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Abstract
Introduction Cardiac arrest remains a common and devastating cause of death and disability worldwide. While targeted temperature management has become standard of care to improve functional neurologic outcome, few pharmacologic interventions have shown similar promise.
Methods/analysis This systematic review will focus on prospective human studies from 2015 to 2020 available in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE with a primary focus on impact on functional neurologic outcome. Prospective studies that include pharmacologic agents given during or after cardiac arrest will be included. Study selection will be in keeping with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. If sufficient data involving a given agent are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted and compared with current evidence for therapies recommended in international practice guidelines.
Ethics and dissemination Formal ethical approval will not be required as primary data will not be collected. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication, conference presentation and lay press.
PROSPERO registration number International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (CRD42021230216).
- clinical pharmacology
- adult intensive & critical care
- neurological injury
- therapeutics
- adult cardiology
- accident & emergency medicine
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- clinical pharmacology
- adult intensive & critical care
- neurological injury
- therapeutics
- adult cardiology
- accident & emergency medicine
Strengths and limitations of this study
Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective trials investigating therapeutic agents in cardiac arrest.
Inclusion of outcome measurements to quantify the effect of proposed therapeutic interventions on neurologic function after cardiac arrest.
Limitation in the number of studies investigating a given therapy may diminish observed effects.
Potential identification of therapies with positive impact on functional outcome following cardiac arrest.
Introduction
Cardiac arrest remains a common and often devastating cause of death and disability worldwide.1 Outcomes are contingent on the severity of overall hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury burden, which comprises primary injury during circulation standstill and ongoing secondary brain injury that occurs in the aftermath of resuscitation. Aside from targeted temperature management, therapeutic options targeting improvement in neurologic outcome are scarce and recent data have cast doubt on even this guideline-recommended therapy.2 3 International practice guidelines currently recommend epinephrine, amiodarone and lidocaine/lignocaine.4–6 While there is good evidence for improved survival with these medications, there is little evidence for a positive impact of these medications on functional neurologic outcomes specifically.4 6 7 Functional neurologic outcome is less commonly the primary focus of cardiac arrest research but arguably a more granular patient-centred variable rather than rate of return of spontaneous circulation or survival. Unlike targeted temperature management, few advances have been made in pharmacologic approaches to improve functionally intact neurologic survival following cardiac arrest.2 6 8 9 Several novel compounds have been investigated in animal studies, with some notation of effect on neurologic function, though only a small minority have made the transition from animal models into human trials.8 The review proposed here will focus on identifying the best available data from human studies and report on therapies that may not have been explicitly mentioned in international guidelines to date.
A similar review of the literature was performed in 2015, though this was focused on cataloguing the therapies used and did not focus on studies that included functional outcome measurements.9 Another recent systematic review reported the rate of translation from animal models to human trials for therapies targeted at cardiac arrest.8 Though again, this review did not have a specific focus on functional neurologic outcome. While the review published by Lind et al identified the large number of experimental therapies targeted at postcardiac arrest physiology, the authors noted a relative dearth of clinical trials investigating those same therapies in humans.8 Additionally, the review published in 2021 did not compare the effects of different pharmacologic agents.8 The review proposed here seeks to compile the best available evidence for pharmacologic interventions that will improve functional neurologic outcomes in humans following cardiac arrest and compare this directly to current practice guidelines.
Objectives
The objective of our study is to systematically review the literature for prospective studies that evaluated the performance of pharmacologic agents used in adult cardiac arrest compared with standard resuscitation treatments currently advocated in practice guidelines. This will include studies regardless of initial cardiac rhythm and independent of the use of targeted temperature management.
Methods and design
Population
The systematic review will focus on studies that include patients aged>15 years who have been resuscitated from cardiac arrest but are not conscious on return of spontaneous circulation with arms for both intervention and control.
Interventions
The interventions to be evaluated include any pharmacologic agent given during cardiac arrest itself or in the immediate postarrest period (defined as the initial 24 hours).
Comparisons
The added benefit of the interventions identified will be compared with current international practice guidelines and the pharmacologic agents advocated there (epinephrine, amiodarone and lidocaine/lignocaine).
Outcome
The primary outcomes required of included studies will be survival and neurologic function as defined by one of the following neurologic scales: Cerebral Performance Category, modified Rankin Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale/Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended.
Study design
The systematic review and meta-analysis will include prospective therapeutic studies investigating the use of a pharmacologic agent during or after cardiac arrest with a primary focus on effects of neurologic outcome. This will include systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised control trials, adaptive clinical trials, prospective cohort and observational studies and non-randomised clinical trials. Studies that compare one intervention to standard resuscitation as the control will be included. No minimum number of included subjects will be required. The review will exclude studies without a control group using either placebo or current standard care. Retrospective studies will be excluded including retrospective cohorts, case–control studies, cross-sectional studies, case reports and case series.
Search strategy
A three-step process will be used to identify eligible studies, including an initial search, title and abstract screening and full-text manuscript review. A professional systematic review librarian (PMW) will develop search criteria in discussion with the authors to include all relevant studies pertaining to adult, human studies of pharmacologic treatment of cardiac arrest. The databases that will be searched are PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE from the year 2015 to 2020, inclusive. No language restrictions will be applied. Figure 1 shows an example search algorithm for PubMed. Initial deduplication will be performed using EndNote (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA).10
Example search algorithm for PubMed.
Study selection
Literature search results will be uploaded from EndNote and screened through DistillerSR (Evidence Partners, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Study titles and abstracts will be screened for relevance in duplicate, blindly and independently, by four reviewers (EA, NT, GC, M-MM) and adjudicated by a senior author (TWM, CBM). Eligible studies will then be assessed again for inclusion and for quality in secondary screening through review of full-text manuscripts before data abstraction. This process will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram. The PRISMA-P Checklist pertaining to this protocol is available as online supplemental file 1. Any conflicting remarks regarding studies will be adjudicated through discussion before inclusion in the final analysis.
Supplemental material
Quality assessment
Each article will undergo initial screening in parallel by two independent reviewers to minimise bias. All selected articles will be reviewed with senior authors during full-text review. Cochrane tools for assessment of study quality will be used as appropriate (ROBINS-1 and RoB 2.0). Two independent authors will assess the risks of bias in studies considered for full-text review in order to determine feasibility of a meta-analysis. Conflicts will be adjudicated with discussion and involvement of a third author (TWM or CBM) as necessary.
Data extraction
Quantitative data will be extracted from studies meeting inclusion on full-text review by a professional biostatistician (MABC). Data extracted will be specifically those pertinent to the systematic review and all others that fit into the synthesis of outcome parameters from all studies and meet the potential for inclusion in a meta-analysis. This will include demographics, characteristics of cardiac arrest, medications administered and outcome parameters as well as any data that are available across all included studies. Data extraction will be independently crosschecked by a senior author and discrepancies resolved through discussion with other senior authors. Data produced from this systematic review including the statistical code and dataset of articles screened will be published in a data repository.
Endpoint
Results of the systematic review will be grouped by drug and drug class. The primary outcomes will be survival and neurologic function as defined by one of the following performance scales: Cerebral Performance Category, modified Rankin Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale/Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended. Provided they are available in the original studies, secondary outcomes will be Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay, ventilator days, rates of sepsis, rates of pneumonia, rate of tracheostomy, rate of acute kidney injury and need for renal replacement therapy (in the hospital or afterwards). We will also include secondary outcomes of functional capacity including Barthel Index, Katz Index, Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale and rates of discharge to rehab facility if included in the original studies. Any follow-up duration will be accepted as there is considerable variability in the existing literature.
Patient and public involvement
No patients were involved with the planning of this protocol.
Analysis
Descriptive analysis
A narrative synthesis of the final studies included will be developed based on the different pharmacologic agents identified. The impact of each of these agents on the primary and secondary outcome mentioned above will be described in addition to a formal meta-analysis of studies using each pharmacologic agent identified.
Statistical analysis
The primary focus of this review is to detect evidence for the impact of the pharmacologic agents identified on survival and functional neurologic outcome. As functional outcome is reported with some degree of heterogeneity, we are including three of the most widely reported functional outcome scales and not limiting to one over the others. As functional neurologic outcome is not always explicitly reported using one of these scales, we do anticipate some limitations in the ability to directly compare one agent to another. However, when available, pharmacologic agents will be compared as equitably as possible using all available outcome parameters reported in the index studies. The percentage of patients receiving a given pharmacologic agent with a favourable neurologic outcome according to each specific scale will be reported. Based on the availability of data from primary sources, subgroup analysis within cohorts treated with the same pharmacologic agent will also be performed to identify populations most likely to benefit from a given agent.
Data synthesis
Results will be presented in accordance with the PRISMA statement. A PRISMA flow diagram will be used to summarise study selection. Tabulated data showing relative proportion of patients with favourable functional neurologic outcome for each pharmacologic agent will be presented. We will rank agents by proportion of favourable outcomes. For secondary outcome variables, we will present synthesised data as available in separate tables but will otherwise provide a separate narrative summary of the data available for each agent. We will produce a hierarchy of pharmacologic agents based on the quality of evidence available and degree of effects on outcome variables.
Meta-analysis
A meta-analysis of the pharmacologic agents found to have been studied with a focus on functional neurologic outcome will be performed. The results of this meta-analysis will then be compared with the best available evidence for medications recommended in practice guidelines to provide context and rank relative efficacy.
Discussion
This systematic review and meta-analysis will provide evidence for further study or use of compounds that are most likely to benefit patients following cardiac arrest in terms of functional status. The conclusions will be the result of careful accumulation of the highest-quality evidence available and will compare to current practice guidelines to place the effects in context. With a primary focus on the ability of a given pharmacologic agent to not only provide a survival benefit but also to protect the neurologic function of patients following cardiac arrest, this review and meta-analysis will be unique in its aim to identify agents with the greatest potential to benefit these patients.
Ethics and dissemination
This study does not involve human participants. No ethical or safety considerations were considered based on the nature of this review. Dissemination of findings through a peer-reviewed publication upon the conclusion of the meta-analysis.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Twitter @neurologyrules
Contributors TWM: Conception and design of work, analysis, drafting of work and final approval. GS: Conception, design and drafting of work. MABC, PM-W and CBM: Conception and design of work and analysis. EA, NT, M-MM and GC: Analysis. TKB: Conception and design of work. All authors have reviewed and contributed to this final written manuscript.
Funding This project received funding from the University of Florida Center for Translational Science Institute (Voucher #LSR06-001) to support professional library services.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.