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Abstract
Introduction Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMSs) are a major clinical issue in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Current guidelines advise various approaches mainly based on expert opinion. We will lead a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the tolerability and acceptability and effectiveness of statin-based therapy management of patients with a history of SAMS. We aim to provide evidence on the tolerability and different strategies of statin-based management of patients with a history of SAMS.
Methods and analysis We will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies with a control group. We will search in Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov and Proquest from inception until April 2021. Two independent reviewers will carry out the study selection based on eligibility criteria. We will extract data following a standard data collection form. The reviewers will use the Cochrane Collaboration’s tools and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to appraise the study risk of bias. Our primary outcome will be tolerability and our secondary outcomes will be acceptability and effectiveness. We will conduct a qualitative analysis of all included studies. In addition, if sufficient and homogeneous data are available, we will conduct quantitative analysis. We will synthesise dichotomous data using OR with 95% CI and continuous outcomes by using mean difference or standardised mean difference (with 95% CI). We will determine heterogeneity visually with forest plots and quantitatively with I2 and Q-test. We will summarise the confidence in the quantitative estimate by using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.
Ethics and dissemination As a systematic review of literature without collection of new clinical data, there will be no requirement for ethical approval. We will disseminate findings through peer-reviewed publications.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42020202619.
- lipid disorders
- general medicine (see internal medicine)
- cardiology
- primary care
- preventive medicine
- adverse events
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- lipid disorders
- general medicine (see internal medicine)
- cardiology
- primary care
- preventive medicine
- adverse events
Strengths and limitations of this study
This systematic review protocol observes the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols checklist.
This systematic review will be the first to systematically review tolerability of statin-based management in patients with a history of statin-associated muscle symptom.
This systematic review will provide the highest level of evidence for clinical decisiveness due to the inclusion of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) as well as non-RCTs.
Heterogeneity of the studies may not permit a quantitative analysis.
Introduction
Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMSs), a composite of muscle symptoms appearing consequent to the initiation or the increase of a statin’s treatment,1 are a major clinical issue in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Statins are a cornerstone in the prevention of cardiovascular risk and mortality,2 3 and are widely prescribed with increased intensity to achieve currently recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.4–6 Nevertheless, SAMS, a commonly reported muscle symptom, threatens the ability of a significant proportion of patients to tolerate evidence-based dosing: based on observational data or registries reported by patients. SAMS affects between 5% and 29% of statin-treated individuals.1 This lack of tolerability is associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk.6 Meanwhile, the high cost of the non-statin alternative drugs, such as PCSK9 inhibitors, and the lack of other effective alternatives, remains a concern,7 8 and statins currently remain the main treatment option.
The European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement recommend multiple different strategies to manage patients with SAMS but they are based only on experts’ opinion due to lack of sufficient data.1 A systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and one quasi-RCT on the efficacy and safety of alternate day versus daily dosing of statins with participants without previous SAMS in 2017 found a statistically non-significant difference in terms of change in LDL-C in both groups and concluded good adherence and tolerability of both treatment.9 However, this meta-analysis has not assessed the specific population of patients suffering from SAMS. A systematic review of three case reports, five retrospective studies, one prospective study and one randomised trial assessing effectiveness of intermittent non-daily administration of statin strategies with patients with previous statin-induced myopathy in 2013 found that 70% of patients could tolerate an intermittent dosing strategy and concluded that uncertainty remains and that larger scale randomised trials are required.10
Since publication of these systematic reviews, new evidence on the management of SAMS has emerged both from RCTs and observational data.11–16 Therefore, we decided to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the tolerability, acceptability and effectiveness of statin-based therapy management in patients with a history of SAMS compared with all available comparators. In a patient-centred perspective, we will focus on the tolerability as the primary outcome. We will not only include intermittent dosing strategies, but also other strategies to broaden our conclusion. Our systematic review and meta-analysis will be complementary to the ongoing meta-analysis17 on statin adverse events with the particularity to focus on patients with a history of SAMS and SAMS’ management.
We aim to provide quality evidence for the tolerability of statin-based management of patients with a history of SAMS. We will also highlight gaps in available evidence to direct further research.
Methods and analysis
Eligibility criteria
Types of studies
We will include human RCTs and prospective and retrospective cohort studies with a control group, published in English from inception until April 2021. There will be no follow-up length or setting restriction. We will include relevant studies mainly based on the population and intervention criteria to avoid exclusion of studies which poorly report tolerability or adverse outcomes in their titles and abstracts. In the case of multiple publications from the same study, we will include the report with the most relevant data relating to our interest.
We will differentiate between the absence of muscle symptoms and the absence of reporting muscle symptoms and include data only from studies reporting the absence of muscle symptoms. We will include post-hoc analysis of prior RCT so long as there is a comparison group.
Types of participants
We will include studies examining adult humans previously on statins with a history of SAMS. We will also include studies examining adults previously on statins with a history of statin intolerance without precision of SAMS or other intolerance. Indeed, SAMS is a type of statin intolerance concerning specifically muscle symptoms. Nevertheless, some participants can also report other types of intolerance, as for example, impaired cognition,18 hepatic dysfunction19 or depression.20 SAMS is also a recent definition and could have been reported as ‘intolerance’ or ‘muscle-related adverse events’ in the past.
We will exclude studies examining adults without a history of statin intolerance, children, adolescents and pregnant women.
Types of interventions
We defined statin-based therapy management of patients with a history of SAMS as all statin management strategies with the aim of optimal lipid profile lowering and decreasing adverse effects. Examples include statin continuation, re-challenge, up-titration, down-titration, second statin at the usual or starting dose, low dosing of a high-intensity statin, intermittent dosing statin. All the variations of statin management strategies will be included, for example the variation in dosage, intensity, frequency of delivery, duration of delivery and timing of delivery. All co-lifestyle modifications (exercise and diet) and all additional interventions in the intervention group are included if present in the control group too.
Types of comparators
Placebo, usual care, other statins regimens, other non-statin lipid-lowering drug regimens (ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors), statin regimens with additional interventions (statins with ezetimibe, CoQ10, vitamin D) or no treatment.
Types of outcomes
Tolerability, as defined in individual studies, will be our main outcome. We anticipate that the proportion of population with muscle symptoms-related adverse events compared with control group would be the most feasible measure to analyse. If reported, we will collect time until muscle symptoms-related adverse events and measure the adverse event rate.
We defined adverse event as ‘an unfavorable outcome that occurs during or after the use of a drug or other intervention and the causal relation between the intervention and the event is at least a reasonable possibility’ as defined in the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.21
Acceptability, as defined in individual studies, will be a secondary outcome. We anticipate that the proportion of population with muscle symptoms-related study or treatment discontinuation compared with control group will be the most feasible measure to analyse.
Effectiveness, defined as the change in lipid profile will be a secondary outcome. The lipid profile includes at least LDL-C in addition to total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides as provided by the individual studies.
Search strategy and study selection
Search strategy
The first author will develop a search strategy for each database included MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials in cooperation with a trained librarian using computerised search (see online supplemental file 1). Search terms and syntax will be adapted for each specific database. Moreover, we will complete a hand search using forward and backwards citations, and evaluate the grey literature (Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov and Proquest) for additional potentially relevant and unpublished articles. We will search only studies written in English.
Supplemental material
Study selection
Two trained reviewers (FV and CL) will evaluate independent eligibility based on titles and abstracts of all studies retrieved in our electronic search.21 We will upload the literature search results to Rayyan QCRI, an internet-based software programme that facilitates collaboration among reviewers during the selection process. We will remove duplicates using reference management software. The two reviewers will assess the remaining studies for inclusion after full-text evaluation. If studies do not report muscle symptoms events or discontinuation in the full text, we will request them from the authors. We will then include or exclude the study, depending on the information provided. We will still include studies with absence of reporting muscles symptoms if they present data of interest for secondary outcomes. We will include post-hoc analysis of prior RCT so long as there is a comparison group.
We will list excluded full-text studies together with the reason for exclusion. We will resolve discrepancies by making a consensus among the study team. If we cannot reach consensus, we will consult a third reviewer. We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses recommendations to summarise the study selection. We will document all decisions made in the study selection process.
Data extraction and management
We will manage data with an online shared data form among the review team.
We will use a standard data collection form, piloted by the review team using representative sample of included studies. Two reviewers will manage data in duplicate. We will request additional data from the authors by email. The two reviewers will discuss and resolve disagreements by consensus or consult a third reviewer.
The data collection items are listed in table 1.
Data collection items
Quality assessment
Two reviewers will autonomously evaluate the risk of bias of each study. We will use the Cochrane Collaboration tools for appraising the risk of bias of prospective studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the retrospective studies. Discrepancy among the two reviewers will be solved by consensus or by a third person.
On the meta-bias level, a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of selective reporting will also be considered. If data permits, we will assess small study effect via funnel plots and formally with the Egger test.
Data synthesis and statistical analyses
We will synthesise the systematic review qualitatively and quantitatively.
In the qualitative synthesis, we will summarise the characteristics and findings of the included studies in text and tables. We will categorise our summaries of studies according to type of intervention, comparator, outcome and study design. We will present the limitations of the included studies and recommendations for future research.
In the quantitative synthesis, we will perform study level meta-analysis if studies are sufficiently homogenous and if enough data are available.
We will use the same summary measures in RCT and non-randomised trials. For tolerability and acceptability, we will synthesise dichotomous data using OR with 95% CI. For efficacy, we will synthesise the change in lipid profile from baseline as a continuous outcome using mean difference or standardised mean difference (with 95% CI) depending on the different metrics.
When studies reported the number of muscle events instead of the number of subjects experiencing muscular event, we will contact the authors to request the number of patients with >0 events. If this could not be addressed, we will make the assumption of one event per subject. If a group of the studies reported zeroes event, we will use the zero count-cell method to allow statistical measures. We will exclude studies with zero events in both groups from the analysis.
Concerning acceptability, if the measure to analyse is the proportion of population with muscle symptoms-related discontinuation compared with the control group, we will assess if the participant was still blinded to treatment attribution before the discontinuation to avoid bias.
Regarding the variety of study designs, we will first pool data, then analyse data from different type of studies separately (eg, RCT vs non-randomised control studies, crossover trial vs parallel trial). We will collect the variables used for the adjustment in each study. When dealing with crossover trials, data after the crossover will be analysed.
We will assess heterogeneity visually with forest plots, I² test and the Q-test. We will assess and interpret heterogeneity in line with the guidance in the Cochrane handbook of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. In case of heterogeneity, we will explore potential sources in subgroup analyses. In the case of significant heterogeneity, we will use the random effect model.
We will conduct subgroup analysis to explore possible sources of heterogeneity: pre-planned variables to explore are primary versus secondary prevention, high intensity versus non-high intensity statins, intermittent dosing versus daily dosing, patients with a history of SAMS versus patients with a history of statin intolerance, only statins intervention versus statins and additional interventions and participants with versus without a statin at inclusion. If feasible, we will consider the different follow-up times in a meta-regression.
We will conduct the analysis using STATA V.16 software (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA).
We will recapitulate the confidence we have in the resulting body of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group methodology.
Ethics and dissemination
We plan to publish the review in a clinical journal from the relevant field (endocrinology, cardiology and internal medicine).
Patient and public involvement
Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design or conduct or reporting or dissemination plans of this research.
Ethics statements
Acknowledgments
We thank Miss Tania Rivero, medical information specialist from the University of Bern for her help in developing the search strategy.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors FV, MB and NR designed the topic. FV carried out background exploratory searches. FV elaborated the search strategy. FV wrote the protocol. MB, CDG and NR gave critical appraisal and senior control. For the systematic review, FV and LC will accomplish the searches, data extraction and risk of bias assessment. FV will execute the analysis. MB will supervise the searches, data analysis and extraction. CDG will supply statistical expertise for data analysis. All authors have approved the publication of the protocol after cautious reading.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.