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Abstract
Objective To assess similarities and differences in the recommended sequence of strategies among the most relevant clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the treatment of depression in adults with inadequate response to first-line treatment.
Data sources We performed a systematic review of the literature spanning January 2011 to August 2020 in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and 12 databases recognised as CPGs repositories. CPGs quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II).
Study selection The eligibility criteria were CPGs that described pharmacological recommendations for treating depression for individuals aged 18 years or older in outpatient care setting. We included CPGs considered of high-quality (≥80% in domain 3 of AGREE II) or recognised as clinically relevant.
Data extraction Two independent researchers extracted recommendations for patients who did not respond to first-line pharmacological treatment from the selected CPGs.
Results We included 46 CPGs and selected 8, of which 5 were considered high quality (≥80% in domain 3 of AGREE II) and 3 were recognised as clinically relevant. Three CPGs did not define inadequate response to treatment and 3 did not establish a clear sequence of strategies. The duration of treatment needed to determine that a patient had not responded was not explicit in 3 CPGs and was discordant in 5 CPGs. Most CPGs agree in reassessing the diagnosis, assessing the presence of comorbidities, adherence to treatment, and increase dosage as first steps. All CPGs recommend psychotherapy, switching antidepressants, and considering augmentation/combining antidepressants.
Conclusion Relevant CPGs present shortcomings in recommendations for non-responders to first-line antidepressant treatment including absence and divergencies in definition of inadequate response and sequence of recommended strategies. Overall, most relevant CPGs recommend reassessing the diagnosis, evaluate comorbidities, adherence to treatment, increase dosage of antidepressants, and psychotherapy as first steps.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42016043364.
- psychiatry
- clinical pharmacology
- depression & mood disorders
Data availability statement
All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as online supplemental information.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Strengths and limitations of this study
All included clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) were assessed for quality using the recognised tool ‘Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II’ in which a careful training of appraisers was conducted.
The study was based on a comprehensive literature search about the pharmacological treatment of depression conducted in 15 databases using a sensitive strategy.
The main comparison of management strategies was focused on the eight most relevant CPGs leading to a high-quality synopsis.
The inclusion of three CPGs often used in clinical practice (from The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments; from the American Psychiatric Association; and from the US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense) enabled a broader discussion of clinical questions mentioned in the CPGs.
The main limitation was that the inclusion had been restricted to papers written in English, Portuguese or Spanish.
Introduction
Depression is a mental health problem with severe consequences for afflicted individuals. This mental disorder results in substantial professional, economic, social and personal losses owing to its incapacitating nature.1 WHO2estimates that over 300 million people globally are affected by depression, which is the main contributor to 800,000 suicides annually worldwide. Additionally, depression can cause critical social problems, as depressed individuals are less productive, resulting in additional costs to their employers and governments.3
The number of depressed persons has increased considerably.4 This situation overburdens the healthcare system and generates a greater need for resource optimisation.5 Thus, developing evidence-based interventions to achieve effective results is a pressing challenge in the mental health field.6 Moreover, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in mental illnesses is expected, perhaps persisting for several years. There will be an even greater need to optimise resources for dealing with this significant challenge.7 A survey by the WHO8 showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had suspended essential mental health services in about 93% of countries worldwide while the population increasingly needs mental healthcare.
Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are fundamental to optimise these mental health resources, which will be in greater demand with the increased incidence of depression.9 These CPGs contain recommendations for optimising patient healthcare and have been developed by reviewing interventions and a cost–benefit analysis for each clinical health condition.10 Hence, they enable the development of objective clinical decisions, help decrease clinical variability, educate patients and professionals on updated best practices and improve the cost-effectiveness of healthcare.11
Among the interventions proposed in the CPGs, evidence-based pharmacotherapy is one of the strategies used to treat depression.12 However, a previous study demonstrated a lack of information regarding the best approaches when first-line pharmacological treatment for depression fails.13 Considering that the response to first-line treatment is only moderate (40%–60%) and remission after antidepressant treatment is achieved in only a minority of patients (30%–45%), there is a need to investigate such gaps more thoroughly to improve CPGs.14
Additionally, there is a lack of clarity in the CPGs on clinical actions, and divergence among different approaches about the sequence of strategies for depressed individuals who presented an inadequate response to first-line treatment.13 Thus, to improve clinical recommendations by mental health professionals and provide better healthcare to patients, in-depth evaluation of the CPGs recommendations for patients who do not respond adequately to initial pharmacological interventions is necessary.
Study aims
Here, we aimed to assess similarities and differences in the recommended sequence of strategies among the most relevant CPGs for the treatment of depression in adults who have shown an inadequate response to first-line treatment.
Materials and methods
A broad search was conducted to explore the methodological quality and transparency of CPGs for the pharmacological treatment of non-communicable diseases, including depression. We updated the search of a previous PROSPERO systematic review (CRD42016043364)15 and conducted an analysis specifically assessing CPGs that can be used by health professionals for the pharmacological treatment of adults with depression in outpatient settings.
We used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument (https://www.agreetrust.org) to evaluate the quality of the CPGs identified in the research—a fundamental step of a systematic review. Additionally, the recommendations of high-quality CPGs or those most commonly used in clinical practice16 were compared with a method applied in a previous study published by the authors.13
Identification of CPGs (Search data source)
A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for CPGs published from 1 January 2011 to 22 August 2020 (online supplemental appendix 1). We consulted twelve databases traditionally recognised as CPGs repositories.13 17 18 Mendeley software was used to conduct this search and remove duplicates. In December 2021, we searched the literature to update the included CPGs.
Supplemental material
Eligibility criteria
Only CPGs that made pharmacological recommendations for treating depression in individuals aged 18 years or older were included. The following CPGs were excluded: those that did not have the full text available in Portuguese, English or Spanish; those that focused on psychotherapeutic treatment or neuromodulation; and those for specific populations, such as patients with cancer, multiple sclerosis, and pregnant or lactating women. CPGs for the treatment of bipolar depression only were also excluded. The latest versions of CPGs found on the original authors’ websites were included. Two evaluators independently read the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles and—if the content met the eligibility criteria—evaluated the full text. Discrepancies were resolved by one of the authors (GCHF-M), who acted as the third evaluator. The latest version of each CPG, and all related complementary documents, were sent to the evaluators for a quality assessment using the AGREE II. To be included, the CPGs should have a score >80% in domain 3 of AGREE II—considered of high-quality; or were among those most relevant in clinical practice either by being the most used ones,16 or developed by an institution considered as a leader in developing CPGs.
Extraction of general data and CPGs quality evaluation
Previously validated forms18 were used by two independent reviewers for data extraction. A third reviewer resolved the discrepancies. The following data were extracted: type of organisation that produced the CPG (government organisation or specialised society), country, method used to classify the evidence and the CPG development method (whether done using adaptation methodology or other methods). Three independent researchers (FCG, IBS and ST) evaluated the CPGs using the six AGREE II domains. The AGREE II contains 23 items grouped into six domains and two global classifications (general evaluation items). Each AGREE II domain evaluates a different dimension of CPG quality19: scope and purpose (domain 1), stakeholder involvement (domain 2), rigour of development (domain 3), clarity of presentation (domain 4), applicability (domain 5) and editorial independence (domain 6). A Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7 was used to evaluate the 23 items. Each reviewer entered an evaluation into the AGREE II platform for each item. The calculation was made automatically on the platform for each quality domain.
Further, owing to the substantial heterogeneity of the general evaluation items, our protocol defined the items that would not be included in the analyses. We decided to primarily focus on domain 3. All evaluators underwent rigorous training on the AGREE II before using it to conduct the quality assessment (details of this training have been previously published).18 When discrepancies of two or more score points were found, discussion about the assessment was conducted until a consensus was reached. The score was calculated individually for each domain.
Comparison of recommendations
The recommendations of high-quality CPGs were compared. The inclusion criteria were: a score of 80% or above in domain 3 of AGREE II, CPGs that were most commonly used in clinical practice, and being developed by an important CPGs developer institution. Domain 3 (rigour of development) was used to classify a CPG as ‘high-quality’ since this is the most important item regarding the reliability of the recommendations.20 Two independent researchers extracted all recommendations from the included CPGs. The final version of the comparative tables of recommendations were achieved after two rounds of discussion. The recommendations were grouped by the following main topics: terminology for responsiveness and recommended management strategies. The terminologies and sequences of the therapeutic strategies were compared between the CPGs and the strategies and terminologies that the CPGs had in common were synthesised in a third table.
Patient and public involvement
No patients were involved in this study.
Results
We identified 1949 records in the database search—Medline (n=689), Cochrane Library (n=105), and Embase (n=1155), and 44 additional records through the other 12 specific websites for CPGs. After removing 165 duplicates, 1993 documents remained. From those, we included 46 CPGs21–66 for quality assessment and selected eight of them for analysis of recommendation (figure 1). Online supplemental appendix 2 includes the reasons for including/excluding documents. Five CPGs that presented an AGREE II domain 3 score ≥80% were considered high-quality and selected. Two others (from The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments—CANMAT21 and from the American Psychiatric Association—APA-Psychiatry22) were also selected based on their widespread acceptance16 and an additional one (from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), US Department of Defense (DoD)—VA/DoD CPG for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder)23 for been considered by the National Academy of Medicine (US) as a leader in CPG development. The eight CPGs included with their scores in the AGREE II domain 3 were: Depresión en Personas de 15 Años y Más, from the Ministerio de Salud Chile, score=89%24; Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC): Detección Temprana y Diagnóstico del Episodio Depresivo y Trastorno Depresivo Recurrente en Adultos: Atención Integral de los Adultos con Diagnóstico de Episodio Depresivo o Trastorno Depresivo Recurrente from the Ministerio de Salud Colombia, score=86%25; Depression in adults: recognition and management from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)—UK, score=84%26; Depression, Adults in Primary Care from Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) Healthcare Guideline—US, score=81%27; CPG for the Treatment of Depression across Three Age Cohorts from the American Psychological Association (APA-Psychology)—US, score=81%28; VA/DoD CPG for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder from the US Department of VA, US DoD, score=78%23; Clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder from the CANMAT 2016—from Canada, score=54%21; Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder from the APA, Third Edition (APA-Psychiatry) —from US, score=46%.22
Flowchart of clinical practice guidelines selection. CPGs, clinical practice guidelines.
Table 1 describes the characteristics of all the 46 CPGs identified for quality assessment. There is considerable quality variation among CPGs. For instance, the AGREE’s domain 3 median value is 46.5% ranging from 6% to 89%. Table 2 presents a detailed description of the management strategies proposed by the most relevant CPGs concerning inadequate response to first-line treatment.
CPGs identified for quality assessment and AGREE-II scores
Strategies for inadequate response to first-line treatment of depression according to the most relevant CPGs
Terminology for responsiveness to the first line treatment and clear definition of terminology varied among CPGs. We found the terms remission,23–28response,23 25 27 28 partial response,21 23 27 no response,21 inadequate response21 and refractory or resistant to treatment24 25 (table 2). Among the eight most relevant CPGs, four (50%) used the terms but did not present a clear definition of them22 23 26 28 (table 2). Three (37.5%) CPGs also did not establish the length of treatment time needed to declare an inadequate response.23 24 28
Most CPGs recommended as first steps to assess treatment adherence, reassess diagnosis and/or evaluate comorbidities (6/8, 75%). The majority of CPGs emphasised the importance of adjusting antidepressant dose (7/8, 87.5%) in cases where patients do not respond to first-line treatment. However, only the NICE26 and CANMAT21 CPGs establish the time that should be waited specifically for increasing the dose; CANMAT: 2–4 weeks and NICE: 3–4 weeks. Adding psychotherapy was recommended by seven (87.5%) CPGs; three (37.5%) recommended neurostimulation and four (50%) switching from antidepressants to non-pharmacological treatment. Other recommendations, although less frequently mentioned, were to assess the occurrence of side effects (3/8, 37.5%; the APA-Psychiatry guideline22 specify that replacing the drug should be considered), check substance abuse (3/8, 37.5%), increase the frequency of appointments (2/8, 25%), try previous treatments (1/8, 12.5%) and consider longer periods for improvement evaluation (1/8, 12.5%) (table 3). All CPGs included the recommendation of switching antidepressants and adding other medicines. Some CPGs used the term combination for the use of two antidepressants and augmentation for adding another type of medicine to an antidepression while others did not make such distinction. The APA-Psychology28 included the possibility of adding another antidepressant but did not include the possibility of adding other medicines. Six CPGs recommended switching to another antidepressant before combining or augmentation strategies.21 23 24 26–28 Regarding combining and augmentation, only the MS Chile guideline24 stablished a sequency between them, recommending first augmentation and then combination. Most CPGs are congruent with the inclusion of antipsychotics, lithium and T3 as augmentation strategies to antidepressant treatment.
Summary of used definitions and strategies for inadequate response to first-line treatment among most relevant CPGs
Discussion
Although there are many modalities to treat depression, pharmacotherapy remains the most common first-line strategy.12 However, clinical remission after treatment with first-line antidepressants is usually only achieved in a minority of patients.14 67 Thus, in this review we compared the recommendations from the eight (five with AGREE II domain 3 score >80% and three most used/relevant in clinical practice) most relevant CPGs for the management of depression in adults who have shown an inadequate response to first-line antidepressant treatment.
Most CPGs agree on the need to reassess the diagnosis, assess the presence of comorbidities, assess adherence to treatment, adjust antidepressant dosage and add psychotherapy as the first steps for those not responding to first-line antidepressant treatment. However, our findings revealed important flaws in recommendations including not presenting a standardised definition of an adequate/inadequate/partial response; not establishing the length of treatment time needed to declare an inadequate/partial response/non-response; all CPGs include the possibility of switching the antidepressant, augmentation with other medicines and combination of antidepressants, but three CPGs do not recommend a clear sequence among them.
Convergencies among CPGs
Considering the first steps for inadequate response to first-line antidepressant treatment, reassessing the diagnosis is almost always one of the first steps. CPGs recommend the investigation of bipolarity, personality disorders and the presence of comorbidities. Assessing the adherence to treatment is also frequently included among the first steps. Some CPGs are constructed based on other CPGs and their recommendations are identical in various aspects. In this regard, the Colombian guideline25 place the assessment of adherence as the first step for patients with an inadequate response to treatment as does its font CPG, the NICE.26 Increase of dose, another frequent recommendation curiously does not have consistent support by literature. It has been suggested that an increase in the dosage of most antidepressants may be effective for some patients, partially determined by individual differences in metabolising enzymes, but not for others.26 All CPGs include the possibilities of switching and adding another medicine, and most of them recommended switching to another antidepressant before combining or augmentation strategies (table 2). Another convergence by most CPGs is the inclusion of antipsychotics, lithium and T3 as augmentation strategies to antidepressant tretament.21–23 25–27 Adding psychotherapy to the antidepressant treatment is recommended by all, except the MS Chile guideline.24 This strategy may decrease treatment abandonment, improve adherence to pharmacotherapy and increase the effectiveness of treatment.68 69
Divergencies and Shortcomings of CPGs
Among the shortcoming of CPGs, this review shows a high heterogeneity in quality of the rigour of development (domain 3 of AGREE II). A difficult finding to explain. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM V) replaced DSM IV in 2013, and the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder have been updated. Such change could impact on case identification and estimative of depression prevalence. However, diagnostic criteria are not covered by AGREE II checklist and differences in quality among CPGs might have not been influenced by that change in DSM version. CPGs were from different years, and the APA-Psychiatry, published in 2010, the oldest included, received the worst score on quality of rigour in development. It is possible that for the APA-Psychiatry and other CPGs the absence of a more recently updated version could have contributed to their low appraisal by AGREE II.
Of concern, standardised definition of an inadequate/adequate/partial response is not clear in 3 CPGs. This is a problematic point considering that we selected most relevant CPGs.12 The absence of a clear definition of such a central aspect limits the applicability of the recommendations, increasing the risk of a more severe course of depression and, potentially, suicide.70 MacQueen et al,12 using the AGREE II, also found a lack of definition for inadequate response to antidepressant treatment in their review of 21 CPGs for treatment of depression published between 1980 and 2015.
For patients with inadequate or partial response, all CPGs include the possibilities of switching and adding another medicine. Although all CPGs recommend switching antidepressants for an inadequate antidepressant response, there is little scientific evidence supporting this approach.71 Five CPGs recommend switching to another antidepressant before combining or augmentation strategies.21 24 26–28 However, most CPGs do not specify whether switching should be made within the same or to a different antidepressant class. Here, we have a specific difference in the CANMAT guideline,21 their recommendation is first switch to a more efficacious antidepressant, then to combination or augmentation and then switch to a second-line or third-line antidepressant. CPGs are not consensual regarding the use of the terms combination and augmentation. The concept of augmentation to denominate the addition of a non-antidepressant medicine to the antidepressant and the term combination to designate the use of two antidepressants are not adopted by all CPGs.26 The CANMAT21 guideline, uses the term ‘adjunctive treatment’ to denominate combination for two antidepressants or augmentation with other medicine; the APA-Psychology use the denomination ‘augment’ to the use of two antidepressant. Also, the APA-Psychology guideline28 suggests the possibility of the use of two antidepressants but does not include the possibility of augmentation with other medicines. Most CPGs do not give the reader a clue of which could be tried first, augmentation or combination, only the ICSI CPG27 establishes a sequency, recommending that drug combination should be first and then augmentation.
Other relevant point of variations is whether the CPGs recommend a class of antidepressant or specific drugs. For example, the CANMAT21 guideline brings specific antidepressants and other specific drugs to be used as adjunctive medicine, drugs that are not recommended and also describes the criteria for the physician to decide on the drug substitution and adjunctive treatment, including the patients’ preference.21 On the other hand, other CPGs as the APA-Psychiatry guideline22 did not mention specific antidepressants in detail in its recommendations. It should be considered that discrepancies of choices of particular strategies or medications found in our review may be governed by local contracting, availability or cost issues besides evidence-to-decision frameworks as it is recommended.10
Although most CPGs are congruent with the inclusion of antipsychotics, lithium and T3 as augmentation strategies to antidepressant treatment they usually do not establish the sequency among them.21–23 25–27
Shortcomings and strengths of our review
Our review has some limitations to be considered. It only included papers written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. CPGs’ recommendations were usually described in a specific section, but in some CPGs’, recommendations are also found throughout the text making it difficult to ensure that we could capture all of them. To minimise this problem, we included the content of the recommendation’s section and also conducted a comprehensive search in the CPGs for additional recommendations. Another limitation to be considered is the questionable quality of evidence of primary efficacy studies for various therapeutic approaches, thus, weakness and disagreement among CPGs may at least in part reflect that condition. Last, we focus in some aspects, but the list of disagreements among the CPGs is long and there might be important points that we did not discuss here.
Strength points in this review are the use of the AGREE II to select CPGs with high quality; the inclusion of three extra CPGs among the most relevant in clinical practice21 22 and the selection and extraction of the data performed by two independent researchers. Additionally, convergencies and divergencies among CPGs identified in our study may offer an opportunity to practitioners review their practice and help institutions in the development and adaptation of a CPG for treatment of depression.
Final considerations
It is relevant to point out that discrepancies among CPGs have led health professionals to be hesitant in applying CPGs in clinical practice.72 Improvement in quality will help healthcare professionals in the implementation of CPGs.73 Acceptancy by clinicians is the key for CPGs74 effective implementation and achievement of optimal patient care. Healthcare professionals have a limited time to read a reliable literature and CPGs are essential for decision making, our study shows topics that could be reviewed and improved.72 75
Conclusion
In conclusion, most CPGs for the treatment of depression converge in including checking adherence to treatment, reassessing diagnosis, evaluating comorbidities, changing antidepressant dosage an including psychotherapy as first steps for non-responsive to first line antidepressant patients. Switching antidepressants, augmentation/combining medicines are also included strategies. However, some limitations are also present in most relevant CPGs for treatment of depression. The CPGs for the treatment of depression present differences in specific recommendations for non-responsive patients, mainly in their recommended sequence of strategies. Additionally, some do not present a standardised definition of adequate/partial/inadequate response and differ with respect to the duration of treatment needed to declare that a patient did not respond to the treatment. Our opinion is that these topics deserve further consideration in future CPGs.
Data availability statement
All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as online supplemental information.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Professor André Baby Rolim, Professor Ivan Florez, Professor Ana Lucia Morocho Jácome, Professor Leonardo Gill Barcellos, Milena Bagetti, Mônica Cristiane Rodrigues, Luciana Vasconcelos, Nathália Celini Leite Santos, Rafael Augusto Mantovani, Sheila Kalb Wainberg, Sandro Tonin, Ana Paula Callejo, Carlos Eduardo Moscato Fuzaro, Beatriz Minguzzi, Caroline Molino, Andréa Dourado, Raquel Cristine Silva Barcelos, Tatiane Bomfim Ribeiro, Camila da Silva Rodrigues, Frederico Dagnese, Ana Amélia Bones for their generous assistance and we are also thankful to the Chronic Diseases and Informed Decisions (CHRONIDE) research group.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it was published Online first. The title of the article has been updated.
Contributors FCG, DOdM and ATS planned and developed the literature search strategy. IBdS and FCG conducted the literature search. FCG and GCHF-M realised the literature review. FCG, DOdM, ATS, RF, ER and IBdS planned and developed the methodology. FCG, DOdM, ATS, RF and ER conducted the data analysis. FCG, DOdM, ATS, RF and ER interpreted the data. FCG, DOdM, GCHF-M, ATS, AFdO, RF, ER and IBdS wrote the draft and final version of the manuscript. DOdM, ATS, AFdO, RF, ER and IBS reviewed the manuscript. FCG, GCHF-M and IBS appraised the CPGs. FCG acting as guarantor. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 (no. not applicable), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) (no. 141811/2020–0) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Programa Pesquisa para o SUS-Gestão Compartilhada Em Saúde (PPSUS) (no. 2019/03883-7).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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