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Abstract
Introduction Telemedicine (TM) has been adopted by many health authorities to limit unnecessary exposure during COVID-19. Prior to the pandemic, TM was associated with improvement of quality of life of older patients, low hospital admissions and nursing home placement, and high overall patients’ satisfaction due to convenience. However, older adults may face challenges to access TM, such as hearing, visual and cognitive decline, and limited access to Internet and devices. Ongoing vaccination campaigns and sanitary measures are keeping the pandemic under control, but new variants threaten public safety. Specific recommendations on TM use in high-risk populations, such as older adults, are therefore required.
Methods and analysis To assess the challenges of TM use in the routine primary healthcare practice of older adults. The research objective is to examine the potential effect of TM; (1) to describe the evidence of TM, (2) to understand the patients, caregivers and clinicians’ experiences with TM use and (3) to develop practice-based and evidence-based recommendations on effective use of TM. Multiphase design: (1) systematic mixed studies review on the evidence of TM use, (2) qualitative descriptive study on the experiences of the patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals. Recommendations will be proposed based on the integration of both studies. In accordance with PRISMA statement, the systematic mixed studies review will be conducted through multiple databases search: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, Cochrane Library. Population studied: Community-dwelling 65 years and older adults using two-way synchronous TM by phone or video in a primary care setting. The qualitative descriptive study will include individual interviews with older adults from four McGill university affiliated primary care practices and focus groups with their healthcare professionals.
Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval has been received. Results will inform healthcare professionals and policy-makers on sustainable use of TM in primary care for older adults.
PROSPERO registration number The review protocol has been recorded at the PROSPERO, CRD42021237686 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.
- Telemedicine
- PRIMARY CARE
- GERIATRIC MEDICINE
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This will be a first comprehensive multi-phase study on telemedicine (TM) in primary care for older adults.
Inclusion of the studies in a systematic review regardless of their design will allow to evaluate various outcomes.
The results of a systematic review will inform a qualitative study to examine TM in more details.
This is the first study that is designed to produce the recommendation for TM for older adults in routine primary care practice.
Exclusion of papers not published in English, French or Russian may miss the important additional findings.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably transformed the lives of older adults and the delivery of primary care services. The use of telemedicine (TM) is now universal in our healthcare system. The WHO defines TM as a delivery system of healthcare services using different modalities embedded in the realms of information and communication technologies.1 The use of TM will most probably remain after the pandemic given its important advantages such as ‘advance healthcare ranging from individual to population levels, by allowing exchange of patient information for diagnosis, management, primary care prevention and education of physicians via distance learning’.1 Before the COVID-19 pandemic, TM was used infrequently as an alternative to the traditional in-person care, but the pandemic has forced a rapid change in healthcare delivery. Many healthcare professionals had to face a significant shift in their usual practice for which they were not prepared.2 The recent report of the American Medical Association anticipates that ‘after COVID-19, US$250 billion in care could shift to telehealth, boosting a new field of research and infrastructure development’.3 In Canada, overall, 50% of patient visits are now virtual.4 Sixty-two per cent of family physicians state that it has improved access to care for the patients,5 and 39% of the patients opted for TM to save on the caregiving arrangements.4
TM in primary care has potential but at the same time has many challenges. Primary care practice includes not only attending to medical conditions but also to the social aspects of daily life of patients. A family physician may find the traditional in-person visit difficult at times. Adding a TM visit becomes more challenging as technology becomes a more important component of care that family physicians must respond to. The evidence on the use of TM in primary practice is limited due to the low number of the studies. For example, in the narrative review done by Heinzelmann et al6 and Carrillo de Albornoz et al,7 they found that the use of TM for the medical history and physical examination in general medicine had good sensitivity and specificity. However, they were only able to identify six studies that investigated the impact of TM on the management of multiple chronic diseases. According to their study, TM was associated with improvement of quality of life and functional status of the patients.8 The patients’ satisfaction with TM was overall high due to convenience, comfort with the technology and relationship with the doctor.9 The possibility of lower hospital admissions and nursing home placement were not excluded. TM is associated with improvement of quality of life and functional status of older adults with multiple chronic diseases.8 However, these patients may confront health-related obstacles, such as vision and hearing problems, as well as varying degrees of cognitive loss. Patients may also face significant technological challenges when using TM, such as internet connection, video or phone devices and audio or video quality. In contrast to the reviews, we cited, we will conduct a mixed-method review focusing on older adults, regardless of their conditions, to capture in depth their TM experience in the primary healthcare system. Furthermore, despite the gradual emergence of new recommendations for the implementation of TM, a patient-centred approach is required to comprehend the long-term impacts of TM on older people.10 Given the current level of knowledge regarding the use of TM by older adults, primary care clinicians must be at the forefront of efforts to improve TM use among the older adults.
Methods and analysis
To assess the challenges of TM use among older adults living in the community, we are planning to conduct a multiphase study. The research objective of the study is to examine the potential effect of TM use in the care of older adults. Specifically, we want to
Describe the evidence of TM use for the older adults living in the community: What is the evidence on the types of TM use for older adults? What is the impact of TM use on health and social needs?
Understand the patients, caregivers and clinicians’ experiences with TM use: What is the experience of TM use by older adults, caregivers and clinicians? What are the facilitators and barriers of TM use in the care of older adults and their caregivers?
Develop practice-based and evidence-based recommendations on effective use of TM for older adults and their caregivers.
Methods
This study is framed according to the Chronic Care Model.11 The Chronic Care Model is based on the six components: healthcare organisation and linkages with community resources and policies are the prerequisites for delivery system design, decision support, support for self-management and clinical information systems. Our research study will target three components of the model: organisation of healthcare (research question 1, 2), support for self-management (research question 3) and delivery system design (research question 4) (figure 1).
The chronic care model11 with the integration of the research questions. TM, telemedicine.
We will apply a multiphase design which is composed of a systematic mixed studies review on the evidence of TM use (phase 1), followed by a qualitative descriptive study on the experiences of the patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals (phase 2) (figure 2). Finally, we will integrate the results of both studies to propose the recommendations to primary care clinicians. Specifically, we will propose recommendations on how to provide the quality of care to these vulnerable populations regardless of the method of delivery (TM, in-person care or hybrid). Our recommendations will aim to inform clinical practice guidelines, rooted in stakeholders’ perspectives. The start date for the study is October 2021 and the estimated date for completion is set to August 2022.
Overview of the research project. TM, telemedicine.
Framework of the analysis
To understand contextual factors influencing TM use in primary care practice, we will use the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) that will allow us to integrate the results of both phases.12 13 CFIR framework consists of 39 constructs associated with successful implementation of interventions. The deductive thematic analysis was performed using the CFIR constructs model (table 1).
Example of CFIR constructs and questions for individual interviews12 13
Patient and public involvement
We will use a participatory research approach by involving the main stakeholders in all phases of the research project. This includes discussions to finalise the objectives, make interpretation and validation of the findings and development of the recommendations. The main stakeholders include the principal investigators, collaborators, family physicians, as well as older adults and caregivers. We already convened a group of 16 older adults as well as adults living with dementia (ALWD), caregivers and research partners. They will participate in the discussion of the systematic review findings, refining of the research questions of the qualitative study, an interview guide development and interpretation of the results. We are planning to organise four meetings: (1) presentation of the preliminary results of the review; (2) presentation of the refined interview guide for the qualitative study; (3) presentation of the qualitative study results and (4) finalising of the recommendations.
To answer the first and second research questions of phase 1 (box 1), we will conduct a systematic mixed studies review. This type of the review includes the studies of the different designs which is appropriate to answer a research question on a relatively new method of the care delivery.
Phase 1
Phase 1: A systematic mixed studies review.
Research question 1: What is the evidence on the types of TM use for older adults?
Research question 2: What is the impact of TM use on health and social needs?
Inclusion criteria
To be included in the review, the studies should meet the following criteria: (1) TM should target community-dwelling older adults, ALWD and/or their informal caregivers; (2) the age of the patients using TM should be 65+; (3) TM should be provided by the primary care practice that involves a family physician, a nurse or any other primary healthcare professional of the clinic; (4) TM should be provided via a two-way synchronous communication using either a phone or a web camera; (5) TM should be a core method of delivering the intervention; (6) any type of study design; (7) the outcomes of the studies—the effect of TM on the healthcare needs expressed by the patients, caregivers or identified by the healthcare professionals and (8) outcomes included are: satisfaction, readiness, acceptability, number of TM consultation, frequency of ER visits and clinical visits.
Exclusion criteria
We will not include the studies on TM: (1) provided by the specialised services (eg, psychiatry) or facilities (eg, hospitals); (2) focused exclusively on the after discharge from the hospital care; (3) provided to the patients in the nursing homes; (4) with no involvement of the family physician or a nurse from the primary care practice; (5) provided with no two-way synchronous communication (eg, email); (6) focused exclusively on the physical rehabilitation/exercises/psychotherapy; (7) focused on the vital signs only (eg, blood pressure).
Search strategy and study selection
In accordance with PRISMA statement standards,14 a literature search has been performed by a specialised librarian; publications in English, French or Russian listed in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, AgeLine, the Cochrane Library published before December 2021, were searched. A search in the above-mentioned databases showed 3594 records that are being analysed. The key words are presented in online supplemental appendix 1. We will update the search of the articles published in 2021 by conducting additional search.
Supplemental material
Based on the eligibility criteria, relevant titles, abstracts and full-text articles are being selected independently by two reviewers. Any disagreements will be resolved by consensus or the involvement of an additional reviewer. The full articles relating to any identified conference abstracts will be obtained whenever possible. Literature search results will be uploaded to the Endnote V.X9. The quality of the studies will be assessed using the validated Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.15
Data extraction and synthesis
Two researchers will independently extract the following information from each study: characteristics of the study participants (eg, sample size), type of TM (eg, phone visit), description of the family medicine practice (eg, solo vs team based), characteristics of the study (eg, design) and outcomes (eg, frequency of ER visits).
Due to expected heterogeneity of the studies, a narrative approach will be applied to describe the types of TM, its impact on the health needs and the experiences of the patients, caregivers and healthcare providers. We will conduct a subgroup analysis for ALWD as they represent a particularly vulnerable group experiencing specific needs in terms of TM use, barriers and facilitators. We will use a qualitative and narrative description of the results.16
Expected outcomes
We expect to identify the impact on the individual outcomes (eg, satisfaction with the care, control of the diseases, social isolation, education on the disease) and system outcomes (eg, access to primary care provider). Moreover, we anticipate identifying the qualitative studies on the experiences of the older adults and healthcare professionals related to TM (eg, type of TM use).
To answer the third and fourth research questions of phase 2 (box 2), we will conduct a qualitative descriptive study. For the study we will use the individual interviews with the patients and their caregivers (when available) and a focus group with healthcare professionals.
Phase 2
Phase 2: Qualitative descriptive study.
Research question 3: What is the experience of TM use by older adults, caregivers and clinicians?
Research questions 4: What are the facilitators and barriers of TM use in the care of older adults and their caregivers?
Participants
We will recruit the participants from four McGill University family medicine sites—Herzl clinic of the Jewish General hospital, CLSC-CDN, CLSC-Park Extension and CLSC-Metro.
Recruitment process
We will ask each family medicine practice to identify the patients 65+ seen at least once via teleconsultation from March 2020 to March 2021, then a coordinator of each site will contact the participants to inquire on their interest to participate in the study. The list of the participants who agree to participate will be given to the research team who will explain the study in detail and consent them. The target sample is 10–12 patients from each site with a total sample of 40–48 participants. We are planning to recruit a contrasted sample of patients based on sex, age and functional status to achieve representative data. The Ethics approval has been obtained (August 2021).
Data collection
The individual interviews with the participants will take via zoom meeting or by phone. The format of the interview will be semi-structured, as a predeveloped interview guide will be utilised to capture various components that we have targeted to discuss (open ended questions with the specific questions derived from the results of the first study). The interview guide presented in online supplemental appendix 2. One focus group with healthcare professionals will be held at the end of the study. One focus group per family medicine practice will be conducted. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients will be collected from their electronic medical records and summarised by family medicine practice units. The following parameters will be collected: age, gender, educational level, spoken language, presence of caregiver as well as comorbidities.
Supplemental material
Analyses
The interviews will be audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed with the support of the software package NVivo.17 Data will be analysed iteratively, following the phases of thematic analysis18 The initial step will involve two independent trained researchers becoming familiar with the data, reading the first three transcripts, and generating initial codes. Codes will be then analysed and collated into potential themes and further reviewed to generate a thematic map of the analysis. The researchers will meet on four occasions to agree on refinements of major themes. To enhance intra-coder reliability and verify emergent themes, three transcripts will be randomly chosen and analysed independently by a third researcher. All these measures ensure the rigour and trustworthiness of the findings. We will conduct a subgroup analysis for ALWD.
Expected outcomes
We expect to identify the themes on the attitude towards TM use (eg, convenience), facilitators (eg, decreased cost) and barriers (eg, lack of face-to-face contact for phone-based TM, technical challenges) to optimal use of TM by the older adults and clinicians.
The Ethics approval has been obtained (August 2021).
Integration phase: development of practice-based and evidence-based recommendations
To integrate the results from both studies we will use the thematic analysis to form the common themes. We will match the findings from a systematic review (phase 1) with the themes of the qualitative study (phase 2) using the methods of comparison and contrast. The integration of the results from both studies will be done by their joint presentation to identify the commonalities and required actions to inform clinical practice guidelines from the perspectives of main stakeholders (what should be put in place to ensure quality and sustainability of TM for older adults).
The integration of the results will be done within CFIR framework.12 13 Based on the findings of the systematic review, individual interviews with older adults and focus groups with healthcare professionals, we will select CFIR constructs to guide the development of the recommendations on TM use (table 2). A working group will be created to generate a potential list of CFIR constructs based on the results of both phases. The working group will include the principal investigators, collaborators, family physicians, as well as older adults, ALWD and caregivers.
Example of the recommendations based on the CFIR framework
Discussion
This will be a first multiphase study on TM use for older adults in routine primary care practice. TM has become a valuable tool for care delivery, and the American Medical Association anticipates that telehealth as a field will continue to grow.
This study will seek to address the challenges associated with TM provided to older adults in routine primary care based on the existing evidence (phase 1 of the study) and experiences of older adults with feedback of primary care healthcare professionals (phase 2). The integration of the results from both phases using the implementation framework will allow to produce the recommendations on clinical practice guidelines to provide the quality of care to these vulnerable populations, based on their perspectives, regardless of the method of delivery (TM, in-person care or hybrid).
In addition, we hope that this study will contribute to the improvement of access and continuity of primary care as well as timely management of chronic conditions.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors VK: design of the study, overall supervision of the study conduct, ethics submission, communication with the clinical sites. MI: collection and analysis for the mixed studies review (phase 1), participation in the refinement of the questionnaire for the qualitative study (phase 2); IV: guidance on the study design and its conduct, assistance with communication with the collaborators.
Funding This work was supported by Fonds de recherche du Quebec, Impulsion programme, grant number 308 987.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.