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Abstract
Introduction Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been shown to reduce symptoms and adverse effects and improve quality of life of patients undergoing conventional oncology treatment, but CAM might also cause symptoms and adverse effects such as headache and fatigue. Thus, patients need guidance towards safe and healthy use of CAM. According to published results, open dialogue about CAM (OD-CAM) between health professionals and patients as an integral part of anticancer treatment may improve patients’ quality of life and well-being. Since the literature on the issue is sparse, the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of OD-CAM integrated early in conventional oncology treatment versus standard care (SC) in patients undergoing standard anticancer treatment.
Methods and analysis The study is a randomised controlled trial, being conducted at an oncology outpatient clinic in Denmark. 207 patients undergoing curative or palliative oncology treatment for breast, gynaecological, prostate, pulmonary, colorectal, anal or pancreatic cancer will be randomly assigned to SC with or without OD-CAM. A nurse specialist will facilitate the OD-CAM in one or two sessions. The primary endpoint is patient reported quality of life in relation to psychological well-being 8 weeks after enrollment. Secondary endpoints are patient reported level of depression and anxiety, top concerns, and decision regret 8, 12 and 24 weeks after enrolment, and overall survival.
Ethics and dissemination According to the Committee on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark, ethics approval of this study is not required (S-20202000-5, 20/1019). The Region of Southern Denmark (Journal no. 20/11100) approved the storing and handling of data. Participants’ informed consent will be obtained before inclusion and randomisation. The results of the study, whether positive, negative or inconclusive, will be disseminated through open-access, peer-reviewed publications, stake-holder-reporting and presentations at relevant conferences.
Trial registration number NCT04299451.
- Adult oncology
- Breast tumours
- Gastrointestinal tumours
- Gynaecological oncology
- Respiratory tract tumours
- CHEMOTHERAPY
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- Adult oncology
- Breast tumours
- Gastrointestinal tumours
- Gynaecological oncology
- Respiratory tract tumours
- CHEMOTHERAPY
Strengths and limitations of this study
The CAMONCO 2 study is the first randomised controlled trial to specifically assess the efficacy of open dialogue about complementary and alternative medicine on psychological quality of life and well-being and decisional as to conventional treatment.
The use of validated patient-reported questionnaires is a strength of the study.
The use of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire computerised adaptive test CORE questionnaire increases measurement precision, flexibility, questions relevance to the individual patients and reduces respondent burden.
The complexity of the intervention makes it difficult to determine the potential effects.
The pragmatic choice of including patients with different cancer diagnoses and prognoses may be too broad.
Introduction
An upward trend in patients’ use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as an adjunct to conventional oncology treatment and care is shown in Denmark1 2 and internationally.3–8 The term CAM refers to therapies such as acupuncture, meditation, herbs and dietary supplements used as a supplement to conventional cancer treatment.9 A cross-sectional descriptive survey with 956 patients from 14 different European countries including Denmark has shown that herbs together with homeopathy, vitamins/minerals, medicinal teas, spiritual therapies and relaxation techniques are the most commonly used CAM modalities among patients with cancer.10 In the management of cancer-related symptoms and adverse events of conventional oncology treatment CAM is relevant as supportive therapy. Acupressure and acupuncture have been shown to reduce nausea and pain,11 aromatherapy alleviates sleep and anxiety disorders,12 and massage, yoga, mindfulness and meditation have been shown to increase quality of life (QoL) and reduce stress and fatigue.13 CAM may also relieve fear, fatigue and depression14 and enhance hope,4 self-care, self-control and empowerment.15 16 The level of evidence, however, ranges from high to low, and some CAM modalities include risk of interaction when combined with conventional oncology treatment.17–19 To ensure patient safety and high-quality care some cancer centres thus practice integrative oncology.20–24 Integrative oncology is a patient-centred, evidence-informed field of cancer care that uses mind and body practices, natural products and/or lifestyle modifications from different traditions alongside conventional cancer treatments. The fundamental starting point of integrative oncology is that patients and health professionals openly discuss safe and healthy use of CAM.9 Studies have shown that counselling about CAM as an integral part of conventional oncology treatment engages patients in their own healthcare, increases patient-centred communication and leads to higher clinician25 and patient satisfaction.26 Counselling about CAM also addresses patient stress and uncertainty because it reduces exposure to misleading information. Furthermore, it enhances the patient–physician relationship, which is essential in delivering high-quality care.27 Measurable clinically significant improvements on patients’ main concerns and well-being has also been associated with CAM counselling when integrated in conventional oncology treatment.20 Improvements in relation to depression, anxiety, well-being, psychological distress and global distress (sum of pain, fatigue, nausea, depression) have also been identified.28–31 These studies, however, are limited by the fact that the elements of the CAM counselling were heterogeneous with no clear description, and the changes in symptoms, QoL and well-being lack comparison with a control group. In a previous phase II randomised, controlled study including 112 patients and a qualitative interview of 15 patients (The CAMONCO 1 study),32 we developed and described the intervention ‘open dialogue about CAM’ (OD-CAM). Based on a person-centred and evidence-based approach a specialist nurse guides the patient in safe and health promoting use of CAM. The OD-CAM is conducted early in the conventional oncology treatment trajectory. A detailed description is provided in table 1. We tested the effects of OD-CAM on adverse events of conventional cancer treatment, QoL, psychological well-being and perceived information. We found that OD-CAM does not increase the frequency and degree of adverse events of conventional cancer treatment and might contribute to reduced psychological stress and improve QoL. Based on data from the interview study, the participants found that OD-CAM was beneficial for reducing uncertainty and decisional regret as to conventional oncology treatment. Although a tendency towards improved survival was observed, a study with greater statistical power is warranted in order to assess significant effects of OD-CAM. To our knowledge, the efficacy of OD-CAM integrated early in the conventional oncology treatment trajectory has not yet been investigated with specific focus on psychological well-being, QoL, decisional regret and survival.
Guideline for open dialogue about complementary and alternative medicine (OD-CAM)
Although there is an urgent need for interventions fulfilling patients’ needs for guidance in safe and health promoting use of CAM, the evidence on conducting OD-CAM integrated in conventional oncology care is sparse. Sufficiently powered, randomised controlled trials are needed to explore the effects of OD-CAM integrated in conventional oncology care.
Aim
The overall hypothesis of this study is that patients newly diagnosed with a primary cancer or a recurrence of cancer will benefit from OD-CAM that is integrated early in the conventional oncology treatment trajectory. The primary aim of this randomised controlled study (CAMONCO 2) is to compare OD-CAM integrated early in the conventional oncology treatment trajectory with standard care (SC) in relation to psychological QoL in patients undergoing conventional anticancer treatment. Secondary endpoints are the impact of OD-CAM on patient-reported level of depression, anxiety and decision regret regarding conventional anti-cancer treatment, patient-reported concern and well-being and overall survival. Whether the attitude of the patients towards and/or use of CAM mediates the potential effect of OD-CAM will also be explored.
Methods and analysis
Design
The CAMONCO 2 study is a randomised (1:1), controlled superior trial with two parallel groups investigating the efficacy of OD-CAM vs SC in improving the QoL of patients undergoing anticancer treatment. There is no consensus in the literature of which time point a potential effect of OD-CAM will be identified. However, data from the interview study in CAMONCO 1 indicated that participants did not experience the benefits of OD-CAM right after the OD-CAM session; they need time to consider and adopt the provided advice about CAM. The time of the primary outcome measure in this study is therefore set at 8 weeks after enrolment. CAMONCO 2 investigates patient-reported QoL as opposed to adverse events of conventional cancer treatment and, cancer-related symptoms33 and patient satisfaction.29–31 Although the latter are important factors for patients with cancer, overall QoL and survival is fundamental.
Setting
The study is conducted at the Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Vejle Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark. The Oncology Outpatient Clinic offers conventional treatment and care to adult patients with breast, gynaecological, prostate, pulmonary, colorectal, anal and pancreatic cancer. Annually, the number of outpatient visits amounts to 57 000 with 23 000 radiotherapy fractions and 9300 chemotherapy and immunotherapy treatments administered. In Denmark, CAM is not a part of the official healthcare system. CAM is practised outside the official healthcare system and paid out of pocket.
Participants
Adult patients aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with primary cancer or recurrence within the last 3 months, are offered enrolment. The inclusion criteria include planned antineoplastic treatment for at least 2 months. Life expectancy of 6 months or more and signed informed consent are also criteria for inclusion. Patients that participate in other trials that interfere with the intervention or data collection will be excluded.
Procedures
Recruitment
Nurse coordinators identify and screen potential candidates for initial eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In connection with initial cycles of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and/or antibody therapy in the outpatient clinic, eligible patients are informed and invited to participate in the study by a trained nurse or study nurse. Eligible patients are provided with written and oral information about the study objectives procedures. Signed consent is obtained from those willing to participate. Consent must be given within 12 weeks from treatment start, that is, at the fourth cycle of treatment at the latest. Recruitment continues until the defined sample size is reached. For optimisation of the selection bias analysis, patients declining to participate will be encouraged to complete a questionnaire on sex, age, type of cancer and treatment purpose (curative or palliative).
Randomisation
On signed consent, patients complete baseline questionnaires on demographic data, cancer diagnosis and stage, oncology treatment, QoL, degree of anxiety and depression, two top concerns, decision regret as to anticancer treatment and their attitude towards and possible use of CAM. The clinical trial unit using OPEN Randomise (https://open.rsyd.dk/), an online central randomisation service, subsequently performs randomisation. Patients are randomised 1:1 to the intervention and control groups with no further stratification. OPENs Randomise ensures allocation concealment, as it will not release the randomisation code until the patient has been enrolled in the study. Thus, randomisation will be performed when all baseline measurements have been completed.
Blinding
This is a non-blinded study. Neither participants nor staff can be blinded to the allocation due to the nature of the intervention. The principal investigator is blinded to the allocation and not involved in the treatment and care of the patients. Results data are entered in separate sheets allowing for analysis without revealing allocation status. All statistical analyses will be performed blinded to group allocation and results will be interpreted prior to disclosure.
Interventions
Eligible patients are randomised in equal proportions between OD-CAM and SC and SC with referral to www.kabcancer.dk
Intervention group: OD-CAM
OD-CAM has been developed and described in our previous study (CAMONCO 1).32 As in CAMOCO 1, patients in the intervention group will receive SC and participate in one or two sessions on OD-CAM facilitated by a nurse-specialist, who has completed the programme Fellowship in Integrative Medicine at The University of Arizona, USA. This programme trains health professionals in empowering individuals and communities to optimise health and well-being through evidence-based, sustainable and integrative approaches.34 In the OD-CAM, the nurse specialist is inspired by the principles of Integrative Medicine. Based on the patients’ individual experiences, values, beliefs, concerns and needs, the nurse specialist provides evidence-based information as to which CAM modalities are recommendable or should be avoided. A primary caregiver may participate, if preferred by the patient. The number of OD-CAM sessions depends on the individual patient. The OD-CAM is exclusively a dialogue between the nurse-specialist and the patient. The nurse-specialist does not offer CAM treatments. The guideline for OD-CAM is presented in table 1, and was developed in our previous study (CAMONCO 1).32
Control group: SC
Patients randomised to the control group receive SC that is, conventional oncology treatment and care, including antineoplastic drugs. SC also involves continuous assessment of performance status, adverse events, symptoms and their management by specialist doctors and nurses. The patients are given a pamphlet describing and referring to a website, www.kabcancer.dk. Based on systematic reviews, this website presents research-based information on effects and outcomes of specific CAM interventions, that is, acupuncture, antioxidant supplements, mindfulness, herbs, massage, etc.35
No concomitant medications or consultations are prohibited during the study.
Primary outcome measure
The primary outcome measure is the difference in level of patient reported QoL, specifically with regard to emotional well-being, between the two groups 8 weekst1 after enrolment. The patient reported data will be registered according to the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire computerised adaptive test (EORTC QLQ CAT Core). The EORTC QLQ CAT core is a translated and validated instrument, which encompasses 15 domains with pools of validated questions. Within each pool of questions, the EORTC CAT Core selects and presents the question that is the most informative for the individual patient. The instrument lists questions assessing QoL, including functional scales, symptom scales, global health status and psychosocial scales.36
Secondary outcome measures
The secondary outcome measure is the change from baseline to post intervention 8 t1, 12 t2 and 24 t3 weeks after enrolment. Difference between the two groups will be assessed in the following outcomes.
Patient reported anxiety and depression evaluated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HADS is a translated and validated self-assessment questionnaire detecting states of anxiety and depression in the setting of hospital outpatient clinics.37
Patient reported level of top concern evaluated by Measure Yourself Concerns and Well-being (MYCaW). MYCaW is an individualised questionnaire scoring patients concerns, problems and well-being and collecting qualitative data about other major events in a patient’s life and what has been most important to the patient.38
Patient-reported level of decision regret regarding conventional oncology treatment evaluated by the Decision Regret Scale (DRS). The DRS is a validated measurement tool measuring the distress or remorse after a healthcare decision.39
Patient-reported QoL 12 and 24 weeks after enrollment evaluated by the EORTC QLQ CAT Core.36
Overall survival will be measured 12 months after enrolment of last patient.
Process measures
Variables likely to mediate the effect of OD-CAM will be measured twice during follow-up (at baseline-t1 and 24 t3 weeks):
Attitude of CAM.
Use of CAM including type.
Flow chart and participant timeline are presented in table 2 and figure 1, respectively. All questionnaires are administered electronically. If questionnaires are not completed within 2 weeks, a reminder is sent.
Participant timeline
Study flow chart.
Data management
Cooperation and a license agreement have been established with the OPEN organisation (Odense Patient data Explorative Network). All sensitive data will be registered and stored in OPEN Analyse and handled in REDCap (Research Electronic data Capture), a mature, secure web application for building and managing online surveys and databases. REDCap provides logging at the transaction level and may therefore store and process any person identifiable data. Thus, congruent with guidelines, sensitive data about the patients are stored and handled securely.40
STATA software, version 16 (Texas, USA) will be used as a platform for statistical analysis. Since STATA only provides logging at the file level, participant data will be pseudonymised by assigning a unique ID number to each participant. The list of ID numbers and the pertaining key will be kept separately. Information on user and time of data processing in STATA will be logged.
Only persons involved in the project are allowed to access data. In accordance with the license agreement principal investigator (Mette Stie) controls access and rights and the OPEN data manager provides the access.
Research nurses in the clinical trial unit will only have the right to enter data into REDCap. Data collected on paper (baseline data) will be registered in REDCap. The electronic questionnaires are completed by the patients directly in REDCap, which promotes data quality.
Statistical analysis plan
Sample size
The sample size is calculated on the basis of the primary endpoint. A 10-point difference or more in the QoL EORTC QLQ CAT Core scale from baseline to 8 weeks between the two study groups is considered of clinical importance. We plan a randomised controlled study of a continuous response variable in independent control and experimental subjects with one control per experimental subject. In a previous study, the response within each subject group was normally distributed with an SD of 24.2. If the true difference in the experimental and control means is 10, the number of subjects required in each group is 93 to be able to reject the null hypothesis that the population means of the experimental and control groups are equal with probability (power) 0.8. The type I error probability associated with this test of the null hypothesis is 0.05. With an expected loss of 10%, the total number of patients to be enrolled is 207.
Statistical methods
The intervention arm (OD-CAM) will be compared against the control arm (SC plus referral to www.kabcancer.dk) in all primary analyses. Demographic data will be presented as counts (n) and proportions (%), respectively, means and SD with 95% CI. χ2 test or a Fisher’s exact test will be applied where appropriate to detect differences between the two groups in relation to QoL. The EORTC QLQ CAT Core, HADS scores, DRS and MYCaW will be reported as means and SD compared between the two groups by using Student’s t-test or Mann Whitney’s U test, depending on normality of the data checked by quantile-quantile plots.
P-values will be reported to three decimal places with p values less than 0.001 reported as <0.001. Two-sided p values with a 0.10 level of significance will be used for all tests. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis will be applied to detect potential difference in overall survival between the two group. A professional academic, statistician blinded to the study group assignment will conduct all analyses. For potential subgroup analyses, appropriate regression methods will be applied, for example, in case of a great variety in number of OD-CAM sessions
Patient and public involvement
The Patient and Relative Council Board at Lillebaelt Hospital has initiated the CAMONCO 1 and 2 studies. Before submission, this research protocol was developed and reviewed by the CAMONCO steering group, a joint initiative of patients with cancer, health professionals and staff representing medical oncology, oncology nursing and nurse managers. Furthermore, Danish Cancer Society is represented in the CAMONCO steering group. Patients in the CAMONCO steering group were in particular involved in development of the intervention OD-CAM and time required to participate in the study. Also, patients’ priorities, experiences and preferences informed some of the outcome measures (EORTC-CAT core and MYCaW). The steering group will continuously provide feedback on interim findings and advise on dissemination of results and output of the study. Patients from the steering group are pivotal partners in the dissemination of the CAMONCO 1 and 2 studies to relevant stakeholders.
Ethics and dissemination
According to the Committee on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark, ethics approval of this study is not required (S-20202000-5, 20/1019). The Region of Southern Denmark (Journal no. 20/11100) approved the storing and handling of data. The procedures in this study adhere to the principals of the Declaration of Helsinki. Thus, patients are informed about the purpose of the study, including the right to withdraw, the guarantee of anonymity, and the confidentiality of the data. Trained nurses or study nurses will introduce and discuss the trial with the patients. If needed, patients will be able to have an informed discussion about the trial with the principal investigator. The trained nurses or study nurses will obtain written consent from patients willing to participate in the trial (see patient consent form in online supplemental file). Subsequently, demographic data and questionnaires regarding patients’ QoL, depression and anxiety, concerns and well-being, and decision regrets will be collected, preserved and shared only by researchers involved in this trial.
Supplemental material
It is estimated that the study does not involve any risk to the patients, and the potential benefits clearly outweigh the theoretical risks involved in participating in OD-CAM and completing questionnaires.
The results of the study, whether positive, negative or inconclusive, will be disseminated through open-access, peer-reviewed publications, stake-holder-reporting and presentations at relevant conferences.
Discussion
The need for OD-CAM as an integral part of oncology care becomes increasingly urgent with the increasing number of patients using CAM as an adjunct to conventional oncology treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomised controlled trial that aims to evaluate the efficacy of OD-CAM integrated in conventional oncology care versus SC in patients undergoing anticancer treatment, by the EORTC QLQ CAT Core, the HADS, the MYCaW and the DRS questionnaires. The current study will shed light on the effect of OD-CAM on patients receiving outpatient oncology treatment for cancer and provide foundation for guidelines on how to meet patients’ needs for guidance in safe and health promoting use of CAM. It will also add to the evidence-based knowledge on communication about CAM between patients and health professionals in clinical practice. Only few studies have exclusively explored the effects OD-CAM integrated in conventional oncology care.26 Most of them include both open dialogue and the provision of CAM and mainly assess patient satisfaction. According to our knowledge, only one study other than our previous trial (CAMONCO 1), has investigated the effects of OD-CAM on patients’ symptoms, QoL and well-being.33 The present CAMONCO 2 study will therefore be an important contribution to the sparse knowledge on the issues as integrated in conventional oncology care.
Strengths and limitations
One limitation of this study may be that since little is known about the effects of OD-CAM, the pragmatic choice of including patients with different cancer diagnoses and prognoses may be too broad. On the other hand, these patients have much in common including the need for self-care, self-control and empowerment, which are some of the main reasons for using CAM.41–43 The randomisation secures the even distribution of different diagnoses and prognoses. Only the researchers are blinded to the allocation, which is a limitation but necessary due to the nature of the intervention. The complexity of the intervention also makes it difficult to determine the potential effects, but the same nurse specialist conducts the OD-CAM throughout the study, which secures a homogeneous intervention.
The prospective, randomised design with a control group and the use of validated patient-reported questionnaires is a strength of the study. Strengths also include the use of the EORTC QLQ CAT CORE questionnaire, it increases measurement precision, flexibility, question relevance to the individual patients and reduces respondent burden.
Study status
The first participant was enrolled on 11 Ma 2020. A total of 181 patients were enrolled at the time of preparation of this manuscript.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
A special thanks to Mona Muusmand Petersen and Helle Tirsgaard (patients with cancer and part of the CAMONCO steering group) for initiating and contributing in the development of the CAMONCO 2 study. Also, a special thanks to Morten Aagaard Petersen (Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Research Unit, Department of Palliative Medicine, University of Copenhagen for help with setting up the EORTC CAT core and Lars Søgaard OPEN for assistance with Redcap.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Twitter @BRgaard
Contributors All authors, MS, CD, BN and LHJ, contributed to the study planning, conception and design. MS and LHJ perform material preparation, data collection and analysis. MS wrote the first draft of the manuscript and CD, BN and LHJ revised it critically for important intellectual content. MS, CD, BN and LHJ approved publication of the final version and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Funding The Idella Foundation, who has no role in the study design; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing the report; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication, supported this work. They have not authority over any of the above activities. Award/Grant number is not applicable.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.