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Abstract
Introduction Obesity impairs metabolic function and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evidence suggests that high-protein diets help to increase weight loss and protect against weight gain. Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is a dairy product with a high protein content with a ratio of casein and whey protein similar to skim milk. This trial aims to evaluate the effect of MPC supplementation in obese women under a weight-loss diet.
Methods and analysis We will conduct a 2-month open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of MPC supplementation on levels of glycaemic and lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin, appetite, waist circumference, body mass index and body composition in 44 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet.
Ethics and dissemination This protocol, approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (approval number: IR.AJUMS.REC.1399.795). The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.
Trial registration number Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20201223049804N1).
- NUTRITION & DIETETICS
- General endocrinology
- COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
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STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY
We will conduct a 2-month open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of 30-gram milk protein concentrate supplementation on levels of glycaemic and lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin, appetite, waist circumference, body mass index and body composition in 44 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet.
A limitation of this study is that other adipokines affecting energy homeostasis in the body and incretin hormones will not be measured due to restrictions in funding.
Another limitation of this study is that all of the subjects will only be female.
Introduction
Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat in the body (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) and is associated with dysregulation of glucose and lipoprotein metabolism.1 In particular, it has been shown that visceral fat, as an independent factor, impairs metabolic function and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.2 It is reported that additional production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages in visceral adipose tissue leads to insulin resistance.3 Inflammatory cytokines produced by adipose tissue prevent the binding of insulin to its receptors, thereby induce insulin resistance in target tissues.4 According to the WHO in 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight and 650 million were obese (13% of the world’s adult population).5 Also, the prevalence of obesity in adult female and male Iranians was reported at 29.3% and 13.6%, respectively.6 Probably due to differences in sex hormones, unknown molecular mechanisms and genetics, women have a greater risk of obesity compared with men.7
Adipose tissue is an important metabolic organ that is crucial for insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the body.8 This tissue produces two hormones leptin and adiponectin called adipocytokines which influence lipid and glucose metabolism. According to studies with large populations, the ratio of leptin to adiponectin is an indicator of insulin sensitivity in the body.9 10 Leptin regulates appetite, energy expenditure, and food intake by binding to its receptors in the hypothalamus and helps to control weight.11 In obese individuals, leptin levels increase and lead to the development of obesity and insulin resistance.12 Conversely, adiponectin acts as an insulin sensitiser and improves lipid profile by increasing tissue fat oxidation. Nevertheless, decreased levels of adiponectin have been reported in obese individuals.13
Obesity is a complex disease caused by the interaction of genetics, epigenetics, economic, physiological, social and environmental factors (lifestyle, diet and physical activity).14 15 It has been shown that the models of diet-induced obesity, due to their similarity to human obesity, are often used in metabolic studies.16 Fat-rich diets play a role in the induction of obesity, impaired glucose homeostasis as well as insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia.17 Studies have shown that regular intake of dietary protein, especially dairy protein, may have beneficial effects on weight control and metabolic syndrome.18 19
Complete dairy protein or milk protein concentrate (MPC) is a relatively new dairy product with high protein content (70% protein) that is made by combining three methods including diafiltration, ultrafiltration and spray-drying from pasteurised skim milk (31% protein). MPC contains both casein and whey protein, and the ratio of these two proteins is similar to skim milk (4:1 or 80:20). This ingredient is used in dairy products such as cheeses and yoghurts.20 A study in obese rats showed that MPC reduced body weight and fat accumulation more than casein and whey protein alone. This may be due to the longer digestion process and greater satiety effects than the other two proteins.18 Also, MPC, as a source of protein with a high biological value that contains all kinds of essential and non-essential amino acids, can prevent muscle wasting.21 Another study reported that intraduodenal infusion of MPC significantly improved the effects of sitagliptin including glycaemic and short-term food intake suppression. The results of this study confirm the hypothesis that the consumption of dairy protein may be useful as a complementary therapy to enhance the glycaemic and food intake suppressive effects of GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies.22 Furthermore, a low-energy diet helps to improve systemic dysmetabolism by inducing weight loss,23 has positive effects on adiponectin concentration24 and is associated with decreased serum levels of leptin in obese individuals.25
To the best of our knowledge, there is no study to investigate the effects of MPC along with a weight-loss diet in obese women. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate if supplementation of the 30-gram MPC in adjunct with a weight-loss diet will be useful in improving metabolic parameters, serum levels of adipocytokines and body composition in obese women.
Methods and analysis
Study design
We will conduct an 8-week open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial with a superiority framework. The proposed clinical trial will be conducted at the Nutritional Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences for 8 weeks to assess the efficacy of the 30 mg MPC in adjunct with weight-loss diet in obese women. Recruitment for this study and data collection began in April 2022 and are expected to end in September 2022 (figures 1 and 2).
Protocol flow diagram. BMI, body mass index; MPC, milk protein concentrate.
Template of recommended content for the schedule of enrolment, interventions and assessments. HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Aims and study hypotheses
The primary aim of the current trial is to examine the effect of 8 weeks of MPC supplementation on levels of leptin, adiponectin, waist circumference (WC), BMI and body composition in obese women on a weight-loss diet. The secondary aim is to determine the effect of 8 weeks of MPC supplementation on glycaemic and lipid profile, insulin and appetite. It is hypothesised that 8-week supplementation of the MPC in adjunct with a weight-loss diet will improve measures of investigation.
Participants
Forty-four premenopausal obese women aged 18 years or more referred to the diet clinic in the city of Ahvaz meeting the inclusion criteria will be recruited in this trial after obtaining their informed written consent. The following inclusion criteria will be applied: aged 18 years and older; BMI range of 30–40 kg/m2; absence of menopause; absence of lactation and pregnancy; absence of food allergies; not having eating disorders, particularly binge eating disorder or bulimia; not having cancer, hepatic, renal, thyroid and gastrointestinal disorders; no surgery for weight loss; no weight loss over the past 6 months; not taking any herbal medicine and drug that reduces appetite and weight (such as caraway extract, celery extracts, metformin, orlistat, etc) and vitamin–mineral supplements. The subjects with any of the following criteria will be excluded: become pregnant during the study, unwilling to continue, changes in diet during the study period and no consumption of powders exceeding 10% of total administered powders.
Patient and public involvement
Patients were not involved in the development and design of the study protocol. The public was not involved. Study results will not be disseminated to participants specifically. However, if participants are interested in the results of the research, they will receive any information, the manuscript and published research on this topic in the future.
Sample size
The required sample size is calculated based on data from a previous human study by Faghih et al,26 which assessed the effects of cow milk consumption in adjunct with a weight-loss diet on weight and fat loss. A mean difference in weight of 1.6 kg between the two groups is aimed to be detected for a specified α of 0.05 and a study power of 80%. Based on the proposed formula for parallel clinical trials,27 we reached a sample size of 20 participants in each group. Assuming a possible drop-out rate of 10%, 22 patients will be enrolled in each group.
Randomisation
The subjects will be randomly stratified according to age and BMI using a permuted block randomisation procedure by Random Allocation Software. The ratio of intended numbers of participants in each of the matched groups will be 1:1. They will be assigned to one of the two study groups (figure 1):
Standard weight loss group (n=22) (control group).
MPC supplementation weight loss group (n=22) (intervention group).
A member of the research team who is not involved in assessing the outcome of the study will be responsible for generating the allocation sequence and will allocate participants to the sequence.
Intervention
All subjects will follow a hypocaloric diet of 800 kcal below estimated energy requirements, which will be designed by a trained dietitian. Energy needs will be estimated by the Mifflin-St Jeor equation.28 In the control group, the percentage of macronutrients will be 55%, 30%, and 15% for carbohydrates, fat, and protein, respectively.29 For the intervention group, an isocaloric weight-loss diet with MPC supplements will be prescribed. Each of the intervention group participants will receive 30-gram MPC powders daily lasting 8 weeks. MPC powders will be supplied by Pegah Dairy Industries Co, Tehran, Iran. The MPC powders will be provided in a sachet form. Each sachet will contain 30-gram MPC (105 kcal, 0.4 g of lipid, 6 g of carbohydrate and 20 g of protein; 20% whey protein and 80% casein). Considering the calorie of each MPC sachet (105 kcal), 905 calories below estimated energy needs will be regarded for the intervention group. Participants in the intervention group will be instructed to add one sachet to 250 mL cold water and consume it immediately, every morning on an empty stomach.30 To check compliance, subjects will be requested to record the time and date of powder intake. Moreover, to ensure that the intervention group participants regularly consume the powders, they will be contacted every 3 days by a dietitian, or if it was not possible to call them, they would be followed through SMS. To create a variety in the diet while maintaining the general principles of diet, all subjects will be given a dietary exchange list and a diet according to their food habits.31 The study subjects will be asked not to change their dietary habits and physical activity during the study (8 weeks).
The assigned study intervention may need to be modified or discontinued by trial investigators for various reasons, including gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions and withdrawal of participant consent. We will call the patients weekly and ask them about any adverse events occurring following MPC consumption. If the reported adverse events are correlated with MPC consumption, participants will be asked to stop taking MPC supplements, and also, they will be immediately referred to a specialist for therapy.
Outcomes
The primary outcomes consist of levels of adiponectin, leptin, body composition, WC and BMI. Secondary outcomes will be fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels, serum levels of lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and appetite status. All these factors will be measured at baseline and end of the study. We would manage multiplicity issue about multiple primary outcomes using Bonferroni correction.
Assessment of dietary intake, anthropometric parameters and physical activity
A sociodemographic questionnaire will be recorded at the beginning of the study. Dietary intake will be evaluated by 3 days 24 hours’ recall questionnaires (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) at the beginning, middle and end of the study. Total energy and macronutrient intake will be calculated by Nut IV (the Hearst Corporation, San Bruno, California, USA). A trained dietitian will evaluate anthropometric variables such as WC, body weight, height and BMI after overnight fasting with minimum clothing. At the baseline and the end of the study, WC will be measured in a standing position using a tape with an accuracy of 1.0 cm above the iliac crest, just below the lowest rib margin and at the end of normal expiration. Body weight will be measured with the accuracy of 100 g using a Seca scale at the baseline and end of the study. Stature will be measured in a relaxed position by a Seca stadiometer with an accuracy of 0.5 cm. BMI will be calculated as body weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m), at the beginning and end of the study. The direct segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance method (Inbody 270, Biospace, Korea) will be used to calculate body composition including total body fat and fat-free mass percentage.
To evaluate the physical activity levels, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) will be used at the baseline and the end of the trial via interviewing, and the results will be expressed as metabolic equivalent hours per week. The Persian translation of the short form IPAQ has been validated by Dashti et al (Cronbach’s α=0.7 and test–retest reliability coefficient=0.9).32
Assessment of appetite
The Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire, which was adopted by Wilson et al,33 will be used for measuring appetite. This questionnaire contains eight single-domain items, scales of each item ranged from 1 to 5. Thus, the total score ranges from 8 to 40 points. A score of less than 28 is a cause for concern. The validity of this questionnaire has been investigated in Iran (Cronbach’s α=0.77).34
Assessment of biochemistry variables
At baseline and end of the study, 10 mL of venous blood samples (in regular tubes) will be collected after 10–12 hours of overnight fasting. Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triglyceride) will be evaluated by the enzymatic method with kits from Pars-Azmoon (Tehran, Iran). Insulin levels will be measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. HOMA-IR will be calculated by the following formula: fasting glucose (mg/dL)×fasting insulin (μU/mL)/405. ELISA kits will be used to determine serum leptin and adiponectin levels. All data will be entered electronically at the participating site where the data originated. Original study forms will be entered and kept on file at the participating site. Participant files are to be stored in numerical order and stored in a secure and accessible place and manner. Participant files will be maintained in storage for a period of 3 years after completion of the study. All principal investigators will be given access to the cleaned data sets.
Statistical analysis
Data analysts will be blinded after the assignment to interventions. All statistical analyses will be performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software (V.23). The normality of the variables will be confirmed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A Χ2 test will be applied to compare the categorical data between treatment groups at the baseline. Independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney test will be used to compare parametric continuous and non-parametric data between the groups, respectively. Paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test will be applied to compare data within the groups. Post-intervention differences in responses between intervention and control groups will be tested by analysis of covariance with the use of the baseline measurements of the outcome variables as covariates. The per cent change of each variable will also be computed by the formula [(E−B)/B×100], where E is the end of intervention values and B is the baseline values. The intention-to-treat method will be applied for data analysis, which considers all participants in the trial and ignores anything that happens after randomisation such as misallocation and non-compliance. A p value of less than 0.05 will be considered to be statistically significant.
Ethics and dissemination
This protocol, approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (approval number: IR.AJUMS.REC.1399.795). The monitors from the Medical Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences will discuss the protocol in detail and identify and clarify any areas of weakness. Written informed consent will be obtained from participants before participation in the research project by researchers. All participant information will be stored in locked file cabinets in areas with limited access. This investigation was registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20201223049804N1).
Discussion
Epidemiological studies show that the intake of milk and dairy products is inversely associated with a lower risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases.29 Differences in the digestion kinetics of whey and casein proteins facilitate the stimulation of gastric hormones that delay gastric emptying, thus increasing feelings of fullness and attenuation of food particle breakdown and release in the small intestine. Whey and casein proteins differentially affect postprandial blood glucose and satiety mechanisms, with relevance to type 2 diabetes and obesity.30 It seems that complete dairy consumption improves body composition and insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than whey or casein alone. In a diet-induced obese rat model, administration of complete dairy protein reduced weight gain and body fat mass accumulation more so than intake of whey or casein alone.18 The intraintestinal presence of specific bioactive components, whole proteins, and select amino acids found within MPC is linked with insulin and gut peptide secretions, as well as suppression of food intake.35–37
This is the first study that investigates the effect of supplementation of the MPC in adjunct with a weight-loss diet on improving metabolic parameters, serum levels of adipocytokines and body composition in obese women. Results of this trial will help us understand the effectiveness of MPC along with a weight-loss diet to improve metabolic parameters, serum levels of adipocytokines, appetite and body composition compared with controlled participants. In addition, the results of this trial will help obese women to reduce weight and improve their cardiometabolic health.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
We thank Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences for funding this trial.
References
Footnotes
Twitter @drsislam
Contributors FH and VA designed the research protocol. FH, VA and ME were involved in the set-up of the original intervention study and follow-up study. FH, ME, MM, HS, SMSI and VA were involved in the writing of the article and carefully reviewed the article. FH acted as the guarantor.
Funding This research is funded by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (grant number: NRC-9912).
Disclaimer This funding source has no role in the design of this study and will not have any role during its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data or decision to submit results.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.