Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate a biometric palm vein authentication system to prevent medication administration errors in psychiatric hospitals.
Design This is a pre–post observational study.
Setting Conventionally, the medication was distributed after a double check. We developed and introduced a new medication administration cart in two psychiatric hospitals in Japan, in which each patient-specific drug box had to be electronically opened only by palm vein authentication.
Participants A total of 3444 and 3523 patients were present 18 months before and after introducing the cart, respectively. Of the 212 nurses recruited, 28 were excluded due to a lack of experience with the conventional medication administration system and incomplete questionnaires.
Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was the efficacy of this system by comparing the incidence of medication administration errors before and after introducing the cart. The secondary outcome was a survey regarding nurses’ attitudes toward this system.
Results After introduction of the new system, the number of medication errors due to misidentification of persons relative to the total number of admitted patients was significantly reduced from 6/3444 to 2/3523 (p<0.0001). Among 184 nurses, 182 responded that anxiety regarding administration errors was either reduced or unchanged using this system. Male nurses reported a greater increase in work burden than female nurses (OR=3.11, 95% CI=1.44 to 6.72). Nurses working in chronic care wards reported greater time pressure than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=3.33, 95% CI=1.16 to 9.57). Nurses working in dementia care wards reported a greater patient care burden than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=5.67, 95% CI=1.22 to 26.27).
Conclusions This new system might have potential for reducing the patient misidentification risk during medication without increasing the anxiety experienced by nurses concerning administration errors. However, system usability and efficiency must be improved to reduce additional work burden, time pressure and patient care burden.
- PSYCHIATRY
- Dementia
- Quality in health care
Data availability statement
No additional data are available.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Strengths and limitations of this study
Biometric palm vein authentication system can reduce the risk of medication misidentification errors for psychiatric patients and patient with dementia.
The new system also did not increase the anxiety experienced by nurses concerning administration errors.
The system needs to be improved to reduce the work burden, time pressure and patient care burden of nurses.
Introduction
Medication administration error is a major patient safety concern due to the potential for severe adverse reactions to incorrect medications and disease relapse from missed doses.1 Indeed, drug administration errors have a substantial economic impact and are major contributors to patient morbidity and mortality.2 3 Further, these errors can result in costly malpractice lawsuits. Medication is delivered primarily by nurses, so administration errors are a particularly great source of anxiety among this group of healthcare workers.4
Manual double-checking is the standard practice for reducing medication administration errors,5 but this method is still subject to human error, especially when workloads are increased or medication must be delivered quickly. Alternatively, barcode-assisted medication verification has been shown to significantly reduce medication administration errors in the emergency department.6 Nonetheless, it is difficult to completely eliminate the possibility of medication administration error. These risks are enhanced when treating patients with dementia or severe psychiatric disorders.7–9 In Japan, the duration of in-patient psychiatric hospital care is longer than general hospital care,10 and many long-term patients will remove barcoded wristbands used for identification. Further, patients with dementia or severe psychiatric disorders may not give their correct name. Therefore, an alternative verification system is required to prevent or reduce medication administration errors among psychiatric hospital patients.
Several previous reports have evaluated the efficacy of non-conventional systems for preventing medication administration errors, including real-time error detection systems11 and intravenous smart pumps.12 Biometric authentication is also widely used in other fields, such as for smart phones, automated teller machines and border control/immigration systems, but there are no studies on the use of biometric authentication systems for drug administration. Several biometric authentication methods are in common use, including fingerprint, face, retina, palm vein and voice recognition. A major advantage of palm vein recognition is ease of application for elderly patients and others with dementia or severe mental illness. Further, the precision of these devices is improving.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a medication cart equipped with a palm vein authentication system for reducing drug administration errors in psychiatric hospitals.
Methods
Developmental of a medication cart with palm vein authentication
We have jointly developed a new medication administration cart equipped with a vein authentication system in conjunction with Two One Co. (Nagoya, Aichi, Japan). Each cart has 20 or 30 medication boxes for individual patients with a computer tablet and biometric vein detector for patient authentication. Each box is automatically unlocked and opened only when the vein authentication detector registers a match. For emergency situations such as a loss of electricity due to disaster, the box can be opened manually by nurses.
The new cart and authentication system is operated as follows. First, the nurse registers by inputting their own name, sex, photograph, and vein authentication information into the system using the tablet and detector. Next, the nurse assists each patient to register their own information and palm scan in the same manner and also assigns a personal medication box. The patient’s medications are brought to the ward from the hospital pharmacy with barcoded information. When a nurse scans the medication barcode, only the applicable patient’s medication box is opened to store the medication. To receive medication from the nurse, the patient must put their palm on the vein authentication detector to reopen the medication box (figures 1 and 2).
The operation of the new cart and authentication system.
The photograph of the new cart.
We introduced this authentication system to nine wards of two psychiatric hospitals in phases starting at the end of August 2019. The test sites included four wards for emergency care, four for chronic care and one for dementia care.
Comparison of medication administration error incidence before and following introduction of the new authentication system and evaluation of nurses’ attitude toward the new system
We evaluated the efficacy of this system by comparing the incidence of medication administration errors over two 18-month periods before and after introduction. Before introduction, nurses used the conventional double-checking system that the medication was distributed after a double check by two nurses, who verbally confirmed the patient’s name and a picture of his/her face taken with the patient’s consent. Medication errors are included in the total errors, such as incorrect patient care methods, wrong food delivery, immature medical techniques, unexpected deterioration of physical condition and claim of medical services from patients and their families. All errors were reported through the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) incident and accident reporting system by employees from all departments of the two hospitals, including nurses, doctors, pharmacists, occupational therapists and medical clerks. In addition, we conducted a questionnaire survey of nurses’ attitudes toward the new system. The questionnaire contained sections for the nurse’s (1) gender, (2) age, (3) length of work experience (years), (4) previous experience administering medication without vein authentication (yes/no), (5) anxiety concerning medication administration error, (6) work burden due to the new medication administration system, (7) time pressure due to the new system and (8) patient care burden due to the new system. Items (5)–(8) were measured using a 5-level Likert scale from ‘greatly reduced’ to ‘greatly increased’ compared with before introduction. Responses were also grouped according to whether the nurse reported ‘increased’ or ‘reduced or no change’. The questionnaire was distributed by a coresearcher to participant nurses. Among 225 psychiatric nurses working in the nine wards, 212 (94.2%) provided informed consent for study participation. Candidates were excluded if they had no experience with conventional medication administration (to allow for a comparison with the conventional method as the preintroduction condition) and incomplete answers to the questionnaire
Statistical analyses
The change in number of medication errors between preintroduction and postintroduction periods was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Categorical variables were compared by χ2 test and binominal logistic regression analysis was performed with questionnaire items (5)–(8) as dependent variables and items (1)–(4) as covariates. We also compared the average time spent on medication administration per patient after introduction of the vein authentication system (average of five administrations for each ward type) to investigate whether there was any difference in medication administration time per patient across various wards. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS V.23.
Patient and public involvement statement
Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research.
Results
Comparison of medication administration error rate before and after introduction of the palm vein authentication system
During the 18 months before introduction of the new medication cart equipped with a vein authentication system, 3444 patients were admitted to the 2 psychiatric hospitals, while 3523 patients were admitted to the same hospitals during the 18 months after introduction. While six medication administration errors due to patient misidentification occurred during the 18-month period before the introduction of the vein authentication system, only two occurred after introduction, both due to nurses inappropriately opening the medication box manually because they could not properly identify a dementia patient by palm vein scan. After learning the proper method for palm vein authentication, there were no more such incidents. During the 18 months before introduction of the system, there was one medication administration error caused by a medication change. During the 18 months after introduction of the system, there was also one incident of error due to medication resetting, as well as one incident of liquid medication administration as it was a non-compliant medication type, and one incident of unscheduled medication (pro re nata (PRN)) as there were no settings for prevention of incorrect drug form and PRN medication errors. According to the results of McNemar test, the number of total errors relative to the total number of admitted patients was significantly reduced (p<0.0001), and the number of medication errors due to misidentification of persons relative to the total number of admitted patients was also significantly reduced (p<0.0001).
We then examined whether these errors after introduction of the vein authentication system occurred due to the additional time and work burdens associated with use compared with conventional authentication. During the 18 months before introduction, there were a total of 1209 medical errors reported (385 in chronic care wards, 411 in the ward for dementia patients and 413 in the emergency psychiatric wards), while during the 18 months after introduction, there were a total of 1051 medical errors reported (228 in chronic care wards, 409 in the ward for dementia patients and 414 in emergency psychiatric wards). The Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed no statistically significant differences in total error rates between preintroduction and postintroduction periods for a given ward. Hence, medication errors were reduced in the absence of any significant reduction in all-cause errors. Results were presented in table 1.
Comparison of medication error incidents before and after introduction of the biometric palm vein medication authentication system
Nurses’ attitudes toward the new vein authentication system
Demographic characteristics of the participant nurses and nurses’ attitudes toward the new medication authentication system
Results of logistic analyses
Of the 212 nurses recruited, 19 were excluded from the questionnaire component of the study due to a lack of experience with the conventional medication administration system (double-checking) and another 9 were excluded due to incomplete questionnaires. The demographic characteristics and responses of the remaining 184 nurses are presented in table 2.
Among these 184 nurses, 182 (98.9%) reported reduced or unchanged anxiety over medication administration error using the new system. However, a majority (125 or 68.7%) reported an increased work burden for medication administration, with male nurses reporting an increase more frequently than female nurses (p=0.002). A substantial majority (161 or 87.5%) also reported increased pressure on their time and 115 (62.5%) reported increased patient care burden using the new system.
Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between age group and duration of work experience (r=0.51), work burden and time pressure (r=0.39), work burden and patient care burden (r=0.43) and time pressure and patient care burden (r=0.39). There were also significant differences in average time spent per patient on medication administration, with medication administration to dementia patients requiring significantly more time than administration to chronic care patients and psychiatric emergency ward patients (179.6±17.1 s vs 90.2±7.1 and 82.7±4.2 s, both values of p<0.01). In contrast, there was no significant difference in medication administration time per patient between chronic care and psychiatric emergency patients (p=0.37).
Based on these results, we then conducted binominal logistic regression analysis with work burden, time pressure and patient care burden as dependent variables and age, gender, work experience duration and ward type as covariates. Anxiety was not chosen as a dependent variable because few nurses reported increased anxiety compared with the number reporting reduced or unchanged anxiety. Male nurses reported a greater increase in work burden than female nurses using the new system (OR=3.11, 95% CI=1.44 to 6.72), while nurses working in chronic care wards reported more time pressure than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=3.33, 95% CI=1.16 to 9.57). Finally, nurses working in the dementia care ward reported a greater patient care burden than emergency ward nurses using the new system (OR=5.67, 95% CI=1.22 to 26.27). Results of logistic binominal regression analyses are summarised in table 3.
Discussion
Many protocols have been devised to prevent medication administration errors due to patient misidentification, from the use of simple order sheets13 to place more of the onus on patients for empowerment.14 To our knowledge, there have been no studies investigating the use of palm vein authentication for the prevention of medication administration errors. Here, we demonstrate that such a system can reduce the incidence of misidentification, although the system as currently conceived does increase nurse work burden.
This new system is advantageous in that it permits proper identification and contingent access to the patient’s medication even in cases where the patient is unable to respond due to cognitive impairment. Alternatively, the system does depend on a power supply for battery recharging, which could be lost in the case of a natural disaster. In such cases, the nurse would have to open the medication box manually and rely on conventional verification methods, such as double-checking. Another disadvantage to the current system is that the cart is relatively large due to the electronic instruments. Further, the palm vein scan can be time-consuming for uncooperative patients. Also, while the system did reduce misidentification errors, it is still necessary to improve nurses’ attitudes toward its use.
According to the questionnaire, medication administration error is a substantial source of anxiety among nurses, and this anxiety was reduced or unchanged by the palm vein authentication system. However, work burden, time pressure and patient care burden were reported to increase, and these attitudes were mutually related. It is thus important to educate nurses on the efficacy of this system to reduce misidentification during medication administration, especially in psychiatric hospitals and wards with dementia patients who may have difficulty self-identifying or in recognising medication errors. In a previous study,15 both time pressure and workload were shown to increase the medication error rate. Although work burden, time pressure and patient care burden were increased, it is significant that overall medical error incidence rates were not increased, suggesting that the system will not introduce additional errors in other aspects of care.
Surprisingly, this reported increase in work burden differed according to sex, with more male nurses reporting an increase, which may be due to the relatively greater proportion of male nurses in emergency wards. A difference in reported time pressure was also found between chronic and emergency wards, possibly due to the greater difficulty in accessing patients in crowded chronic wards. Drug-related problems are common among patients with dementia and cognitive impairment,16 so this difference in reported time pressure may be attributable to the greater proportion of patients with cognitive impairment in chronic care facilities. Indeed, the average time required for medication administration was significantly higher in dementia wards. However, this difference in time pressure between chronic and emergency wards was not reflected by differences in average time spent administering medication to individual patients, so there may be other factors contributing to the stress associated with medication administration independent of the authentication system, such general workplace environment, accessibility of social supports, relationships with colleagues and patients and working hours.
There are limitations to the present study. First, the study was conducted at only two hospitals, limiting generalizability. We also cannot establish causal relationships due to the observational study design. In this study, before and after comparisons were made in only two hospitals, but future studies such as randomly assigning wards in a multicentre setting would be desirable. The system as currently configured cannot prevent the administration of certain non-compliant medications, such as PRN medications. Another limitation was that medication administration time and nurses’ awareness were not measured using conventional methods. Future research should focus on confirming these findings and explore ways to reduce the workload associated with this vein authentication system.
Conclusion
Medication administration error is a common occurrence in hospitals. Biometric technology is continually improving and widely used for personal identification in our daily lives. Palm vein authentication proved superior to conventional methods for patient identification as evidenced by the decrease in medication errors after introduction. However, further improvements are needed to reduce nurse work burden, time pressure and patient care burden.
Data availability statement
No additional data are available.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
This study involves human participants and was approved by the hospital ethics board (approval number; 2021001). All nurses provided informed written consent and patients were informed of their right to opt-out. Otherwise, patient consent was assumed. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Aya Kinjo for advice on study design, Akiko Kasai for help in preparing figures and tables, Misa Nishiyama for help in distributing and collecting questionnaires, and Shimpei Inoue for English editing and general research advice.
Footnotes
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it was published Online First. The abstract section has been updated.
Contributors MS conceptualised the study with input from all the coauthors. MS had responsible for the overall content as the guarantor. TI and SM are the coauthors. MS performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all the authors provided critical scholarly feedback. All the coauthors approved of the final version of the manuscript. The corresponding author attests that all the listed authors meet the authorship criteria and that no authors meeting the criteria have been excluded from the acknowledgment.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.