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Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory joint disease (IJD) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) fostered by systemic inflammation and a high prevalence of CVD risk factors. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important health parameter and CRF-measures are advocated in routine health evaluations. CRF associates with CVD risk, and exercise modalities such as high intensity interval training (HIIT) can increase CRF and mitigate CVD risk factors. In IJD, exercise is rarely used in CVD risk management and the cardioprotective effect of HIIT is unclear. Furthermore, the clinical applicability of HIIT to primary care settings is largely unknown and warrants investigation. The primary aim is to assess the effect of a HIIT programme on CRF in patients with IJD. Second, we will evaluate the effect of HIIT on CVD risk and disease activity in patients with IJD, feasibility of HIIT in primary care and validity of non-exercise algorithms to detect change in CRF.
Methods and analysis ExeHeart is a single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Sixty patients with IJD will be recruited from the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic at Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Norway. Patients will be assigned to receive standard care (relevant lifestyle advice and cardio-preventive medication) or standard care plus a 12-week HIIT intervention by physiotherapists in primary care. HIIT sessions will be prescribed at 90%–95% of peak heart rate. Outcomes include CRF (primary outcome), CVD risk factors, anthropometric measures, disease activity and patient-reported outcomes related to pain, fatigue, disease, physical activity and exercise and will be assessed at baseline, 3 months (primary endpoint) and 6 months postbaseline.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (201227). Participants are required to sign a written informed consent form. Results will be discussed with patient representatives, submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant platforms.
Trial registration number NCT04922840.
- cardiology
- rheumatology
- rehabilitation medicine
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The ExeHeart trial is developed in collaboration with patient research partners and aligns with patient’s requests of viable, non-pharmacological treatment alternatives in inflammatory joint disease.
The high-intensity exercise intervention is set in physiotherapy primary care, thereby strengthening the generalisability of trial results to daily clinical care.
Robust randomised controlled design with repeated assessment of outcome measures by renowned methods is a strength.
Limited by the use of only one exercise modality and effect sizes are not transferable to endurance exercise at other intensities.
Non-blinding of patients to study hypothesis and the use of a cardiopulmonary exercise test can prompt changes in physical activity behaviour and diminish group differences at follow-up assessments and is considered a limitation.
Introduction
Inflammatory joint diseases (IJD), including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), are inflammatory autoimmune diseases with common traits of joint inflammation, pain, stiffness, fatigue and reduced physical function.1 2 Compared to the general population, individuals with IJD have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).3–5 Systemic inflammation can accelerate processes that lead to atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation, and this has been identified as an independent risk factor of CVD.6 7 The elevated CVD risk is also attributed to a higher prevalence and burden of traditional risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and hyperlipidaemia.8–10 Furthermore, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is recognised as a clinically important variable given that low levels of CRF are associated with higher risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.11 Inferior levels of physical activity and CRF are reported in patients with IJD12 13 and may serve as a further catalyst in the elevated CVD risk for this patient group.14 15 Implementation of interventions that can mitigate both systemic inflammation and prevalent CVD risk factors is therefore essential to reduce the risk of CVD in patients with IJD.8
CVD prevention in patients with IJD is advocated and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) advises routine CVD screening for patients with IJD.3 Despite increased awareness of excess CVD risk, management is often suboptimal and CVD risk factors are frequently non-recorded and undertreated in patients with IJD.16 17 Common CVD risk prediction models underestimate the risk of CVD in the context of IJD,18 a fact that accentuates the need for additional health measures to optimise CVD risk evaluation in this high-risk population.16 Routine assessment of CRF as a clinical vital sign is recommended, but seldom performed in outpatient settings. However, user-friendly, non-exercise algorithms to estimate CRF (eCRF) are available and can potentially be used to measure the effect of health-enhancing interventions in IJD care.11 19
Physical activity is currently included in guidelines on primary and secondary prevention of CVD and individuals presenting with CVD as primary diagnosis are often referred to exercise as an integral part of disease management.7 20 However, exercise is underutilised as a core component of CVD risk management in patients with IJD and seldom implemented in clinical healthcare.21 22 Previous hesitancy regarding the safety of vigorous exercise has led to rather conservative dosage of exercise intensity in IJD, but recent studies demonstrate that vigorous exercise is safe and does not inflict disease flares in patients with IJD.23–25 Research even indicates that exercise may promote an anti-inflammatory milieu, although additional studies are required to conclude on the exercise-induced effect on inflammation in the presence of IJD.26 27
Exercise has a dose-dependent effect on health outcomes and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a form of exercise that is proven superior to exercise at lower intensities in improving CRF.28 29 This time-efficient exercise mode alternates between bouts of high intensity exercise interspaced with bouts of lower intensity. Beneficial health outcomes of HIIT have been reported in various patient populations, but additional studies are needed to safely recommend HIIT as a cardioprotective mode of exercise in patients with IJD.30 31 Notably, HIIT interventions are often delivered under stringent research designs or with care providers that are extensively trained in the patient group at hand. This has cast doubt on the applicability of HIIT in real world contexts and studies evaluating the effect of HIIT in routine clinical care are currently needed.32
Aim
The primary aim of the ExeHeart trial is to determine the effect of a 12-week HIIT programme set in physiotherapy primary care on CRF in patients with IJD.
Secondary aims of the trial are to (1) assess the effect of HIIT on traditional CVD risk factors and disease activity in patients with IJD, (2) assess the association between CRF and disease-specific and CVD-related variables in IJD, (3) explore the feasibility of a HIIT intervention set in physiotherapy primary care in terms of patient’s adherence and tolerability to the exercise programme and (4) report on the validity of eCRF algorithms to accurately detect potential changes in CRF.
Hypotheses
We hypothesise that the HIIT intervention set in primary care will increase CRF and be associated with a concurrent decrease in traditional CVD risk factors. We do not expect any increase in disease activity due to HIIT. The HIIT intervention in primary care is hypothesised to be feasible measured by patient adherence and tolerability. Finally, we hypothesise that eCRF can detect meaningful change in CRF.
Methods and analysis
Trial design and study setting
ExeHeart is a parallel group, randomised controlled superiority trial with repeated measures. Patients will be randomly allocated to (1) Current clinical practice including CVD risk evaluation, lifestyle advice given at baseline and relevant cardioprotective medication (control group) or (2) Current clinical practice and a 12-week HIIT intervention. The HIIT intervention will be supervised by experienced and licensed physiotherapists at primary care clinics in the municipality of Oslo, Norway.
Patients will be recruited from the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic, an outpatient clinic housed by the Department of Rheumatology and Research at Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Referral criteria to the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic are (1) Patient with IJD requesting a CVD risk evaluation, (2) Physician or patient are aware of the presence of ≥1 CVD risk factors, (3) Patient with symptoms consistent with CVD risk factors, for example, headache due to increased blood pressure and/or (4) Patient with a family history of premature CVD.33
Project timeline
Enrolment was initiated in August 2021 and will continue until target sample size is reached, presumably by October 2022. Participant flow is illustrated in figure 1. The unpredictable course of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may impact national healthcare systems and influence the ExeHeart trial progress. At baseline, measurements will be collected from the patient’s consultation at the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic (prebaseline), digital questionnaires and a baseline clinical test session at the outpatient clinic at Diakonhjemmet Hospital. The full test protocol will be repeated at follow-up sessions that are scheduled 3 months and 6 months after baseline assessment.
Exeheart trial flow chart. BMI, body mass index; CPET, cardiopulmonary Exercise test; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake.
Sample size
Sample size is calculated on the basis of the primary outcome variable, where a between-group difference in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) of 3.5 mL/kg/min is considered to be of clinical relevance.20 Using a reported upper bound of 4.5 on the SD of change in VO2peak34 and 80% power to detect this difference, approximately 25 participants are required in each group. To allow for a possible 20% drop-out rate, we plan to randomise 60 patients in total (ie, 30 per group).
Eligibility criteria and patient screening
Patients will receive a cardiovascular risk evaluation by a cardiologist (AGS) at the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic and be assessed for trial eligibility based on age, diagnosis and cardiovascular suitability to maximal exercise testing. Subsequently, patients will be contacted by an ExeHeart project group member and provided oral and written information regarding the purpose and requirements of the study. Patients will be screened thoroughly according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, including American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for exercise testing20 (table 1). Eligible patients will be invited to enrol in the study and sign an informed consent form on acceptance of participation (online supplemental files A and B).
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
ExeHeart inclusion and exclusion criteria
Outcome measures
The primary outcome measure is CRF at 3-month follow-up, measured as VO2peak in mL/kg/min by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET).
Secondary outcome measures comprise disease activity, blood pressure, blood lipids, body mass index, body composition, arterial stiffness, resting heart rate (HR), Systemic COronary Risk Estimation 2 (SCORE2), additional markers of CRF derived from CPET (table 2) and patient self-report of pain, fatigue, cardiovascular health, medication and domains related to physical activity and exercise (table 3).
Data collection—clinical outcome measures
Data collection from digital questionnaires
Cardiopulmonary exercise test
The CPET will be performed by use of a breath-by-breath gas analysing system (Vyntus CPX, Vyaire Medial, Hoechenberg, Germany) with gas calibration every third hour, automatic volume sensor calibration between each subject and weekly manual calibration of volume sensors by a 3 L syringe (Hans Rudolph, Shawnee, USA).35
To start with, pulmonary function will be assessed by spirometer according to guidelines36 and forced expiratory volume (FEV1, L), forced vital capacity (L) and peak expiratory flow (L/min) will be recorded from three attempts at maximal expiratory flow volume loops. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV, L/min) will be measured twice by breathing deeply and rapidly for 12 s. In cases of poor technique, MVV will be estimated as FEV1×37.5 (35).
The CPET will be performed on a treadmill (PPS 55 Woodway, Würzburg, Germany) with 12-lead ECG (Customed cardio 300 BT_A, CareFusion, Ottobrunn, Germany), blood pressure monitor (Suntech Tango M2, SunTech Medical, Morrisville, USA), pulse oximetry and modified Borg rating of perceived exertion (Borg RPE 1–10).37 Gas exchange is measured breath-by-breath and averaged over eight breaths throughout the test with patients breathing into a Hans Rudolph two-way mask (7450 series, Hans Rudolph, Shawnee, USA). A modified Balke ramp protocol is used with initial treadmill speed individually set based on estimated functional capacity.38 Patients unaccustomed to treadmill walking will be familiarised with the treadmill before the test starts. The test is completed when the participant is unable to continue despite verbal encouragement from the test technician. The protocol is terminated in advance of exhaustion if the test technician observes abnormal and/or adverse test values or the patient requests to stop.20 Peak HR (HRpeak) is recorded at maximal exercise level. Blood lactate concentration is sampled within 60 s of test completion to evaluate level of anaerobic processes (Lactate Scout 4, SensLab, Leipzig, Germany). Borg RPE 0–10, HRpeak, respiratory exchange ratio and post-exercise blood lactate concentration are used to assess level of effort.39 Additional parameters collected from CPET are ventilatory thresholds, breathing reserve at peak exercise, oxygen pulse as well as ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide.11
Traditional CVD risk factors
Medical background information will be collected from the patient’s journal recorded at the prebaseline consultation at the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic. Non-fasting blood samples will be measured at the hospital laboratory (European Standard Accredited 2009) by routine procedures (Cobas 8000, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland)40 and analysed for C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides. Blood pressure, resting HR, and arterial stiffness (measured as augmentation index and pulse wave velocity) will be measured after the patient has been in a supine position for at least 10 min in a semi dark room, using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor (Mobil-o-graph PWA, I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany). Twelve-lead resting ECG will be recorded (CAM 14, GE Medical Systems Information Technologies, Wisconsin, USA). SCORE2 will be calculated with variables gender, age, non-HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking status.7 As recommended by EULAR, a 1.5 multiplication factor will be included for patients presenting with RA.3
Anthropometric measures
Patients will be asked to be 2 hours postprandial and to refrain from using caffeine and/or nicotine the last 4 hours prior to study visits. Body height will be measured by wall ruler (KaWe Person Check, Kirchner & Wilhelm+Co. KG, Asperg, Germany). Body weight and body composition will be measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita MC-780MA and Tanita Gmon Software Pro, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). Waist circumference will be measured horizontally at the level of the iliac crest with the patient in a standing position.20
Disease activity
Disease activity will be measured by inflammatory markers CRP and ESR and with instruments according to IJD entity; Disease Activity Score-28 Calculator for RA (DAS28) is used as a measure of overall disease activity in patients presenting with RA,41 Disease Activity Index for PSoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) for patients with PsA42 and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) for patients with SpA.43 Instrument-specific thresholds will be applied to provide categories of remission, low, moderate and high disease activity.
Questionnaires
Prior to all study visits, patients will receive an email with link to an electronic questionnaire created with nettskjema.no, a survey solution developed and hosted by the University of Oslo (nettskjema@usit.uio.no). In cases where response to an electronic questionnaire is not feasible, a paper version will be supplied. The questionnaire includes personal background information, use of medication and healthcare services, pain, fatigue, disease activity, CVD symptoms, physical activity habits, exercise beliefs and self-efficacy of exercise. Questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or quarantine, exercise behaviour and perceived change in physical fitness will be included at follow-up time points (table 3).
Randomisation and allocation concealment
Following baseline assessments, patients are allocated 1:1 by a computer-generated randomisation schedule using permuted blocks of random sizes 4 and 6, stratified by gender. Project leader (ATT) is in charge of telephoning and assigning patients to designated group. The trial is single-blinded with outcome assessors (KRN and CF) blinded to group allocation. Patients and physiotherapists in charge of exercise sessions are not blinded to treatment exposure nor study hypothesis.
Intervention
All patients, regardless of group allocation, will receive standard care following a consultation at the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic, including CVD risk evaluation, lifestyle advice; heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management and non-smoking given at baseline and prescription of relevant medication at the discretion of the attending physician.
Intervention group (HIIT)
Patients randomised to the HIIT intervention group will be invited to receive a 12-week exercise intervention with 2 weekly HIIT exercise sessions guided by a physiotherapist at a primary care clinic. The initial 2 weeks of the intervention invites a progressive exercise load, starting from lower intensity and gradually increasing to a HIIT protocol. The HIIT protocol will include a 10 min warm-up, followed by 4×4 min at 90%–95% HRpeak, Borg RPE 16–18,37 interspaced by 2–3 min active breaks at 60%–70% HRpeak, Borg RPE 11–13. Uphill walking or running will be prioritised, but other modes of exercise, such as cycling or elliptical machine may also be used. Exercise work load will be tailored to each individual to provide the same relative exercise stress and to ensure progression.28 Target exercise intensity will be monitored by a Polar H10 HR monitor (Polar, Kempele, Finland) connected to the training device or by wrist-based light sensors in Polar Ignite fitness watches (Polar, Kempele, Finland) provided to all HIIT participants. HR will be recorded in a training diary by the physiotherapist at the third minute of each interval bout with patients concurrently registering Borg RPE 6–20. The exercise programme will also include a recommendation for a third weekly, non-supervised exercise session at moderate intensity; 10 min warm-up at Borg RPE 11–12, followed by 30 min endurance exercise at Borg RPE 12–14. In these sessions, patients will be asked to record mean and maximum HR by use of Polar Ignite fitness watch as well as overall Borg RPE in the training diary.
Control group
Patients allocated to the control group will not be discouraged from taking part in regular exercise, but receive no targeted exercise intervention subsequent to baseline measurements. Succeeding the 6-month follow-up session, control group participants will be invited to attend an individual theoretical and practical HIIT session guided by a physiotherapist from the Norwegian National Unit for Rehabilitation for Rheumatic Patients with Special Needs.
Adherence and tolerability
Adherence to HIIT will be recorded by use of the training diary. Exercise session attendance will be tallied and criteria for adherence is set to ≥70% (17/24) of HIIT sessions. HIIT exercise intensity sessions will be calculated as mean %HRpeak and Borg RPE 6-20 across sessions and participants. Likewise, duration will be reported as mean session duration and average time spent in high intensity intervals.44 Tolerability of HIIT will be explored by clinical measures of disease activity with disease flares defined as increase in DAS28 >1.2 or>0.6 if DAS28 ≥3.2,45 DAPSA≥746 or ASDAS≥0.9.47
At the 3-month point, an additional questionnaire will be distributed electronically to patients in the HIIT-group (n=30), addressing patients’ acceptability and satisfaction with the HIIT programme (table 3). This questionnaire is self-developed in collaboration with the patient research partners. The ExeHeart trial will also include semi-structured interviews, targeting 5–7 patients in the intervention group. These interviews aim to explore barriers and facilitators in exercise adherence, experience with the HIIT protocol and perceived effects of exercise. The participants will be interviewed by a person unaffiliated to the research group.
Patient safety and adverse events
Any abnormal values that are observed during clinical assessments throughout the study will be discussed with a cardiologist or rheumatologist as relevant. Patients eligible for inclusion will be examined by a cardiologist during the consultation at the Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic and further screened on contraindications to maximal exercise before entering the study.20 The CPET will be supervised by physiotherapists (KRN or CF) that are trained in exercise physiology, have extensive knowledge of exercise stress tests and sufficient familiarity with indications to terminate a CPET.48 In case of an adverse event, the hospital’s emergency personnel will be alerted by alarm in accordance to hospital protocol.
Physiotherapists in primary care will be advised to use clinical checklists prior to each HIIT session; patient general well-being, absence of angina, dyspnoea or dizziness and resting HR <120. Furthermore, exercise sessions are to be ceased if HR does not increase with a higher workload or if the patient reports symptoms such as chest-pain or light-headedness.49 Physiotherapists will be instructed to contact the patient’s general practitioner and the project leader (ATT) in case of adverse events or abnormal exercise-related symptoms. Safety of HIIT will be monitored by asking patients and physiotherapists to record any events in the training diary.
Data management
Encrypted data will be sent from nettskjema.no to Sensitive Data Services (TSD) at the University of Oslo, and downloaded to a secure server at Diakonhjemmet Hospital. Patients case report forms will be secured in locked cabinets according to hospital policy and will remain stored for 5 years after study completion. All data files will be stored in a secure research server at Diakonhjemmet Hospital with access to files restricted to project group members (KRN, HD, AGS, JSe, CF and ATT). Accuracy of data entry will be monitored by verification of a subset of data. Data may be shared on reasonable request to the project manager.
Statistical analysis
The primary analysis will be a between group comparison of VO2peak (mL/kg/min). This will be carried out according to the intention-to-treat principle, and done by the analysis of covariance, adjusting for age, VO2peak values at baseline and other relevant factors. Secondary analyses will include between group comparisons on secondary outcomes, as well as comparisons in the per protocol population. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses will be carried out as appropriate based on visual inspection of variable distribution. No adjustment for multiple testing will be done.
The association between VO2peak and changes in disease activity and CVD risk factors will be assessed using multiple linear regression. The validity of eCRF models to accurately detect longitudinal change in VO2peak from baseline to follow-up will be assessed with Pearson or Spearman correlation and illustrated through Bland-Altman plot by comparing CPET-derived VO2peak to eCRF using an algorithm for the general population19 and a model for RA populations.50 Adherence, tolerability and acceptance of the HIIT protocol will be explored with descriptive statistics.
Ethics and dissemination
The ExeHeart trial is evaluated and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC south-east 201227) and the Data Protection Officer at Diakonhjemmet Hospital (reg.no. 00397). Any protocol amendments are forwarded to REC and recorded in CinicalTrials.gov.
All procedures will be performed in adherence to the Helsinki declaration. Participants will be provided with written and oral information and asked to sign a consent form before enrolling in the study. No patients will, regardless of group allocation, receive treatment that falls short of standard clinical care. Possible risks that may impair study recruitment and follow-up are insecurities among patients regarding maximal exercise testing. We will assure patients that CPET is a safe procedure with very low risk of adverse events.11 To reduce the risk of control group drop-out at repeated measures, we will invite control group participants to a physiotherapist-led theoretical and practical HIIT session following study close-out.
Dissemination of trial results will conform to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines51 and Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template.52 Results will be presented in international peer-reviewed, open access journals and through relevant communication platforms.
Patient and public involvement
The ExeHeart trial is developed in agreement with Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials guidelines53 and designed in collaboration with the Norwegian Rheumatism Association and patient research partners to enhance the relevance of research questions and feasibility of methods. Two experienced patient research partners from the Patient advisory board at Diakonhjemmet Hospital have been involved in the planning of ExeHeart and will contribute in all further phases of the trial.
Discussion
Despite compelling evidence of the potential of correctly dosed exercise in mitigating risk of disease, exercise is underutilized in CVD risk management in IJD.21 We expect that the results of the ExeHeart trial will shed light on the effect and feasibility of HIIT in mitigating CVD risk in patients with IJD. If the results show favourable effects on CRF and few side effects, HIIT can be advocated as a safe and time-efficient mode of exercise for patients with IJD. Additionally, if eCRF models are deemed adequate in detecting change in CRF, future implementation of eCRF to clinical care may aid practitioners in accurately stratifying CVD risk.
Strengths of the study are the randomised controlled design, comprehensive clinical CVD risk assessments and blinding of outcome assessors. Furthermore, our trial is developed in close collaboration with patient research partners and aims to meet patient requests of effective, non-pharmacological treatment alternatives.
There are some limitations to our trial. Despite random allocation to HIIT, comparator contamination is plausible. Comprehensive health assessments, including a CPET, may reassure patients that exercise is safe and prompt physical behavioural changes to increased levels of physical activity.54 Control group participants are not asked to refrain from physical activity and may enrol in exercise programmes outside of the study. The use of a sham exercise intervention for the control group was discussed, but deemed unsuitable in terms of use of resources in physiotherapy primary care.
Exercise intensity has emerged as a vital component of exercise programmes with compelling evidence of superior physiological adaptations following vigorous exercise. Indeed, a study in coronary heart disease reports superior effects in patients that exercise at the higher end of the HIIT intensity spectrum.55 In our study, HRpeak is derived from CPET and exercise intensity is measured as percentage of HRpeak and Borg RPE 6–20. HRpeak can deviate between repeated exercise tests and be underestimated in cases of peripheral fatigue.34 49 Thus, we cannot rule out that using HRpeak from a single CPET may lead to inaccurate prescription of HIIT HR zone.
Wearable fitness trackers have the potential to improve physical activity levels, especially in sedentary individuals.56 In our trial, all patients in the HIIT group are provided with a personal fitness watch to monitor HR during exercise and further use of the fitness watch outside of exercise sessions is at the patient’s preference. Feedback and cues from the fitness watch can potentially instigate physical activity behavioural changes that act in concert with the HIIT intervention.
In summary, ExeHeart is a pragmatic trial, aiming to generate applicable knowledge on the potential cardioprotective effect of HIIT in the context of IJD, the feasibility of HIIT in physiotherapy primary care and the validity of eCRF models.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
We thank the patients willing to participate in the ExeHeart trial and the Norwegian League against Rheumatism/Norwegian Rheumatism Association for collaboration in the planning of the study. Furthermore, we thank nurse Anne Stormyr Eirheim for training in measures of arterial stiffness and valuable help in patient enrollment. Lastly, we owe thanks to physiotherapist Henrik Gifstad at Atlet Fysio, physiotherapist Paal Drummond at Volvat and musculoskeletal physiotherapists Fred Hatlebrekke and Øyvind Erås at Hans&Olaf Fysioterapi AS for their valuable enthusiasm and commitment in the ExeHeart trial.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
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Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Correction notice This article has been has been corrected since it was first published. The figure 1 has been corrected.
Contributors KRN: study design, acquisition of data, drafting the article and final approval of the manuscript. AGS: study design, acquisition of data, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript. ATT, HD, JH, GSM, JSe, JSk, TB and KV: study design, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript. CF: acquisition of data, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript. No intended use of professional writers.
Funding This work is supported by the Dam foundation (grant number 2021/FO347439), Dr Trygve Gythfeldt and Wife research fund (June 2021, no grant number), the Norwegian Rheumatism Association (November 2021, no grant number) and the Norwegian Health Association (25576).
Disclaimer The funding sources have no role in the design, analysis and interpretation of the study.
Competing interests AGS has received lecture honoraria from AbbVie, Novartis, Bayer, Eli Lilly and Sanofi. AGS is secretary of ESC Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy working group, nucleus member of EACP Risk Factor Management and Primary care and steering committee member for ATACC-RA, all gratuitous. GSM has received lecture honoraria from Novartis. JH has received lecture honoraria from Amgen. KRN, HD, KV, JSe, CF, JSk, TB and ATT have nothing to disclose.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.