You are here

  • Home
  • Archive
  • Volume 12, Issue 6
  • Prognostic and diagnostic accuracy of intracoronary electrocardiogram recorded during percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis

Article Text

Article menu
Cardiovascular medicine
Original research
Prognostic and diagnostic accuracy of intracoronary electrocardiogram recorded during percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis
  1. Weijie Li,
  2. Jialin He,
  3. Jun Fan,
  4. Jiankai Huang,
  5. Pingan Chen,
  6. Yizhi Pan
  1. Department of Cardiology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  1. Correspondence to Dr Yizhi Pan; pyz202106{at}163.com

Abstract

Objective Intracoronary ECG (IC-ECG) recording has been shown to be sensitive and reliable for detecting myocardial viability and local myocardial ischaemia in some studies. But IC-ECG is neither widely used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) nor recommended in guidelines. This up-to-date meta-analysis of published studies was conducted to evaluate the prognostic and diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG recorded during PCI.

Methods Relevant studies were identified by searches of MEDLINE until 19 June 2021. Observational and diagnostic studies which reported the prognostic or diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG were included. Data were extracted independently by two authors. Summary estimates of clinical outcomes were obtained using a random effects model. Summary diagnostic accuracy was obtained by using a Bayesian bivariate random effects model.

Results Of the 12 included studies, 7 studies reported the clinical outcomes (821 patients) and 6 studies reported the diagnostic accuracy (485 patients) of IC-ECG. The pooled ORs with 95% CIs of ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG were 4.65 (1.69 to 12.77), 5.08 (1.10 to 23.44), 4.53 (0.79 to 25.90) and 1.83 (0.93 to 3.62) for major adverse cardiac events, myocardial infarction, cardiac death and revascularisation, respectively. The weighted mean difference were 6.49 (95% CIs 3.84 to 9.14) for ejection fraction when ST-segment resolution was recorded, and 0.86 (95% CIs −8.55 to 10.26) when ST-segment elevation was recorded. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of ST-segment elevation were 0.78 (95% credibility intervals 0.64 to 0.89) and 0.87 (95% credibility intervals 0.75 to 0.94), respectively.

Conclusions These findings provide quantitative data supporting that IC-ECG had promising diagnostic ability for local myocardial injury, and could predict clinical outcomes.

  • cardiology
  • coronary intervention
  • coronary heart disease

Data availability statement

Data sharing not applicable as no datasets generated and/or analysed for this study. And the original analytic code used in the study are not publicly available.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055871

Statistics from Altmetric.com

    Request Permissions

    If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

    Strengths and limitations of this study

    • There were relatively large number of patients analysed.

    • We used Bayesian meta-analysis to reduce the bias when assessing the diagnostic accuracy.

    • Limited by the published studies, we could only perform meta-analysis of observational studies.

    • We did not perform sensitivity analysis for the timing when the intracoronary ECG (IC-ECG) was recorded, different types of coronary artery diseases, different definitions of significant ST-segment changes on IC-ECG or different guide wires used in the studies, limited by the number of studies.

    Introduction

    Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a well-established therapeutic strategy for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Except for coronary angiography, several invasive diagnostic tools, such as fractional flow reserve (FFR), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography are recommended for guiding PCI by the guidelines.1 But these tools are not always available. In some cases, catheters or pressure wires, may not pass through the lesions or may be damaged when crossing the stents or calcified lesions.2–5 Moreover, for some patients, the costs of these tools are important additional considerations.

    Intracoronary ECG (IC-ECG) recording, with a guidewire functioning as a unipolar electrode, might be an alternative tool for guiding PCI. In some studies, the ST-segment elevation or resolution recorded by IC-ECG during or after PCI procedures have been shown to be sensitive and reliable for detecting myocardial viability, local myocardial ischaemia or microvascular obstruction.5–16 But IC-ECG is neither widely used during PCI nor recommended in guidelines. This up-to-date meta-analysis of published studies was conducted to evaluate the prognostic and diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG recorded during PCI.

    Methods

    The meta-analysis was conducted according to the checklist of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement17 and the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology group.18 We performed a systematic search of relevant studies published through 19 June 2021, in the MEDLINE database.

    Search strategy

    Accessing MEDLINE database, we performed a literature search for studies published until 19 June 2021 using the following search terms and key words: ((intracoronary) AND (electrocardiogram OR ECG OR EKG)) AND (st segment). The search strategy is shown in online supplemental table 1. We manually checked the reference lists of retrieved articles to identify any studies that were not identified from the preliminary literature searches.

    Inclusion and exclusion criteria

    Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they met the following criteria: (1) Published in the English language; (2) Had an observational study design; (3) Enrolled patients with CAD who were undergoing PCI; (4) Reported the clinical outcomes during follow-ups, such as major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), cardiac death, myocardial infarction, ejection fraction (EF) and repeat revascularisation; (5) Reported the diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG and (6) Presented estimates of ORs with 95% CIs or reported data necessary to calculate these. Animal, autopsy, duplicated and phantom studies were excluded. Moreover, studies would be excluded if IC-ECG was not one of the study objects.

    Data extraction

    From each retrieved article, two authors independently extracted the following data: name of the first author, year of publication, location where the study was performed, study design, number of cases, follow-up period, proportion of men, mean or median age, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, reference standard, ORs or event rates, EF during following-up and the diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG. The true-positive, true-negative, false-positive and false-negative rates were also estimated, using the data we extracted from the studies.

    Patient and public involvement

    Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research.

    Statistical analysis

    We directly extracted ORs from each study, or indirectly estimated ORs by calculating event rates. And then we pooled ORs using a random-effects meta-analysis method. For EF, we pooled unstandardised mean difference using a random-effects meta-analysis method. Summary sensitivity and specificity with their 95% credibility intervals of IC-ECG were obtained by using Bayesian bivariate random effects meta-analysis.19–21 Bayesian summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were constructed and the areas under the Bayesian SROC curves (AUC) were performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG.20 21

    To perform quality assessment, two authors independently assessed the prognostic studies’ qualities by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)22 and the diagnostic studies’ qualities by using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool.23 The NOS evaluated three parameters (selection, comparability and outcome) divided across eight items. Each item was scored from 0 to 1 star, except for comparability, which could be adapted to the specific topic of interest to score up to 2 stars. Thus, the maximum score for each study was 9. Studies with <3 stars were at a high risk of bias and would be excluded. The QUADAS tool contained 14 questions which could be used for assessing the qualities of diagnostic studies. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.

    Statistical heterogeneities between prognostic studies were evaluated with the I2 statistic,24 which estimates the percentage of total variation across studies due to true between-study differences rather than chance, with I2 values of 25, 50 and 75% representing low, medium and high heterogeneities, respectively. We performed conflict of evidence analysis for diagnostic studies by extending the random effects distribution, using a scale mixture of normal distributions per random effect.20 P values that were less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were carried out with STATA, V.16.0 (StataCorps), and R statistical software with ‘bamdit’ packages.20

    Results

    Literature search

    The details of search steps are shown in figure 1. We identified and screen 480 articles from our preliminary search. After screening abstracts, 440 articles were excluded because the study objects were not IC-ECG. Sixteen articles were excluded because they were not clinical trials. Bigler’s study compared deep learning with manually obtained IC-ECG results,25 and was excluded. Twenty-three articles were identified for full review. Among these articles, two duplicated studies were excluded. Nine articles were excluded because they did not report ORs, diagnostic accuracy or data necessary to calculate these. Finally, there were 12 studies included in our meta-analysis. Seven studies reported the clinical outcomes and six studies reported the diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Selection of included studies. IC-ECG, intracoronary ECG; RR, risk ratio.

    Study characteristics

    The characteristics of included studies are shown in table 1 and online supplemental table 2. There were seven cohort studies and six diagnostic studies in our meta-analysis. There were 1198 cases included in our meta-analysis totally. Among these cases, 821 cases and 485 cases were included in the meta-analysis for prognostic and diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG, respectively. The proportion of men was 68.8%. The inclusion criteria of the included articles were CAD patients, including stable or unstable angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. The clinical outcomes reported in these studies were mainly MACEs, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularisation and EF. The difference of the definitions that significant ST-segment changes on IC-ECG in each study was not very great. The reference standards reported in the diagnostic studies were varied, including FFR,5 13 echocardiogram14 and troponin.12 15 16

    View this table:
    Table 1

    The characteristics of included studies

    The correlation between clinical outcomes and ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG

    Pooled OR for MACE is shown in figure 2A. The inclusion criteria of these studies were patients with angina and stable conditions. MACEs were defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularisation and hospitalisation for heart failure in Ikenaga’s study.10 In Uetani’s study11 and Balian’s study,12 MACEs were defined as cardiac deaths and myocardial infarction. ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG after PCI procedures was significantly associated with higher risk of MACE (OR 4.65, 95%CIs 1.69 to 12.77). There were mild heterogeneities among studies (I2=30.1%, p=0.239).

    Figure 2
    Figure 2

    The correlation between ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG and clinical outcomes. The clinical outcomes were (A) MACE, (B) cardiac death, (C) myocardial infarction, and (D) revascularisation, respectively. We pooled ORs using a random-effects meta-analysis method. ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG after PCI procedures was significantly associated with higher risk of MACE and myocardial infarction during follow-up, but was not significantly associated with cardiac death nor revascularisation. IC-ECG, intracoronary ECG; mace, major adverse cardiac event.

    Pooled ORs for cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and revascularisation are shown in figure 2B–D. The inclusion criteria of these studies were patients with angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). In the meta-analysis for cardiac death, Ikenaga’s study10 was excluded because there were no events. ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG after PCI procedures was significantly associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction (OR 5.08, 95%CIs 1.10 to 23.44), but not cardiac death (OR 4.53, 95%CIs 0.79 to 25.90) nor revascularisation (OR 1.83, 95% CIs 0.93 to 3.62). There were no heterogeneities among studies (cardiac death, I2=0%, p=0.494; myocardial infarction, I2=0%, p=0.567; revascularisation, I2=0%, p=0.642).

    The correlation between EF and different results recorded by IC-ECG during follow-up

    The correlation between EF and different results recorded by IC-ECG are shown in figure 3. We divided the included studies into two subgroups according to the different evaluation methods reported by the studies. One was ST-segment resolution, and the other one was ST-segment elevation. In the subgroup of ST-segment resolution, inclusion criteria were patients with STEMI. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) was 6.49, with 95%CIs 3.84 to 9.14. There were no heterogeneities (I2=0%, p=0.525). The inclusion criteria of ST-segment elevation subgroup were patients with NSTEMI (Hishikari et al7) or anterior myocardial infarction (Yajima et al9) . The pooled WMD was 0.86, with 95%CIs −8.55 to 10.26. There were heterogeneities (I2=86.3%, p<0.01).

    Figure 3
    Figure 3

    The differences in ejection fraction (EF) between different results recorded by IC-ECG during follow-up. We pooled unstandardised mean difference using a random-effects meta-analysis method. EF was significantly higher during follow-up when ST-segment resolution was observed on IC-ECG, while we could not find similar result when ST-segment elevation was recorded. IC-ECG, intracoronary ECG; WMD, weighted mean difference.

    Diagnostic accuracy of ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG

    Abaci’s study reported the diagnostic accuracy for myocardial viability,14 while the other five diagnostic studies reported the diagnostic accuracy for myocardial injury or ischaemia. Therefore, we excluded Abaci’s study when we performed Bayesian meta-analysis for diagnostic studies. The inclusion criteria of included studies were angina patients with stable conditions. The pooled diagnostic accuracy and the predictive posterior rates are shown in online supplemental figure 1. The Bayesian SROC curve and the AUC are shown in figure 4. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 (95% credibility intervals 0.64 to 0.89) and 0.87 (95% credibility intervals 0.75 to 0.94), respectively. The AUC of Bayesian SORC was 0.65 (95% credibility intervals 0.56 to 0.69). And there were no heterogeneities. The posterior distributions of the component weights which were used for conflict of evidence analysis are shown in online supplemental figure 2.

    Figure 4
    Figure 4

    The Bayesian SROC curve of ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG and the posterior distribution of AUC. Each circle identifies the true positive rate versus the false positive rate of each study. The AUC was 0.65 (95% credibility intervals 0.56–0.69). AUC, areas under the curve; FPR, false positive rate; IC-ECG, IC-ECG, intracoronary ECG; SROC, summary receiver-operating-characteristic; TPR, true positive rate.

    Quality assessment

    Results of quality assessment adapted from NOS are shown in online supplemental table 3. All the studies reached over three stars, but no study reached the maximum score. Considering all the studies included CAD patients, no study got scored in the fourth item of selection section. Only three studies6 7 11 reported the confounders and were scored 2 stars in the comparability section. Two studies9 11 reported the in-hospital outcomes and did not report the patients lost to follow-up, therefore, they were not scored in the second and third items of outcome section.

    Results of quality assessment adapted from QUADAS tool are shown in online supplemental table 4. All the studies clearly described the methods. No studies described whether they blinded reviewers to the results of IC-ECGs, while three studies12–14 blinded reviewers to the results of reference standards. Only two studies12 14 reported the intermediate results, and two studies5 12 explained the withdrawals.

    Discussion

    Our results from the meta-analysis of observational studies indicated that ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG after PCI procedures for stable angina patients linked to worse MACE outcomes. For angina or NSTEMI patients, ST-segment elevation was significantly associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction during follow-up, but not cardiac death nor revascularisation. ST-segment resolution recorded by IC-ECG after PCI procedures for STEMI patients was significantly associated with increased EF during follow-up. But ST-segment elevation during PCI procedures did not significantly link to increased or decreased EF. After Bayesian meta-analysis, IC-ECG showed promising diagnostic ability for myocardial injury or ischaemia.

    ST-segment shift pattern recorded by ECG during acute myocardial infarction was reported 100 years ago.26 And ST-segment deviation recorded by surface ECG was a part of the universal definition of myocardial infarction.27 However, surface ECG was not reliable for detecting local myocardial ischaemia during PCI procedures in real time.28 In this case, IC-ECG was more reliable and sensitive for detecting local ischaemia.29 Although IC-ECG was more sensitive than surface ECG when assessing left ascending artery and circumflex territory, It should be noted that IC-ECG was less sensitive when assessing right coronary artery territory.30 31 On the other hand, impaired microvascular perfusion during PCI might lead to periprocedural myocardial infarction, indicating worse outcomes. IC-ECG could detect local ischaemia, which was found to be well associated with impaired microvascular perfusion.10 For instance, in Sato’s study, the prolongation of ST-segment elevation time recorded by IC-ECG was associated with higher max-lipid core burden index 4 mm detected by near-infrared spectroscopy with IVUS in stable angina patients, which might indicate distal embolisation and microvascular disease.32

    The results from this meta-analysis indicated that ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG after PCI procedure was significantly associated with worse MACE outcomes and higher risk of myocardial infarction in angina or NSTEMI patients, but not significantly associated with cardiac death nor revascularisation. Although there were trends that the risks of cardiac death and revascularisation were higher when ST-segment elevation was observed, more cases might be needed to prove this hypothesis. ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG might be observed when higher pressure or longer duration balloon inflation was performed, indicating local ischaemia. Local myocardial ischaemia could be confirmed by testing myocardial biomarkers. Vassilev’s study found that the maximal ST-segment elevation during inflation significantly correlated with final absolute ST-segment elevation and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme increase post PCI, but not with troponin.16 Interestingly, IVUS guided stent overexpansion was associated with higher periprocedural creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme level too, but lower risk of target lesion revascularisation and mortality at 1 year.33 Therefore, IC-ECG might provide useful information for guiding stent expansion.10 Moreover, Ikenaga and Sato found more plaque rupture, vulnerable plaque or higher lipid core burden when ST-segment elevation was observed, even persisted on IC-ECG.10 32 IC-ECG could help to distinguish the plaque, optimising medical therapies or PCI strategies. For instance, we could use vasodilators, loading dose of statin or embolic protection devices to reduce distal embolisation.32 And, Vassilev’s studies found that IC-ECG had good correlation with FFR, which might be used in guiding bifurcation PCI procedures.5 16

    According to our meta-analysis, EF was significantly higher during follow-up when ST-segment resolution was observed on IC-ECG in STEMI patients. ST-segment resolution on surface ECG which was observed 90 min after the initial therapy was found to be significantly associated with smaller infarct size and fewer deaths.34 But surface ECG could not explore some small infarct zone sometimes.8 Furthermore, restoration of coronary flow didn’t mean normal myocardial perfusion nor better outcomes.35 IC-ECG could provide real time ST-segment information, and was found to be well associated with microvascular obstruction and infarct size.6 In our meta-analysis, ST-segment resolution recorded by IC-ECG was significantly associated with higher EF, meaning better recovery of heart function. This finding was similar to previous studies. In the subgroup of ST-segment elevation, there were heterogeneities between two studies. In Hishikari’s study,7 ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG was associated with lower EF during follow-up in NSTEMI patients, while in Yajima’s study,9 the result was different in anterior myocardial infarction patients. The possible explanation might be the timing of recording IC-ECG. In Hishikari’s study, IC-ECG was performed after the PCI procedure while in Yajima’s study, IC-ECG was performed after the balloon inflation. On IC-ECG, ST-segment elevation after PCI procedure might indicate prolonged local myocardial ischaemia and worse outcome, as we described above. The result of Hishikari’s study that lower EF was observed in ST-segment elevation group, was one of these evidences. On the other hand, there might be myocardium stun after acute myocardial infarction.36 The results of Yajima’s study showed that ST-segment elevation recorded by IC-ECG after balloon inflation could predict myocardial viability and better outcomes.9 These findings showed that IC-ECG might help to optimise PCI procedure by providing real time information, which could predict clinical outcomes.

    The diagnostic studies included in our study reported three reference standards. After excluding Abaci’s study, there were still two reference standards. And the reference standards (FFR and troponin) for diagnosing myocardial ischaemia or injury were not perfect. Also, there were too few studies included in our meta-analysis. Considering these situations, we used Bayesian meta-analysis to assess the pooled diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG. There were already several papers illustrated this method to reduce the bias which came from the different or imperfect reference standards.20 21 37 38 The results of our Bayesian meta-analysis showed the promising diagnostic ability of IC-ECG for diagnosing myocardial ischaemia or injury. Furthermore, comparing to other invasive diagnostic tools, IC-ECG could be easily performed and produce real-time information. But some details might affect the diagnostic accuracy when performing IC-ECG. One of the details was the type of guide wire used. Vassilev et al found out that the exact size of recording electrode is the last 3 cm of every workhorse guidewire.16 And Uetani found that the waveforms of IC-ECG were different in the same position between conventional uninsulated guidewires and polymer-covered wires.11 However, we could not perform sensitivity analysis for different guide wires, limited by the included studies, to verify the hypothesis that different types of guide wires would affect the diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG. The other one detail was the position of the wire tip. The convenient way of performing IC-ECG was putting the wire tip in the distal position of the target vessel, just like what the most included studies did. In most situation, IC-ECG could detect local ischaemia in the pertinent area of target vessels by using this method. But Vassilev found that when they pulled back the guidewire, the elevated ST-segment would suddenly normalise if the wire tip exited the border of ischaemic territory.16 And they explored a method to detect and define the ischaemic territory. Further researches should consider how these details affect the diagnostic accuracy of IC-ECG in order to guide the PCI procedures better. Although Abaci’s study was excluded when performing the meta-analysis, this study still provided important results. Like Yajima’s study which was mentioned above, Abaci’s study recorded IC-ECG after balloon inflation, not PCI procedures. Both of these two studies found a good correlation between ST-segment elevation and myocardial viability. In short, IC-ECG had potential value for guiding PCI.

    The strengths of our study were the relatively large number of patients analysed. And we used Bayesian meta-analysis to reduce the bias when assessing the diagnostic accuracy. However, there were limitations to our study. First, limited by the published studies, we could only perform meta-analysis of observational studies. And the wide CIs of ORs were the results of low event rates reported in the studies, especially in the no ST-segment elevation group. Second, not all the included studies performed adjustments for confounders, or reports of patients lost to follow-up. Thus, the results of quality assessment were not so satisfactory. Third, there were varied and imperfect reference standards reported in the diagnostic studies. Therefore, we chose Bayesian meta-analysis to assess the pooled diagnostic accuracy, reducing the bias. Fourth, we did not perform sensitivity analysis for the timing when the IC-ECG was recorded, different types of CADs, different definitions of significant ST-segment changes on IC-ECG or different guide wires used in the studies, limited by the number of studies. But in the meta-analysis of clinical outcomes, there were no heterogeneities. These results indicated that these subgroups might have little influence on the ORs. And we found that recording IC-ECG in different phases of PCI procedures might produce different information which might help decision making. Further researches should consider whether the correlation between IC-ECG measures and clinical outcomes depend on the timing of the IC-ECG. Fifth, we did not report publication bias, because given the small numbers of included studies, it was not possible to meaningfully assess publication bias.

    Conclusions

    IC-ECG had promising diagnostic ability for local myocardial injury, and could predict clinical outcomes, which could be easily performed and produce real-time information during and after PCI procedures. IC-ECG could be an alternative tool for guiding PCI when other invasive tools are not available.

    Data availability statement

    Data sharing not applicable as no datasets generated and/or analysed for this study. And the original analytic code used in the study are not publicly available.

    Ethics statements

    Patient consent for publication

    Acknowledgments

    The authors thank Dr. Wu Suhua, who is from department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, for his help.

    References

    1. ↵
      1. Neumann F-J,
      2. Sousa-Uva M,
      3. Ahlsson A, et al
      . 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2019;40:87–165.doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30165437
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    2. ↵
      1. Johnson NP,
      2. Gould KL,
      3. Di Carli MF, et al
      . Invasive FFR and Noninvasive CFR in the Evaluation of Ischemia: What Is the Future? J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:2772–88.doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.584pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27282899
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    3. ↵
      1. Ather S,
      2. Bavishi CP,
      3. Bhatia V, et al
      . Comparison of failure rates of crossing side branch with pressure vs. coronary guidewire: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2016;46:448–59.doi:10.1111/eci.12620pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26990307
      OpenUrlPubMed
    4. ↵
      1. Bilge M,
      2. Ali S,
      3. Alemdar R, et al
      . First experience with the jailed pressure wire technique in the provisional side branch stenting of coronary bifurcation lesions. EuroIntervention 2014;10:570–3.doi:10.4244/EIJV10I5A99pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25256199
      OpenUrlPubMed
    5. ↵
      1. Vassilev D,
      2. Dosev L,
      3. Collet C, et al
      . Intracoronary electrocardiogram to guide percutaneous interventions in coronary bifurcations - a proof of concept: the FIESTA (Ffr vs. IcEcgSTA) study. EuroIntervention 2018;14:e530–7.doi:10.4244/EIJ-D-17-00189pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829743
      OpenUrlPubMed
    6. ↵
      1. Wong DTL,
      2. Leung MCH,
      3. Das R, et al
      . Intracoronary ECG during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction predicts microvascular obstruction and infarct size. Int J Cardiol 2013;165:61–6.doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.078pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875755
      OpenUrlPubMed
    7. ↵
      1. Hishikari K,
      2. Kakuta T,
      3. Lee T, et al
      . St-Segment elevation on intracoronary electrocardiogram after percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with worse outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016;87:E113–21.doi:10.1002/ccd.26072pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152334
      OpenUrlPubMed
    8. ↵
      1. Balian V,
      2. Galli M,
      3. Repetto S, et al
      . Intracoronary ST segment evolution during primary coronary stenting predicts infarct zone recovery. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:53–60.doi:10.1002/ccd.20236pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15619303
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    9. ↵
      1. Yajima J,
      2. Saito S,
      3. Honye J, et al
      . Intracoronary electrocardiogram for early detection of myocardial viability during coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2001;79:293–9.doi:10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00436-3pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11461754
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    10. ↵
      1. Ikenaga H,
      2. Kurisu S,
      3. Nakao T, et al
      . Predictive value of plaque morphology assessed by frequency-domain optical coherence tomography for impaired microvascular perfusion after elective stent implantation: the intracoronary electrocardiogram study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;19:310–8.doi:10.1093/ehjci/jex023pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28329036
      OpenUrlPubMed
    11. ↵
      1. Uetani T,
      2. Amano T,
      3. Kumagai S, et al
      . Intracoronary electrocardiogram recording with a bare-wire system: perioperative ST-segment elevation in the intracoronary electrocardiogram is associated with myocardial injury after elective coronary stent implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2:127–35.doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2008.07.010pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19463414
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    12. ↵
      1. Balian V,
      2. Galli M,
      3. Marcassa C, et al
      . Intracoronary ST-segment shift soon after elective percutaneous coronary intervention accurately predicts periprocedural myocardial injury. Circulation 2006;114:1948–54.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.620476pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17060382
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    13. ↵
      1. Balian V,
      2. Marcassa C,
      3. Galli M, et al
      . Intracoronary electrocardiogram ST segment shift evaluation during intravenous adenosine infusion: a comparison with fractional flow reserve. Cardiol J 2011;18:662–7.doi:10.5603/cj.2011.0030pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113754
      OpenUrlPubMed
    14. ↵
      1. Abaci A,
      2. Oguzhan A,
      3. Topsakal R, et al
      . Intracoronary electrocardiogram and angina pectoris during percutaneous coronary interventions as an assessment of myocardial viability: comparison with low-dose dobutamine echocardiography. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:469–76.doi:10.1002/ccd.10699pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14624423
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    15. ↵
      1. Wang X-Z,
      2. Yang Z-J,
      3. Wang Y-S, et al
      . [Clinical value of intracoronary ST-segment shift in diagnosis of early myocardial injury during percutaneous coronary intervention]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2011;33:495–8.pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22338131
      OpenUrlPubMed
    16. ↵
      1. Vassilev D,
      2. Dosev L,
      3. Rigatelli G, et al
      . Prediction of troponin elevation by means of intracoronary electrocardiogram during percutaneous coronary intervention of coronary bifurcation lesions (from COronary SIde Branch Residual IschemiA and COllateralization Assessment Study; COSIBRIA & Co Study. Kardiol Pol 2016;74:943–53.doi:10.5603/KP.a2016.0057pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27112944
      OpenUrlPubMed
    17. ↵
      1. Page MJ,
      2. McKenzie JE,
      3. Bossuyt PM, et al
      . The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2021;134:178–89.doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33789819
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    18. ↵
      1. Stroup DF,
      2. Berlin JA,
      3. Morton SC, et al
      . Meta-Analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (moose) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008–12.doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10789670
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    19. ↵
      1. Broemeling LD
      . Bayesian methods for medical test accuracy. Diagnostics 2011;1:1–35.doi:10.3390/diagnostics1010001pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26859485
      OpenUrlPubMed
    20. ↵
      1. Verde PE
      . bamdit : An R Package for Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Data. J Stat Softw 2018;86:32.doi:10.18637/jss.v086.i10
    21. ↵
      1. Verde PE
      . Meta-Analysis of diagnostic test data: a bivariate Bayesian modeling approach. Stat Med 2010;29:3088–102.doi:10.1002/sim.4055pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170904
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    22. ↵
      1. Wells GA SB,
      2. O’Connell D,
      3. Peterson J
      . The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality if nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses 2009.
    23. ↵
      1. Whiting P,
      2. Rutjes AWS,
      3. Reitsma JB, et al
      . The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003;3:25.doi:10.1186/1471-2288-3-25pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14606960
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    24. ↵
      1. Higgins JPT,
      2. Thompson SG
      . Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002;21:1539–58.doi:10.1002/sim.1186pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12111919
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    25. ↵
      1. Bigler MR,
      2. Seiler C
      . Detection of myocardial ischemia by intracoronary ECG using convolutional neural networks. PLoS One 2021;16:e0253200.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253200pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34125855
      OpenUrlPubMed
    26. ↵
      1. Bigler MR,
      2. Zimmermann P,
      3. Papadis A, et al
      . Accuracy of intracoronary ECG parameters for myocardial ischemia detection. J Electrocardiol 2021;64:50–7.doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.11.018pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33316551
      OpenUrlPubMed
    27. ↵
      1. Thygesen K,
      2. Alpert JS,
      3. Jaffe AS, et al
      . Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:2231–64.doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1038pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30153967
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    28. ↵
      1. Yong ASC,
      2. Lowe HC,
      3. Ng MKC, et al
      . The intracoronary electrocardiogram in percutaneous coronary intervention. J Interv Cardiol 2009;22:68–76.doi:10.1111/j.1540-8183.2008.00419.xpmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141091
      OpenUrlPubMed
    29. ↵
      1. Friedman PL,
      2. Shook TL,
      3. Kirshenbaum JM, et al
      . Value of the intracoronary electrocardiogram to monitor myocardial ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1986;74:330–9.doi:10.1161/01.cir.74.2.330pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2942314
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    30. ↵
      1. Pande AK,
      2. Meier B,
      3. Urban P, et al
      . Intracoronary electrocardiogram during coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J 1992;124:337–41.doi:10.1016/0002-8703(92)90595-mpmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636577
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    31. ↵
      1. Piessens J,
      2. Vrolix M,
      3. Sionis D, et al
      . The value of the intracoronary electrogram for the early detection of myocardial ischaemia during coronary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 1991;12:1176–82.doi:10.1093/eurheartj/12.11.1176pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1782945
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    32. ↵
      1. Sato T,
      2. Yuasa S,
      3. Ohta Y, et al
      . Small lipid core burden index in patients with stable angina pectoris is also associated with microvascular dysfunction: insights from intracoronary electrocardiogram. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021;52:1–8.doi:10.1007/s11239-021-02380-zpmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33528755
      OpenUrlPubMed
    33. ↵
      1. Iakovou I,
      2. Mintz GS,
      3. Dangas G, et al
      . Increased CK-MB release is a "trade-off" for optimal stent implantation: an intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1900–5.doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.06.012pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14662249
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    34. ↵
      1. Dong J,
      2. Ndrepepa G,
      3. Schmitt C, et al
      . Early resolution of ST-segment elevation correlates with myocardial salvage assessed by Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy in patients with acute myocardial infarction after mechanical or thrombolytic reperfusion therapy. Circulation 2002;105:2946–9.doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000022604.56986.ffpmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12081985
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    35. ↵
      1. Stone GW,
      2. Peterson MA,
      3. Lansky AJ, et al
      . Impact of normalized myocardial perfusion after successful angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:591–7.doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01779-xpmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11849856
      OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    36. ↵
      1. Garcia MJ,
      2. Kwong RY,
      3. Scherrer-Crosbie M, et al
      . State of the art: imaging for myocardial viability: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2020;13:e000053.doi:10.1161/HCI.0000000000000053pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32833510
      OpenUrlPubMed
    37. ↵
      1. Walter SD,
      2. Irwig L,
      3. Glasziou PP
      . Meta-Analysis of diagnostic tests with imperfect reference standards. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52:943–51.doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00086-4pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10513757
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    38. ↵
      1. Menten J,
      2. Boelaert M,
      3. Lesaffre E
      . Bayesian meta-analysis of diagnostic tests allowing for imperfect reference standards. Stat Med 2013;32:5398–413.doi:10.1002/sim.5959pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24003003
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed

    Supplementary materials

    • Supplementary Data

      This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.

    Footnotes

    • WL and JH contributed equally.

    • Contributors Design and Planning: YP; Data collection: JH, JF; Data analysis: WL, PC; JH; Statistics and WL, JH; Drafting article and Reporting: WL, JH, JF, YP. Guarantor: YP.

    • Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.