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Abstract
Introduction As a neuroprotective medication, butylphthalide (NBP) may help protect against cerebral ischaemic injury. However, evidence on whether NBP influences the outcomes of patients who had acute ischaemic stroke who are receiving revascularisation treatment is limited. This study aims to evaluate whether additional NBP therapy can improve the functional outcome of patients who receive intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and/or endovascular treatment (EVT).
Methods and analysis The study will be a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-centre, parallel group trial. The sample size is estimated at 1200 patients. Eligible patients will be randomised at a 1:1 ratio to receive either NBP or placebo daily for 90 days, which will include 14 days of injections and 76 days of capsules. The first use of NBP/placebo will be started within 6 hours of onset of ischaemic stroke. The primary outcome is the functional outcome as assessed by the 90-day modified Rankin Scale, adjusted for baseline scores on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The primary safety outcome is the percentage of serious adverse events during the 90 days of treatment. This trial will determine whether NBP medication benefits patients who had acute ischaemic stroke who receive intravenous thrombolysis or EVT.
Ethics and dissemination The protocol was written according to the general ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University with approval number KY 2018-003-02. Ethics committees of all participating sites have approved the study . Results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and shared in scientific presentations.
Trial registration number NCT03539445.
- stroke
- stroke medicine
- vascular medicine
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The BAST trial (Butylphthalide for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Intravenous Thrombolysis or Endovascular Treatment) is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-centre, parallel group study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of butylphthalide (NBP) in patients who received intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and/or endovascular treatment.
This is the first study to determine whether the application of NBP could improve functional outcome of patients who had acute ischaemic stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular treatment.
Strict enrolment criteria, including the first injection started within 6 hours from onset, seem to be a challenge, which may result in bias between primary stroke centres and comprehensive stroke centres.
The BAST study is conducted in China only, and the results may be limited to be extrapolated to other ethnic populations.
Introduction
Ischaemic stroke is the third leading cause of death globally due to its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality.1 2 Even if patients received standard intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or endovascular treatment (EVT), a large proportion of patients cannot achieve functional independence.3–11 The ESCAPE-NA1 study (Efficacy and Safety of Nerinetide for the Treatment of Acute Ischaemic Stroke) showed that nerinetide had a therapeutic effect among patients who were not treated with intravenous thrombolysis.12 Although this finding required confirmation, it suggests that neuroprotection in human stroke might be possible. Since then, neuroprotective medicine has attracted the attention of clinicians, with the aim of reducing neuronal damage and improving neurological deficits.
Butylphthalide (NBP), which may have potential as a neuroprotective medication, is a family of compounds that have been isolated from the seeds of Apium graveolens Linn, of which the active ingredient is dl-3-N-NBP. NBP has been shown to reduce cerebral ischaemic damage and improve the clinical outcomes of patients. The underlying mechanisms have been confirmed in experimentation in animals and include promoting microcirculation13; protecting blood–brain barrier14; releasing mitochondrial dysfunction15, and preventing poststroke inflammation16 and cerebral oedema17. NBP has been approved for use in patients who had ischaemic stroke in China since 2002. Despite the recent development in reperfusion treatment for acute ischaemic stroke, it remains uncertain whether combination therapy with NBP improves patient outcomes.
This protocol describes the rationale and design of the BAST trial (Butylphthalide for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Intravenous Thrombolysis or Endovascular Treatment), which aims to investigate whether NBP is an effective and safe medication for patients who receive intravenous rt-PA and EVT.
Methods/Design
Study design
The BAST trial will be a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-centre, parallel group study. It aims to assess the efficacy and safety of NBP in patients who receive intravenous rt-PA and/or EVT. Participants will be recruited from neurology or interventional neuroradiology departments from approximately 30 hospitals across China. Eligible patients will be randomised at a 1:1 ratio to receive either NBP or placebo daily for 90 days. They will be assessed on the day of randomisation, 2 days after the first injection, and on days 14, 30, 60 and 90 (table 1). The BAST trial design is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients or his/her legal representative will be asked to provide informed consent (see online supplemental file 2). The BAST study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov.
Supplemental material
Visit plan
Objective
The primary objective of the trial is to determine whether administration of NBP improves the functional outcome of patients who had acute ischaemic stroke who receive intravenous thrombolysis or EVT.
Participants
All patients who arrive at the hospital presenting with sudden neurological function deficits will be recruited and screened for eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (box 1). The investigators fully inform the patient and/or legal representative of the equal opportunity to use the test medication or placebo, the prognosis of the disease, and the adverse reactions that can occur, which are ultimately weighed by the patient or their relatives. Patients or their legal representative will provide informed consent prior to enrolment.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the BAST study
Inclusion criteria.
Age ≥18 years.
Diagnosed with acute ischaemic stroke.
Within 6 hours from symptom onset.
Baseline NIHSS score ranging 4 from 25.
Receiving intravenous rt-PA or endovascular treatment (including intra-arterial thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy), or intravenous rt-PA bridging endovascular treatment.
Signed informed consent.
Exclusion criteria.
mRS score >1 at randomisation (premorbid historical assessment), ASPECT ≤6 confirmed by preoperation CT scan and diagnosed with intracranial haemorrhagic diseases (including intracranial haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, etc).
Already use NBP or any drugs containing NBP between onset and randomisation.
Appeared with dysphagia before randomisation.
With history of coagulation disorders, haemorrhagic diathesis, neutropaenia or thrombocytopaenia.
With history of chronic hepatopathy, liver or kidney dysfunction (≥3× upper limit of normal alanine transaminase or ≥2× upper limit of normal creatinine).
With history of severe cardiopulmonary diseases judged by investigators.
With history of bradycardia (heart rate <60 beats per minute) or sick sinus syndrome.
Having severe non-cardiovascular comorbidity with life expectancy <3 months or failed to follow the study for other reasons.
History of drug or food allergy, or known to be allergic to the composition of drugs in this study.
Contraindications to digital subtraction angiography procedure, including severe allergy for contrast agent with or without iodine.
Pregnancy or lactation, or childbearing women, with documented negative pregnancy test, but without reliable contraception.
Incapable to follow this study for mental illness and cognitive or emotional disorders.
Unsuitable for this study in the opinion of the investigators.
ASPECT, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; BAST, Butylphthalide for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Intravenous Thrombolysis or Endovascular Treatment; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NBP, butylphthalide; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; rt-PA, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.
Randomisation
The randomisation procedure will be carried out using a computer-generated code and permuted blocks. This allows eligible patients to be assigned to NBP or placebo at a 1:1 ratio. Patients will be assigned a random serial number based on their time of enrolment and provided with the corresponding medicines, which are beforehand blind-covered. Both researchers and patients will be blind to the treatment.
Procedures
Eligible patients will receive adjunctive NBP/placebo treatment alongside standard intravenous rt-PA and/or EVT. Patients in the experimental group will receive NBP and a 100 mL sodium chloride injection two times per day during the initial 14 days and soft 0.2 g NBP capsules three times per day from day 15 to day 90. The control group will receive a 100 mL placebo injection two times per day during the initial 14 days and soft 0.2 g placebo capsules three times per day from day 15 to day 90. The first NBP/placebo injection will be administered within 6 hours of onset of ischaemic stroke. Patients will be recommended to continue the injections for 14 days and for a minimum of 10 days. The capsule administration will be started the day following the final injection, and patients will be recommended to continue taking the capsules until day 90. Each injection will last for at least 50 min and will be administered 6 hours apart. Patients will be asked to take the capsules daily before meals and record medication administration, which will be checked by researchers. The steering committee will make recommendations for concomitant medications. All secondary preventive strategies, including antithrombosis and management of risk factors, will be followed according to guidelines. However, neuroprotective medications such as Human Urinary Kallindinogenase, edaravone and any ginkgo-containing injections will be prohibited.
Outcomes
Primary outcome
The primary efficacy outcome is the proportion of patients with a favourable outcome 90 days after randomisation. A favourable outcome18 19 will be defined as a score of 0 on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) in patients with a baseline score of 4–7 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); an mRS score of 0–1 in patients with a baseline NIHSS score of 8–14; and an mRS score of 0–2 in patients with a baseline NIHSS score of 15–25.
We will perform a prespecified subgroup analysis to estimate the effects of sex, age, baseline NIHSS score, history of hypertension, diabetes, aetiological subgroups and use of EVT to determine the homogeneity of treatment effects in these subgroups.
Secondary outcomes
The secondary efficacy outcomes will include the difference value of the NIHSS scores between baseline and days 14 and 90; the cerebral infarction volume on day 14; the recanalisation rate within the first 24 hours of treatment; the percentage of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within the first 24 hours; recurrent symptomatic ischaemic stroke and vascular events during the 90 days of treatment; any vascular complications due to vascular events (recurrent symptomatic ischaemic stroke, myocardiac infarction or vascular death) on day 90; the life quality score estimated by EuroQol 5D on day 90; cognitive function estimated by the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scales on day 90; and rate of favourable outcome on day 14.
Safety outcomes
The primary safety outcome is the percentage of serious adverse events during the 90 days of treatment, which include any event resulting in prolonged hospital time, permanent damage to the body system/organ, a life-threatening condition or death. The secondary outcomes will include symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage during 90 days of treatment, total mortality between days 14 and 90, adverse events between days 14 and 90, and serious adverse events within the first 14 days of treatment.
Power and sample size calculation
According to a previous study,20 we predict that the rate of the 90-day favourable outcome (based on adjusted mRS scores) will be 60% in the experimental group and 50% in the control group. The test level will be set at 0.05. To achieve 90% power and a significance level of 0.05 (two-tailed), each group will require 550 patients. Assuming a dropout rate of 10%, 600 patients will be required for each group, for a total of 1200 patients in the trial.
Statistical analyses
The primary analysis will be based on the intention to treat principle. Primary efficacy in the two groups will be compared using χ2 test, and logistic regression will be used to calculate the OR and 95% CI. Missing outcome data will be imputed using the last observation carried forward method. Significance will be set at 0.05 and all statistical tests will be two-tailed. Furthermore, when 50% and 75% of participants have completed follow-up, formal interim analyses of the primary outcome will be conducted to determine overwhelming efficacy or futility; in these cases, we will consider stopping the trial. Overwhelming efficacy will be estimated using the O’Brien-Fleming boundaries on the binary outcome of the 90-day favourable outcome, with corresponding significance levels of 0.003, 0.018 and 0.044.
Patient and public involvement
Patients will not be involved in the development of the research question, selection of outcome measures, design of the trial, recruitment of participants or conduct of the trial. Results of the trial will be disseminated to study participants through direct consultation with a trial clinician at completion of the trial as well as through the publication of the results.
Ethics and dissemination
The protocol was written according to the general ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University with approval number KY 2018-003-02. Ethics committees of all participating sites have approved the study and the names of all ethics committees can be found in online supplemental file 1. Results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and shared in scientific presentations.
Supplemental material
Discussion
The BAST trial will be a phase III randomised controlled study. It will be carried out in a Chinese population. This trial will explore the efficacy and safety of NBP, a potential neuroprotective medication, for patients who had acute ischaemic stroke who receive intravenous rt-PA and EVT.
Several reports20–24 indicated that NBP may have a beneficial effect on patients with ischaemic stroke. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled study showed that the NBP treatment significantly improved the neurofunctional deficits and the two groups did not significantly differ in the rate of adverse events.25 A systematic review that included 21 randomised controlled trials reported that NBP improves neurological function after acute ischaemic stroke and appears to be a safe treatment.26 Another systematic review that included 12 randomised controlled trials reported that the combined use of NBP and standard anti-ischaemic stroke drugs was more effective than use of standard drugs alone.27 In this study, we will further explore the efficacy and safety of NBP in patients who receive intravenous rt-PA and/or EVT.
An in vitro experiment has demonstrated that NBP can protect endothelial cells against oxidative/nitrosative stress and subsequent cell death by enhancing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression.28 The protective effect of NBP on mitochondrial function has been demonstrated in early animal studies, which showed that NBP improves the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in the mitochondria.29 NBP has also been found to prevent the occurrence of ischaemic stroke via the improvement of cerebral microcirculation in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats.30 NBP administration ameliorated the reperfusion-induced brain damage via enhancement of hepatocyte growth factor and inhibition of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro.31 Additionally, many recent studies have shown that treatment with NBP influences the level of proteins, such as caspase-3 and caspase-9, in the execution phase of cell apoptosis.29 This finding offers a potential approach towards the prevention of further cellular death in the ischaemic penumbra. Above all, NBP protects against ischaemic cerebral injury through several mechanisms, which include alleviating oxidative damage, regulating mitochondrial dysfunction, improving microcirculation, and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammatory response. These NBP effects provide the theoretical basis of this study. We speculate that NBP will play a role in preventing ischaemia reperfusion injury after intravenous rt-PA and EVT, and that combination therapy will improve patients’ functional outcomes.
One strength of this study is the requirement of NBP/placebo to be administered within 6 hours from onset of ischaemic stroke. Treatment with intravenous rt-PA is administered within 4.5 hours and EVT is administered within 6 hours. Therefore, in our trial, neuroprotective treatment will be synchronised with the recanalisation treatment. It is well documented that almost immediately after vascular occlusion occurs, ischaemic cerebral injury begins. Moreover, reperfusion injury after recanalisation may sometimes aggravate tissue damage. In most previous studies,21 neuroprotective medicine is administered within 48 hours of stroke onset. However, we will administer the neuroprotective treatment in the superacute ischaemic injury phase, which will enable us to demonstrate whether patients who receive combination therapy during this phase achieve a better functional outcome.
This study has some limitations. The sample size is estimated at 1200 patients, which is considered relatively small for a phase III intervention trial. Nevertheless, this conservative estimate will allow us to estimate the primary outcome parameter with sufficient precision. Strict procedures, such as first injection within 6 hours from onset, will be a challenge for patient selection and may result in bias between primary stroke centres and comprehensive stroke centres. Finally, the BAST study will be conducted in China only, and the results may be limited to generalise to other populations.
Trial status
The current protocol is version 21.0 (12 December 2019). This trial is in the process of recruiting participants. The actual trial enrolment started on 1 July 2018. We expect to enrol the target sample size by September 2022 and plan to continue with follow-up until December 2022.
Data safety and monitoring board
The data safety and monitoring board will monitor the progress of the study to ensure patient safety and the highest standards of ethics. Annual monitoring will be performed by an independent clinical monitor. Interim progress reports will be sent to the academic committee.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Acknowledgments
We thank Edanz's editing services for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
XZ and AW are joint first authors.
Correction notice This article has been corrected since it was first published.
Collaborators The BAST study investigators.
Contributors All authors participated in the conception and design of the study. XZ, AW, JYZ and YZ are responsible for patient enrolment and data acquisition. AW, YZ and XT contributed to data analysis plan. BJ, XH, YW and ZM accounted for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work were appropriately investigated and resolved. XZ and AW prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding The study was supported by grants from the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2016YFC1301501) and Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group dl-3-butylphthalide Pharmaceutical. The funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.