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Abstract
Objectives To describe 6-min walk test (6MWT) outcomes, and to investigate their correlations with cardiopulmonary and lung function among patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) which was not limited to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Methods We collected patients’ demographic data and obtained minute-by-minute 6MWT outcomes. Modified Borg scale was employed to assess patients’ dyspnoea, whereas New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and pulmonary function test were used to evaluate patients’ cardiopulmonary functions.
Results Heart rate (HR) exhibited a continuous upward trend, while SpO2 exhibited an overall downward with a slight increase at the fifth minute. The SpO2 nadir for 70 patients (9.3%) was lower than 80%. Further, the SpO2 nadir for 78.27% of the participants appeared at the end of the fourth minute. The 6-min walk distance (6MWD) had the strongest correlation with NYHA classification (r=0.82, p<0.01). The ratio of 6MWD to predicted 6MWD was most correlated to forced expiratory volume in the first second (r=0.30, p<0.01) and forced vital capacity (r=0.30, p<0.01). SpO2 at 3 min had the strongest correlation to patients’ diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (r=0.41, p<0.01). We found significant differences in 6MWD (F=2.44, p=0.033), SpO2 change (F=2.58, p=0.025), HR at 0 min (F=2.87, p=0.014), HR at end of 6 min (F=2.58, p=0.025) and HR zenith (F=2.64, p=0.022) between the subtypes of ILD.
Conclusion This observation provided an important evidence regarding oxygen titration. It is better to maintain SpO2 above 88% for 4 min instead of 3 min. SpO2 at the third minute was the most valuable predictor of patients’ lung function. 6MWD and SpO2 changes were more discriminative in subtypes.
- Interstitial lung disease
- Rehabilitation medicine
- RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine)
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Data were available upon reasonable request from Xiaobing Wu (wuxiaobing_gz@163.com)
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The study included a large sample size of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) not limited to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
This was the first study to compare 6-min walk test (6MWT) outcomes between multiple subtypes of ILD.
This study described the tendency of heart rate and SpO2 minute-by-minute during 6MWT.
Lack of follow-up hindered the prediction of patients’ long-term clinical outcomes using 6MWT.
Background
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of more than 200 kinds of diseases characterised by pulmonary inflammation, accompanied with or without fibrosis.1 2 Patients diagnosed with ILD mostly have dyspnoea and decreased tolerance to exercise.3 The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is widely used to assess patients’ performance ability with different cardiopulmonary-related diseases, which provides essential outcomes that cannot be obtained otherwise by standardised pulmonary function testing.4
Until, most 6MWT-related studies have focused on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is the most common type of ILD. Previous studies have investigated the outcomes of 6MWT, most of which centred on the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2). However, 6MWT is ideal in predicting patients’ clinical outcomes. Previous studies found that 6MWD and oxygen desaturation are associated with mortality in patients with IPF.5 6 According to a previous study, 6MWD was an independent positive factor for the physical activity of patients with IPF.7 In addition, 6MWD had a positive association with the subjective health-related quality of life (HRQL) and objective lung function index,8 9 which included the predicted percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC) and predicted lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco)5 8 9 as well as forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1),10 which is a negative predictor for dyspnoea.8 9 11 12 Furthermore, the occurrence of desaturation and changes in SpO2 during the test were indicators of patients’ mortality with IPF.13 14
6MWT has multiple associated outcomes that are not restricted to 6MWD and SpO2. It comprises the distance walked, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, SpO2 and dyspnoea, as assessed by the Borg scale.15 Although the predictive value of oxygen desaturation for the clinical outcomes of the patients has been confirmed,5 6 the most predictive time point of this outcome within the 6 min remains unclear. In addition, the effect of different subtypes of ILD on 6MWT outcomes has not been evaluated yet. Several studies highlighted the importance of finding the most prognostic outcome of 6MWT,6 16 and measuring SpO2 for the entire 6 min duration of 6MWT is recommended by the 2014 technical standards of European Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society.17 In the current study, wearable monitors were used to obtain the precise minute-by-minute data of 6MWT, which facilitated the descriptions and comparisons in detail. The comparison between subgroups of ILD will provide new insights into the distinguishing value of 6MWT outcomes.
Hence, to provide detailed features, the predictive value of 6MWT for cardiopulmonary functions, and its distinguishing value for the subtypes of ILD in the current study, we aimed to: (1) describe the detailed outcomes of 6MWT outcomes, including the HR, SpO2, blood pressure, Borg score and walking distance. (2) Identify the correlations between 6MWT outcomes and patients’ cardiopulmonary functions. (3) Investigate the effect of the differences between subclassifications of ILD on 6MWT outcomes.
Methods
Design
This was an observational study using a wearable monitor.
Patients
All the patients were recruited from July 2019 to August 2020 at the Guangzhou Respiratory Health Institute, the biggest respiratory centre in China. We identified eligible participants based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria—we included patients who were diagnosed with ILD, or whose condition was feasible to conduct 6MWT. The expert pulmonologist established the diagnosis based on patients’ symptoms, the radiologist’s opinion from the imaging tests, blood tests results, lung function tests, bronchoscopy and biopsy. We excluded patients who had walking limitations, including joint restrictions or other critical diseases and those who experienced myocardial infarction in the previous 5 days, unstable angina, syncope, symptomatic arrhythmia, severe aortic stenosis or decompensated heart failure due to another unstable medical issues.17 After the initial screening, we obtained informed consent from eligible participants before including them in the study.
Measurements
Demographics questionnaire
The self-designed demographic questionnaire included questions about the age, height, weight, body mass index and sex of the participants.
NYHA functional classification
The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification was considered as a critical criterion for a comprehensive cardiac diagnosis.18 It classifies patients into four categories, based on their limitations during physical activity, which ranges from no symptoms with ordinary physical activity (class I) to symptoms at rest and increased discomfort with any physical activity (class IV).19
Borg scale
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale was developed by Borg,20 which is widely used to measure patients’ effort and exertion, breathlessness and fatigue during physical work. A higher score indicated a more severe level of exertion.21
Outcomes of 6MWT
According to Enright’s recommendations,22 the primary outcome in our study was 6MWD. We calculated the predicted 6MWD based on equations developed by Enright and Sherrill.23 For men, the predicted 6MWD=(7.57 * heightcm)−(5.02 * age)−(1.76 * weightkg)−309 m. For women, the predicted 6MWD=(2.11 * heightcm)−(2.29 * age)−(5.78 * weightkg)+667 m. Secondary outcomes include fatigue and dyspnoea, arterial oxygen saturation, HR and blood pressure. We measured fatigue and dyspnoea by modified Borg scale before and after 6MWT, and used wearable monitors to record patients’ arterial oxygen saturation and HR during 6MWT. We also recorded the patients’ blood pressure before and after the test, and calculate the mean arterial pressure. In this study, 6MWT was conducted without oxygen therapy support. Most of participants had received a 6MWT at the outpatient clinic before their hospital admission. In this case, the learning effect that improves the distance of second walk will be weak.24 Therefore, we conducted one 6MWT for each patient.
Pulmonary function test
Restriction of lung volumes and dysfunction of diffusion are the main functional respiratory abnormalities. An increased FEV1/FVC ratio, accompanied by a low total lung capacity, indicates restriction of lung volumes. Previous studies have proven that reduction in FVCand DLCO are associated with poor survival rates and prognosis.25 Therefore, in this study, FVC, FEV1 and DLCO were used for the respiratory function assessment.
Subtypes of ILD
Since ILD encompasses more than 200 parenchymal pulmonary disorders, we divided all the cases into subtypes, to facilitate the analysis. According to the classifications of Cottin et al,26 the subtypes contain idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, autoimmune ILDs, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis and other ILDs. Beause IPF is the most widely studied and the most common type of ILD, we classified it as a dependent category to make the comparisons more detailed. Therefore, we included six subtypes in total.
Data collection
We collected patients’ demographic data using a self-designed questionnaire, which was administered after 6MWT. The outcomes of the pulmonary function test and the NYHA functional classification were obtained from the patients’ medical records. The Borg scale was employed before and after walking. All the 6MWT-related outcomes were automatically collected using physiological parameters transmission management software during the 6-min module (Shenzhen zhongruiqi Electronic Technology Co.). Since the patients at the centre completed all the assessments and tests within 3 days of their admission, the outcomes of pulmonary function test, NYHA functional classification and 6MWT were obtained within the next 3 days.
Analysis
We used the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software V.21.0 (IBM Corporation) for data analysis. We used descriptive statistics to summarise the participants’ demographics, 6MWT outcomes, Borg grades, NYHA functional classification and pulmonary function indexes. Specifically, we described continuous variables as mean and SD, and categorical variables as frequency. After performing a check for normality, we used the paired t-test to assess the differences in SpO2 between each end of the minute. Analysis of variance was used to assess the differences of 6MWT-related outcomes across the subtypes of ILD. We performed the Pearson correlation analysis to identify the correlations between the 6MWT outcomes and other measurements. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Patient and public involvement
No patient involved.
Results
Demographics and characteristics of patients
We included 954 patients with ILD from July 2019 to August 2020. The average age of participants was 55.40 (SD=12.35) years (range 14–83 years). The sample included 510 (53.50%) men (table 1).
The demographic and characteristic information of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (n=954)
Features of 6MWT outcomes among patients with ILD
For 750 participants with valid data, the SpO2 nadir was higher than 80%, and for 524 patients (69.9%) the SpO2 nadir was higher than 88. Other details are shown in table 2. Figure 1 shows patients’ SpO2 and HR during 6MWT. SpO2 generally showed a downward trend, but increased slightly at the end of the fifth minute, whereas HR exhibited a sharp increase in the first 2 min and reached a peak before becoming steady. Paired t-test found three significant drops in the SpO2, which occurred at the first minute (t=19.29, p<0.001), the second minute (t=25.38, p<0.001) and the third minute (t=4.75, p<0.001). This was accompanied by a slightly significant rise at the fourth minute (t=−2.06, p=0.039). Figure 2 depicts the time point when SpO2 nadir appears at the first time and the occurrence of SpO2 nadir at each end of a minute over 6 min. The SpO2 nadir of 63.87% and 78.27% of the participants’ appeared at the end of the third and the fourth minute, respectively.
The features of 6-min walk test (6MWT) outcomes among patients with interstitial lung disease
Description of SPO2 and heart rate (HR) in patients with interstitial lung disease during 6-min walk test.
Statistical analysis chart of SPO2 in patients with interstitial lung disease within 6 min.
Difference in 6MWT outcomes among subgroup of patients with ILD
Significant differences between the subtypes of ILD were found for 6MWD (F=2.44, p=0.033), SpO2 change (F=2.58, p=0.025), HR at 0 min (F=2.87, p=0.014), HR at end of 6 min (F=2.58, p=0.025) and HR zenith (F=2.64, p=0.022) (table 3).
Difference between subgroups of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in 6-min walk test (6MWT) outcomes
Correlation between the outcomes of 6MWT and cardiopulmonary function
SpO2 was generally positively correlated to cardiopulmonary function, whereas the HR and Borg scale were negatively correlated. Specifically, the NYHA grade strongly correlated with 6MWD (r=0.82, p<0.01). The 6MWD/predicted 6MWD had the highest correlation coefficient with FVC (r=0.30, p<0.01) and FEV1 (r=0.30, p<0.01). SpO2 at the end of 3 min had the strongest correlation to DLCO (r=0.41, p<0.01) (table 4).
Correlations between 6-min walk test (6MWT) outcomes and cardiopulmonary function
Discussion
This study described identified the correlation between 6MWT outcomes and cardiopulmonary function and compared the difference between subtypes of ILD on 6MWT outcomes. We found that the HR and SpO2 did not increase or decrease uniformly during walking. For approximately 10% of the patients, the SpO2 nadir was lower than 80%, but they completed the test. Besides, SpO2 nadir appeared at the end of the fourth minute for approximately 80% of patients. Therefore, 6MWD and SpO2 had the strongest correlation with heart function and lung function of ILD, respectively. Moreover, group comparisons revealed that the 6MWD and SpO2 change were more distinguishing for the subgroups of ILD.
Compared with previous studies, the average 6MWD in our study was 457.28 m, which was moderate.27 28 HR increased continuously and SpO2 decreased, with a slight rise in the fifth minute. However, the results of a previous study showed a slight increase in the fourth minute and a sharp drop in SpO2.29 Since our study had a bigger sample size, the average 6MWD and tendency of SpO2 were more representative. According to the standard, 6MWT should be terminated when SpO2 falls below 80%.30 When SpO2 was less than 88%, it was considered as a significant desaturation, and patients were recommended to take an oxygen supplement.31–33 Without oxygen supplements in our study, SpO2 nadir were lower than 88% and 80% for 30.1% and 9.3% of the patients, respectively. They all completed 6MWT without any chest pain, leg cramps, unsteady gait, diaphoresis or a pale/ashen appearance, experiencing breathlessness, or reporting being too tired to continue. Our findings indicated that it is unwarranted to stop 6MWT when patients with ILD only experience desaturation without other indications of termination, which corroborate the findings of Afzal et al.34 The SpO2 nadir is an essential outcome of 6MWT, and our research revealed that for 63.87% and 78.27% of the participants, SpO2 nadir appeared at the end of the third and fourth minute respectively. Oxygen titration is generally performed with 6MWT to determine the oxygen flow that prevents oxygen saturation from falling below 88%, measured using pulse oximetry (SpO2). According to Giovacchini et al,35 after a certain dose of oxygen is administered, the patients’ SpO2 should exceed 88% and be stable for 3 min. In our study, we found that the SpO2 nadir for approximately 80% of the patients had appeared at the end of the fourth minute; hence, we strongly recommend that oxygen titration should be for 4 min.
Garin et al did not find significant differences between IPF and systemic sclerosis-associated ILD on 6MWD and dyspnoea,36 while Someya and Mugii found that patients with IPF had lower SpO2 and higher Borg score than patients with dermatomyositis.37 We observed no significant differences between the subtypes for Borg score and SpO2 after walking. Since previous studies merely compared two different subgroups of ILD, our results were more comprehensive and reliable. Contrary to dyspnoea and SpO2 after walking, we found significant differences between groups on 6MWD and SpO2 change. Therefore, 6MWD and SpO2 change was the more distinguishing outcomes for subtypes of ILD. Although the HR at the 0 min, end of 6 min and HR zenith showed significant differences between the subtypes, this finding was unclear because baseline HR showed differences before walking. Therefore, future studies in another population or multicentre may reinforce the findings.
Similar to previous studies, 6MWD and SpO2 positively correlated with cardiopulmonary function outcomes such as NYHA, FVC, FEV1 and DLCO,5 8–10 while Borg score was negatively correlated.30 Compared with 6MWD and SpO2, the patients’ HR had a weaker positive correlation to cardiopulmonary function outcomes. Hence, SpO2 and distance were more valuable than HR in predicting the patients’ cardiopulmonary function and degree of dyspnoea. In a study, 6MWD was more correlated to DLCO than SpO227; however, our result was to the contrary—lower FVC and DLCO were associated with poor prognosis and high mortality.16 38–40 Nevertheless, the DLCO level was more valuable than FVC, as it captured the combined impact on the pulmonary reserve of IPF, emphysema and pulmonary hypertension.41 Since SpO2 had the strongest correlation with DLCO, we recommend clinical practitioners to monitor the SpO2 of patients with ILD. Besides, the most valuable SpO2 time point remains unclear. A previous study revealed that SpO2 nadir and SpO2 change had the same degree of correlation with DLCO,42 and another study also highlighted the critical predictive value of the SpO2 nadir.43In contrast, our findings illustrated that SpO2 at the end of the third minute was more predictive than the SpO2 nadir and SpO2 change in DLCO. Although 6MWD/predicted 6MWD had a higher correlation to FEV1 and FVC than SpO2 at the end of the third minute, 6MWD was more susceptible to factors such as age, sex, shorter corridor and inappropriate walking shoes.44–46 Furthermore, DLCO was considered more critical than FEV1 and FVC for ILD. Hence, the third-minute SpO2 can be an alternative to predict lung function in patients with ILD.
Limitations and future research directions
This study had several limitations. First, we did not conduct the second 6MWT for patients, and so the measured distance might not be the longest potential distance. Second, 25% of the values regarding some non-critical variables were missing, which might introduce selection bias and affect the validity and representativeness of the results. Replication in another population or a multicentric study could reinforce the findings. Third, lack of follow-up on patients’ prognosis and mortality hindered the prediction of 6MWT outcomes on the long-term clinical outcomes. Future research is required to explore the association between the outcomes of 6MWT and long-term prognosis.
Conclusions
Despite the above limitations, this study showed that increased HR and decreased SpO2 during the 6MWT do not change uniformly. Approximately 10% of the patients, whose SpO2 was less than 80%, completed 6MWT without any discomfort indicated. Hence, it is unwarranted to halt 6MWT when patients with ILD experience only desaturation, without other indications of termination. SpO2 nadir appeared at the end of the fourth minute for approximately 80% of the patients, which provides an important evidence regarding oxygen titration, that is, it is better to maintain SpO2 above 88% for 4 min. Besides, the third-minute SpO2 can be an alternative to predict patients’ lung function. Conclusively, 6MWD and SpO2 change showed significant differences between the subtypes of ILD, which indicated that they were more distinguishing for the subtypes of ILD.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Data were available upon reasonable request from Xiaobing Wu (wuxiaobing_gz@163.com)
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
Ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki was used for guide this study, and the research protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. The approval number is 2020 No.K-45. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the other medical works for facilitating our data collection, they are Yanni XU, Yanfen PAN, Yanqiu LV and Xian LI. We would also like to thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English language editing.
References
Footnotes
Contributors JL and XW were involved in the design of the study. MD, Xiaoyan L and HW were responsible for the data collection. Xinyin L was involved in data analysis. JL drafted the manuscript. All the authors made contributions to the revision and approved the final version. XW is responsible for the overall content as guarantor
Funding This research was supported by the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, and the funding number is ZH201822.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.