoperative outcomes. Also having only included one centre, it was not wide enough in terms of the number of centres involved to reach a generalised result. However, this feasibility study is an important precursor to the larger, substantive trial and provides important information that will help ensure success. A definitive study is needed to determine the impact of nutritional supplementation in thoracic surgery on both patient-reported outcomes and postoperative outcomes. The full RCT will allow the definitive answer to this question.

    Data availability statement

    Data are available upon reasonable request. All available study data can be obtained from the corresponding author.

    Ethics statements

    Patient consent for publication

    Ethics approval

    This study involves human participants and was approved by Wales REC 7 research ethical committee. REC reference 16/WA/0254. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

    Acknowledgments

    The thoracic research team at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust for their support of the study.

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    Footnotes

    • AK and STL are joint first authors.

    • Twitter @nurseswift, @NikolaosEfstat2

    • Contributors BN and AK conceived the study. BN, AK, AS and NE were involved in trial design. AK was involved in patients’ recruitment and data acquisition. HF, RS, EB, MK and BN were involved in the surgical care of the participants. AK and SK were involved in patient interviews. AK, STL, AS and NE were involved in data analysis. AK and STL drafted the final manuscript. KK provided input from a dietetic perspective. All authors critically appraised and approved the final manuscript before publication.

    • Funding The study was funded by Birmingham Health Partnership; West Midlands Clinical Academic Internship Programme awarded June 2014 (no award/grant number) and Nutricia provided the funding for the nutritional intervention, which enabled the trial eligible for portfolio support from the Clinical Research Network in England.

    • Disclaimer The funder had no role in study design data collection, interpretation or analysis in writing the final manuscript for publication.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.