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PREVENTion of CLots in Orthopaedic Trauma (PREVENT CLOT): a randomised pragmatic trial protocol comparing aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for blood clot prevention in orthopaedic trauma patients
  1. Robert V O'Toole1,
  2. Deborah M Stein2,
  3. Katherine P Frey3,
  4. Nathan N O'Hara1,
  5. Daniel O Scharfstein4,
  6. Gerard P Slobogean1,
  7. Tara J Taylor3,
  8. Bryce E Haac5,
  9. Anthony R Carlini3,
  10. Theodore T Manson1,
  11. Kuladeep Sudini3,
  12. C Daniel Mullins6,
  13. Stephen T Wegener7,
  14. Reza Firoozabadi8,
  15. Elliott R Haut9,
  16. Michael J Bosse10,
  17. Rachel B Seymour10,
  18. Martha B Holden11,
  19. Ida Leah Gitajn12,
  20. Samuel Z Goldhaber13,
  21. Alexander L Eastman14,
  22. Gregory J Jurkovich15,
  23. Heather A Vallier16,
  24. Joshua L Gary17,
  25. Conor P Kleweno8,
  26. Joseph Cuschieri18,
  27. Debra Marvel19,
  28. Renan C Castillo3
  29. METRC
    1. 1Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    2. 2Department of Surgery, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
    3. 3METRC Coordinating Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    4. 4Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
    5. 5Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    6. 6Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    7. 7Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    8. 8Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Washington - Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
    9. 9Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    10. 10Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
    11. 11Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
    12. 12Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
    13. 13Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    14. 14Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
    15. 15Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
    16. 16Department of Orthopaedics, MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
    17. 17Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
    18. 18Department of Surgery, University of Washington - Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
    19. 19PREVENT CLOT Stakeholder Committee, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    1. Correspondence to Dr Robert V O'Toole; ROtoole{at}som.umaryland.edu

    Abstract

    Introduction Patients who sustain orthopaedic trauma are at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including fatal pulmonary embolism (PE). Current guidelines recommend low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for VTE prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients. However, emerging literature in total joint arthroplasty patients suggests the potential clinical benefits of VTE prophylaxis with aspirin. The primary aim of this trial is to compare aspirin with LMWH as a thromboprophylaxis in fracture patients.

    Methods and analysis PREVENT CLOT is a multicentre, randomised, pragmatic trial that aims to enrol 12 200 adult patients admitted to 1 of 21 participating centres with an operative extremity fracture, or any pelvis or acetabular fracture. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality. We will evaluate non-inferiority by testing whether the intention-to-treat difference in the probability of dying within 90 days of randomisation between aspirin and LMWH is less than our non-inferiority margin of 0.75%. Secondary efficacy outcomes include cause-specific mortality, non-fatal PE and deep vein thrombosis. Safety outcomes include bleeding complications, wound complications and deep surgical site infections.

    Ethics and dissemination The PREVENT CLOT trial has been approved by the ethics board at the coordinating centre (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) and all participating sites. Recruitment began in April 2017 and will continue through 2021. As both study medications are currently in clinical use for VTE prophylaxis for orthopaedic trauma patients, the findings of this trial can be easily adopted into clinical practice. The results of this large, patient-centred pragmatic trial will help guide treatment choices to prevent VTE in fracture patients.

    Trial registration number NCT02984384.

    • thromboembolism
    • orthopaedic & trauma surgery
    • trauma management
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

    This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041845

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      Strengths and limitations of this study

      • Current guidelines indicate that many fracture patients should receive medication to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism; however, there is no consensus on the best thromboprophylaxis for this patient population.

      • PREVENT CLOT was designed using patient preference research and prescribing trends in orthopaedic trauma to ensure the findings can be easily adopted into clinical practice.

      • The study’s 12 200 patients will be enrolled at over 20 sites in the USA and Canada and will use broad eligibility criteria to maximise generalisability.

      • Patients and providers are not blinded to the treatment allocation; however, we will monitor and report medication adherence by treatment arm.

      Introduction

      Traumatic injury and the risk of venous thromboembolism

      Patients who sustain trauma are well known to be at an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), including fatal pulmonary embolism (PE).1 Globally, over 130 million people sustain a fracture each year.2 Hip fractures are among the most common fracture types and are associated with a high risk of VTE.3 4 Current guidelines indicate that many fracture patients should receive medication to reduce the risk of VTE.5–8 Despite the frequency of these injuries and the potentially devastating impact that VTE can have on patients’ lives, the best prophylactic regimen for this patient population remains unknown.

      Knowledge gap on VTE prevention

      A recent study by the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Evidence Based Quality Value and Safety Committee highlighted a knowledge gap surrounding the prevention of VTE in fracture patients. It concluded that there is ‘wide variability in practice patterns, poor scientific support for various therapeutic regimens’, and guidelines are needed to ‘improve patient care’.9 While healthcare practitioners clearly need guidelines on VTE prevention in fracture patients,9 no large, high-quality trials on which to base these guidelines exist.1 Most current VTE prevention guidelines for orthopaedic trauma patients are based on extrapolated data from arthroplasty patients or elderly patients with isolated hip fractures.10 Both groups have limited generalisability to the broader orthopaedic trauma population, so VTE prophylaxis decisions for those patients currently lack adequate evidence.

      Current VTE prophylaxis practice guidelines for trauma patients

      The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) and the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) currently recommend low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for VTE prophylaxis in general trauma patients.5 6 As such, many Level-1 trauma centres in the USA and elsewhere routinely use LMWH for fracture patients if they are not contraindicated for chemoprophylaxis.

      Evidence from total joint arthroplasty

      Aspirin is an inexpensive and widely available generic antiplatelet drug. An emerging body of evidence in total joint arthroplasty patients suggests that aspirin is as effective as other commonly prescribed pharmacological agents in preventing VTE.11–20 The results of these studies have led the European Society of Anaesthesiologists to recommend aspirin for VTE prophylaxis in arthroplasty and hip fracture patients.7 While comparable literature in fracture patients is lacking, the growing arthroplasty evidence, combined with the decreased patient burden and limited complication profile associated with aspirin, has led some surgeons to begin prescribing aspirin for VTE prophylaxis in fracture patients.9

      We acknowledge an emerging body of evidence that suggests direct oral anticoagulants may be comparable to aspirin in preventing VTE in arthroplasty patients.21 22 However, there remain concerns regarding an increased risk of bleeding for direct oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin.23 24 Direct oral anticoagulants are also more costly than aspirin, making them less favourable from a patient perspective.25

      Study objectives

      The primary aim of PREVENT CLOT is to compare aspirin to LMWH for thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients. We hypothesise that aspirin is non-inferior to LMWH in preventing all-cause mortality within 90 days of randomisation. The secondary objective is to compare the effects of aspirin versus LMWH in preventing cause-specific mortality, non-fatal PE, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), bleeding complications, wound complications and deep surgical site infections (SSIs) within 90 days of randomisation.

      Methods and analysis

      Trial design and setting

      PREVENT CLOT is a multicentre, randomised, pragmatic trial to compare LMWH versus aspirin for thromboprophylaxis in fracture patients. The study will enrol patients at trauma centres in the USA and Canada and is co-led by the Department of Orthopaedics at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Major Extremity Trauma and Rehabilitation Consortium (METRC) Coordinating Center (MCC) at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSPH). The recruiting sites are listed in table 1.

      View this table:
      Table 1

      Recruiting sites for PREVENT CLOT

      Patient and public involvement

      The PREVENTion of Clot in Orthopaedic Trauma study (PREVENT CLOT) was designed based on the clinical knowledge gap and input from patients who identified the prevention of VTE and death as high priorities for their care. PREVENT CLOT investigators adhered to the 10-step process for continuous patient engagement in the design and conduct of the trial, and have benefited from the valuable input from a formal Patient Stakeholder Advisory Committee (PSAC).26 The PSAC includes orthopaedic trauma patients, caregivers, clinicians and representatives from patient advocacy organisations and health insurance providers. The committee meets quarterly to provide feedback on the study design, analysis and interpretation of the findings. In addition to the PSAC involvement, the study team conducted a discrete choice experiment with 232 orthopaedic trauma patients to determine the relative importance of possible study outcomes.25 The results of this study established our hierarchy of endpoints and non-inferiority margins based on the observed acceptable trade-offs.

      Investigational drug status

      Both study treatments are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications commonly used for the indication proposed in this trial. However, aspirin is considered off-label for the indication of VTE prophylaxis, and an application for an Investigational New Drug (IND) exemption was approved by the FDA for the proposed indications outlined in this protocol. For patients enrolled at Canadian sites, the inpatient administration of aspirin and the aspirin prescribed to study participants at discharge is dispensed by the treating hospital’s pharmacy and complies with labelling requirements outlined in the Food and Drug Regulations (C.05.011).

      Patient selection

      Patients meeting the following eligibility criteria are recruited into PREVENT CLOT:

      1. Must be 18 years of age or older.

      2. Have a planned operative or non-operative pelvis or acetabular fracture, or any operative extremity fracture proximal to the metatarsals or carpals.

      3. Will receive a VTE prophylactic regimen per standard of care at the treating centre.

      Patients are excluded if they:

      1. Present to the hospital more than 48 hours after injury.

      2. Receive more than 2 doses of LMWH or aspirin for initial VTE prophylaxis prior to consent.

      3. Are on long-term anticoagulants.

      4. Have been diagnosed with a VTE within the last 6 months.

      5. Are on therapeutic, as opposed to prophylactic, anticoagulants at the time of admission.

      6. Are diagnosed with an indication for therapeutic anticoagulants that will require therapeutic anticoagulation.

      7. Have an allergy to aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, or other medical contraindication to anticoagulants.

      8. Take daily aspirin with a dose greater than 81 mg for medical reasons.

      9. Have an underlying chronic clotting disorder that requires full dose anticoagulation or is a contraindication to VTE chemoprophylaxis.

      10. Have end-stage renal disease or impaired creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min at the time of screening.

      11. Are pregnant or lactating.

      12. Speak neither English nor Spanish.

      13. Are incarcerated.

      14. Are likely to have severe problems maintaining follow-up.

      15. A diagnosis of COVID-19 at the time of fracture fixation or in the 3 months prior to fixation.

      All patients screened for eligibility are documented as (1) eligible and included, (2) eligible and missed, and (3) excluded. In addition, all reasons that eligible patients refuse participation in the trial are documented.

      Patient recruitment and screening

      Once eligibility is confirmed, the research coordinator or a clinician certified to participate in this study completes the informed consent process with the eligible study patient or a legally authorised representative (LAR). Given the distressed condition of many eligible patients on admission to a participating trauma centre, and the difficulty in enrolling patients immediately on presentation to a trauma centre, the protocol allows for patients to receive up to 2 doses of the centre’s standard of care VTE prophylaxis regimen prior to consent and randomisation. If a patient is unable to consent before the third dose of anticoagulation therapy is administered, and a LAR is not available, the patient is not eligible for study participation. Due to the acute nature of injuries experienced by the trauma patient population, some patients may have conditions or treatment plans that are unknown at the time of enrolment. Patients who are enrolled but later determined to have met an exclusionary condition that was present at the time of enrolment will be reviewed by the adjudication committee masked to treatment arm. If the adjudication committee determines the patient should be classified as a late ineligible patient, they will be removed from the study, as recommended by Fergusson et al.27 If these participants receive study drugs, they are followed for any adverse events, but their results are not included in the study.

      Study interventions

      Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)

      Enrolled patients are prescribed a 30 mg dose of LMWH administered subcutaneously, two times per day. Adjusted dosing is permitted for obese patients and patients with renal disease, based on each study site’s existing protocols.

      Aspirin

      Aspirin is prescribed at an 81 mg dose, two times per day. The 81 mg dose has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the risk of clots in the total joint arthroplasty literature.19 The two times per day frequency was selected for consistency between the two treatment arms and provides an equivalent daily dose with the Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trial.10

      Randomisation

      Patients are randomised with a 1:1 ratio with variable block sizes and stratified by clinical site using an automated structure embedded into the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) system.28 Research coordinators initiate randomisation at each clinical site. Neither the patient nor the treating physician is blinded to the treatment allocation. Treatment allocation is concealed during data monitoring and analysis.

      Duration and indication for VTE prophylaxis

      No consensus exists regarding the recommended duration nor exact indication for VTE prophylaxis following a fracture, and VTE protocols currently vary between sites. Existing guidelines also vary in their recommendations, depending on the type and severity of the injury. To reflect real-world practice, the duration and indications for VTE prophylaxis are determined by the VTE prophylaxis guidelines at each centre. However, the study requires all VTE doses for enrolled inpatients to be recorded in the study data. These data are monitored weekly by the MCC to ensure the duration of prophylaxis is non-differential between treatment arms at each centre. Sites are notified if differential prescribing between treatment arms is observed.

      Outcome ascertainment and adjudication

      Primary outcome

      The primary outcome is all-cause mortality within 90 days of randomisation. Data regarding patient death are collected from the medical record, including the treating physician’s determination of death and autopsy report, when available, as well as any available sources such as the Limited Access Death Master File, other death registries, and, in some cases, phone calls.

      The primary outcome was changed from PE-related death to all-cause mortality during the course of the trial. At the recommendation of an external peer reviewer for the protocol manuscript, the trial’s steering committee determined that it was unfeasible to adjudicate death due to PE with reasonable certainty. Misclassification of the primary outcome of PE-related death would bias the results to non-inferiority. As such, the trial’s steering committee decided to change the primary outcome from PE-related death to all-cause mortality. All-cause mortality was viewed as more important than PE-related death by our patient stakeholder and protocol committees and had greater scientific reliability. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) was not involved in these decisions due to their knowledge of treatment effect from interim analyses. The decision of the trial’s steering committee to change the primary outcome and non-inferiority margin was supported by the protocol committee, patient stakeholder committee and sponsor.

      Secondary efficacy outcomes

      Secondary efficacy outcomes include cause-specific death, non-fatal PE and DVT.

      Cause-specific death will be adjudicated with a specific focus on PE-related death. The study’s three-person adjudication committee is composed of experts not otherwise involved in any other aspect of the study. The committee is blinded to the treatment arm and receives data with the goal of classifying the death into one of five categories: (1) Certainly PE (eg, an autopsy indicates cause of death), (2) More likely to be caused by PE than something else (eg, clinical information available indicating likely cause of death, but no autopsy or corroborating data available), (3) Equally likely to be caused by PE or something else (eg, patient did not die in a clinical setting, and only data available to support assignment of causality is based on the report on non-clinical family or friends), (4) More likely to be a cause other than PE (eg, the clinical course was highly suggestive that the cause of death was not PE), and (5) Certainly not due to PE (eg, the cause of death was not related to a PE). There must be agreement among at least two of the three committee members, with no more than one level of disagreement among members, for the cause of death category determination to be finalised.

      Non-fatal PE is another secondary efficacy outcome. The local site investigators categorise PE events, which are adjudicated centrally by the adjudication committee as one of four levels: Massive and submassive PE events are defined based on the American Heart Association recommendations29; Other clinically significant PE events are determined when a diagnostic test was performed due to symptoms or signs concerning for PE, but the symptoms or signs do not meet the massive or submassive criteria; Other clinically insignificant PE events include PEs found incidentally, or as part of a test performed for screening, or for another reason that does not meet the definition of ‘clinically significant’. Additionally, PE events are subclassified as being segmental or non-segmental. Similar to the adjudication of the cause of death, the categorisation of PE requires two-thirds consensus from the adjudication committee.

      The final secondary efficacy outcome is DVT. To be included as a DVT outcome, the event must be symptomatic and confirmed with imaging. We will report all confirmed symptomatic DVT events, and report events subclassified by proximal DVT and distal DVT.

      Secondary safety outcomes

      Safety outcomes include bleeding complications, wound complications and deep SSI. These outcomes are not adjudicated by the adjudication committee. Bleeding complications are a composite endpoint previously defined in the literature that includes, (1) symptomatic bleeding into a critical area or organ; (2) bleeding causing a drop in haemoglobin level of 20 g/L or more over a 24-hour period, or leading to transfusion of two or more units of whole blood or red cells or; (3) bleeding requiring reoperation.30 Wound complications include wound drainage, haematoma or seroma of an orthopaedic injury that requires a subsequent surgery. Deep SSI is defined based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Healthcare Safety Network criteria for deep or organ space infections at the fracture site and requires surgical treatment.31 The fracture-related infection definition, an alternative to the aforementioned criteria,32 was published after initiation of this study and, thus, is not considered when defining deep SSI.

      Follow-up

      Participants are to be assessed at their first regularly scheduled clinical appointment that occurs 90 days after randomisation. If the patient does not return to the clinic after 90 days post-randomisation, they are contacted to complete the follow-up assessment by a phone call or email. The 90-day assessment is performed by a research staff member at the participating centre and will evaluate the occurrence of any clinical outcomes, including VTE events or complications secondary to treatment since their hospitalisation. For each event identified, the participant completes a release of information form that will allow the research staff to obtain records related to the event if it occurred outside the index facility. Additionally, medical records are carefully reviewed to assess for any complications treated at the index facility, including in the clinic, emergency department or during a rehospitalisation.

      If a participant cannot be contacted and does not return for a final research visit, medical records are abstracted through the last clinical encounter occurring up to 6 months following injury. If no visit occurs in this interval, then the last visit is reported as the end of follow-up for that participant. At the end of the study, any participant with less than 90 days of follow-up post-randomisation will be searched using other available sources, such as the Limited Access Death Master File, to capture any loss to follow-up that occurred as a result of death.

      Attempts will be made to obtain medical records or autopsy reports for all participants who are discovered to be deceased. If the participant dies at home, family members are asked to provide a cause of death, if known. If a patient’s death is identified through a publicly available source, attempts are made to follow-up with family for information on the cause of death.

      Maximising patient retention

      Every effort will be made to retain participants in the study. The study participants will receive a $20 honorarium in recognition of their involvement in the study after completing their 90-day post-randomisation assessment.

      Medication adherence

      Accurate information on inpatient medication adherence and the medication prescribed at discharge is important to the internal validity of the trial and will be closely monitored; research staff at each site complete a daily adherence report while a participant is an inpatient and at time of discharge. To be classified as protocol adherent, patients must meet the following definition: (1) if the patient is prescribed thromboprophylaxis at discharge, the patient must be discharged on the allocated study medication; (2) the patient must have been adherent for at least 80% of their in-hospital study medication doses. Dosage changes due to non-medical reasons, protocol crossovers due to non-medical reasons and patient refusal to continue medication will be considered non-adherence. Medically necessary changes to the VTE prophylaxis are not considered non-adherence to the protocol. As the study is designed to investigate the effect of a hospital protocol for VTE prophylaxis, the study measures adherence during the hospitalisation and at discharge. Adherence after discharge from the hospital is not accounted for in this study.

      Data management and monitoring

      A certification process is used as the basis for training and certification of the study personnel involved in data collection. Ongoing data edits and audits are performed to ensure the collection of high-quality data. The continuous and timely flow of data from the centres to the MCC is an essential requirement for maintaining data quality.

      Weekly enrolment reports are distributed to each centre summarising recruitment, data completion and timeliness of data entry. Data queries using the trial’s REDCap database are disseminated and expected to be resolved on a monthly basis.28 Site visits are conducted to monitor data and ensure quality data capture at least once, and more frequently depending on enrolment volume.

      To prevent threats to the internal validity of the study, trial leadership obtained approval from the DSMB prior to the study began enrolment to have real-time oversight of site-level data that is masked to the treatment allocation. The data monitoring includes the frequency of missed inpatient doses, inpatient and discharge treatment crossover rates with reasons, VTE testing rates and study follow-up rates.

      Data and Safety Monitoring Board

      An independent DSMB is responsible for monitoring the accumulated interim data as the trial progresses to ensure patient safety, evaluate recruitment and assess overall data quality. The DSMB is a multidisciplinary group that will meet twice a year to review data or other issues. The DSMB may request more frequent meetings if needed. It may also request additional safety reports on a more frequent basis. The Medical Monitor prospectively reviews monthly mortality data by masked treatment arm, as well as all serious adverse events, and has the option to request a teleconference with the study’s investigators based on the result of these reviews.

      Estimands

      Following the Addendum to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) E9 Guidance,33 we define a series of estimands that are the target of estimation in this trial (table 2). All estimands focus on events that occur within 90 days of randomisation. We will treat all-cause death as a competing risk for non-fatal events and cause-specific death as a competing risk for other causes of death. The primary analysis will use an intention-to-treat approach, as the pragmatic design aims to determine non-inferiority at the policy level. A secondary analysis will estimate the effect among those adherent to the treatment protocol.

      View this table:
      Table 2

      List of trial estimands with definitions

      Non-inferiority margins

      The primary hypothesis is that aspirin will be non-inferior to LMWH with respect to all-cause mortality. The trial’s non-inferiority margin was derived from patient preference research and a survey of clinical experts that indicated a willingness to accept a 0.75% absolute increase in the risk of death in exchange for a specific set of benefits related to aspirin over LMWH.25 These benefits include preferences for oral medication over injectable medicine, less risk of bruising and lower out of pockets costs.

      Statistical methods

      Inference for the primary estimand (E1) will be calculated using treatment-specific Kaplan-Meier estimators. Secondary estimands (E2–E9) will be based on cumulative incidence function estimation where individuals who are lost to follow-up prior to the endpoint of interest are censored.34 A secondary analysis will estimate the estimands using a per-protocol analysis. The per-protocol estimands will only include the subset of patients classified as protocol adherent. To the extent possible, we will adjust for baseline differences between the per-protocol treatment groups. Missing baseline covariates will be imputed using multiple imputation.

      To evaluate the primary hypothesis regarding all-cause mortality, we will compare the upper bound of a two-sided 96.2% CI for the primary intention-to-treat estimand to the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 0.75%. If non-inferiority is established, we will test the primary estimand for superiority. For all other estimands, we will report point estimates with two-sided 95% CIs. We will not perform hypothesis testing for the secondary estimands.

      Subgroup analyses

      Based on the credible subgroups criteria,35 we plan to conduct subgroup analysis to compare the effects of the primary estimand based on patient age. Age will be stratified into two levels: under 60 years of age, and 60 years of age or older. An interaction test will be performed to assess the heterogeneity of the treatment effect. We hypothesise that aspirin will be more effective in preventing death in patients 60 years of age or older than in patients under 60 years of age through a different mechanism of myocardial infarction prevention—an event that is much more common in patients 60 years of age or older.17 36

      Sample size determination

      The study is designed to enrol 12 200 patients. Assuming an estimated risk of death in the LMWH arm of 1.0%,37 38 the proposed sample size provides 95% power to demonstrate the non-inferiority of aspirin with a non-inferiority margin of 0.75% at the upper bound of a two-sided 96.2% CI, as compared with LMWH. These calculations account for two interim analyses and allow for an attrition rate up to 7.5%.

      Interim analysis

      We have two planned interim analyses to monitor trial safety based on all-cause mortality. The first and second interim analyses were performed when approximately one-third (n=4000) and two-thirds (n=8000) of patients were expected to complete 90 days of follow-up. The primary aim of each interim analysis was to ensure that there is not a differential effect of treatment on death by 90 days after randomisation. To preserve the type I error rate, we will use the alpha-spending approach. This approach statistically dictates stopping early for harm if either at the first interim analysis, a 99.6% CI for the difference in all-cause mortality at 90 days excludes zero, or at the second interim analysis, a 98.8% CI for the difference in all-cause mortality at 90 days excludes zero.

      The study’s biostatistician presented the masked results of the analysis, including CIs, to the DSMB. Following the review of each interim analysis, the DSMB made a formal recommendation to continue the trial. The study team did not have access to either the results of the analysis or the substance of the DSMB deliberations. After both interim analyses, the DSMB recommended that the trial continues unmodified.

      Ethics and dissemination

      The study protocol, including the written consent form (an example of the consent form is included as online supplemental file), was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at JHSPH, the FDA, Health Canada and the local IRB at each participating centre. The trial has been registered with Clinical Trials.gov (NCT02984384). The first patient was enrolled into the trial on 24 April 2017. We anticipate enrolment and follow-up to be completed by the end of 2021.

      Orthopaedic trauma patients are known to be at an increased risk of VTE.1 While most clinical guidelines currently recommend LMWH for VTE prophylaxis in the general trauma population,5 6 recent total joint arthroplasty literature suggests possible clinical benefits,7 11–20 in addition to the decreased administration burden of low-dose aspirin for VTE prevention. PREVENT CLOT aims to definitively compare LMWH with aspirin for non-inferiority as a thromboprophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients. The successful enrolment of the proposed 12 200 patient sample will make PREVENT CLOT the largest trial in orthopaedic trauma to date.

      PREVENT CLOT is specifically designed to be pragmatic and generate clinically relevant findings. As both medications are currently being used for VTE prophylaxis,9 the findings of this study can be easily adopted into clinical practice. The rigorous and practical design is also responsive to patient preference and prescribing trends in orthopaedics.25 The study’s 12 200 patients will be enrolled at over 20 sites in the USA and Canada and will use broad eligibility criteria to improve generalisability. Regular training of research staff and site monitoring have been implemented to ensure a consistently applied protocol and high data quality. The secondary endpoints of cause-specific death and non-fatal PE will be adjudicated under concealed treatment allocation conditions. The trial is benefiting from the continuous engagement of patients and other stakeholders, as well as over 200 patients that responded to pre-study surveys designed to guide the trial design.25

      The trial has several limitations. The patients and providers are not blinded to the treatment allocation. Given the differential patient preferences for the routes of administration of the two medications, we are monitoring site-level medication adherence and discharge prescribing to ensure similar rates on a weekly basis. Lacking true equipoise, some providers may differentially screen for study endpoints. However, this practice is also being actively monitored. In addition, medication adherence is accounted for in the per-protocol analysis.

      We will disseminate the findings of the trial through presentations at regional, national and international scientific conferences and public forums. The primary results and secondary findings will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication. In addition, we will seek widespread dissemination to the general public in collaboration with our study partners, such as the National Blood Clot Alliance and the American Trauma Society.

      The optimal VTE prophylaxis for fracture patients remains controversial. Emerging evidence in arthroplasty research suggests the clinical benefits of aspirin for VTE prevention and is a preferred medication of patients.11–20 25 PREVENT CLOT has been designed with a patient-centred approach to inform future orthopaedic trauma practice regarding this important decisional dilemma for patients and other stakeholders.

      Acknowledgments

      The authors are grateful to the following individuals for their contributions to this study: Protocol Committee: Mark A. Crowther, MD, MSc (McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital); Brianna E. Fowler, MS, BS (METRC Coordinating Centre at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health); Gregory A. Zych, DO (University of Miami Ryder Trauma Centre). Data and Safety Monitoring Board: Marc Swiontkowski, MD (Chair); Gregory A. Brown, MD, PhD; Thomas A. Decoster, MD; Eli Powell, MD; Gregory M. Vercellotti, MD (Medical Monitor); S.D. Walter, PhD; Jeffrey L. Wells. Patient Stakeholder Advisory Committee: Stephen Breazeale, MSN, NP (Yale University); Randolf B. Fenninger, JD (National Blood Clot Alliance; Protocol Committee); Stephen Fisher, MD, PhD (Chesapeake Employers’ Insurance Company; Protocol Committee); Eileen Flores, MSW (American Trauma Society); Steven Herndon Jr.; Katherine Joseph, MPH (American Trauma Society); David Wells; Sara Wyen (National Blood Clot Alliance). Other Collaborators (by site at time of study) Allegheny General Hospital: Daniel T. Altman, MD; Traci Salopek, LSW; Atrium Health – Carolinas Medical Centre: Christine Churchill, MA; Kyle Cunningham, MD, MPH; Susan L. Evans, MD, MBA; Toan T. Huynh, MD; David G. Jacobs, MD; Madhav A. Karunakar, MD; Laurence B. Kempton MD; Stephen H. Sims, MD; Brooke Army Medical Center: Eric Martinez, BS; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Centre: Peter DePalo Sr., BS, CRC; Harborview Medical Centre: Julie Agel, MA; Hikmatullah Arif, BS; Inova Fairfax Medical Campus: James S. Ahn, JD, MS, Jaslynn A. N. Cuff, MA; Michael Holzman, MD; A. Stephen Malekzadeh, MD; Farhanaz Panjshiri, MS, Lolita Ramsey, PhD, RN; Jennifer L. Rodriguez, MD; Jeff E. Schulman, MD; Cary C. Schwartzbach, MD; Mario P. Zambito, MD; Massachusetts General Hospital: Elizabeth M. Allen, BS; Mira Bansal, BA; Kerry A. Breen, BS; Marilyn Heng, MD, MPH; Michael F. McTague, MPH; McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston: Garrett B. Jost, MD; Stephen J. Warner, MD, PhD; McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital: Jodi Gallant, MSc, Jordan Leonard, BSc; Paula McKay, BSc; MetroHealth System: Mary A. Breslin, BA; Rhode Island Hospital – Brown University: Stephanie N. Lueckel, MD, ScM; University of Arizona: Jason Lowe, MD; John T. Ruth, MD; Lisa Marie Truchan, MD; Jason R. Wild, MD; University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre: Aftab Akbari, RN; Richard Buckley, MD, FRC; Paul M. Cantle, MD, MBT; Leah C. Kennedy, RN; Karin Lienhard, PhD; C.Ryan Martin, MD; Stephanie Yee, BSc; University of Maryland R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Centre: Jared J. Atchison, MD; Mitchell W. Baker, BS; Megan Camara, BSN, RN; Daniel W. Connelly, BS; Genaro DeLeon, MS; Haley K. Demyanovich, MPS, BA; Blessing E. Enobun, MD, MPH; Qasim M. Ghulam, MS; Zachary D. Hannan, BS; Andrea L. Howe, BS; Marckenley Isaac, MD, MS; Aaron J. Johnson, MD; Chris Langhammer, MD, PhD; Christopher T. LeBrun, MD; Dimitrius P. Marinos, BS; Phillip C. McKegg, MS; Alexandra Mulliken, BS; Jason W. Nascone, MD; Raymond Pensy, MD; Andrew N. Pollak, MD; Joshua S. Rudnicki, BS; Michael G. Schloss, DO; Marcus F. Sciadini, MD; Ugochukwu N. Udogwu, MD; Syed M. R. Zaidi, MD; University of Miami Ryder Trauma Centre: Katherine Napuri, BS; Stephen M. Quinnan, MD; Dinorah Rodriguez, RN, BSN; Gabriela Zych, CCRC, BS; University of Mississippi Medical Centre: Heather Champion, LPN; John Morellato, MD; University of Tennessee Regional One Health: Michael J. Beebe, MD; University of Wisconsin: Deborah Brauer, MS; Christopher M. Domes, MD; Christopher Doro, MD; David C. Goodspeed, MD; Kristina Parvanta Johnson, ATC, MPA; Gerald J. Lang, MD; Vanderbilt Medical Centre: Robert H. Boyce, MD; Vamshi Gajari, MD; Charles Pritchett, BS; Elsa B. Rodriguez, MD; Daniel J. Stinner, MD, PhD; Karen M. Trochez, MA; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre: Sharon Babcock, MD; James B. Goodman, MBA; Holly T. Pilson, MD.

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      Supplementary materials

      • Supplementary Data

        This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.

      Footnotes

      • Collaborators Allegheny General Hospital: Gregory T. Altman, MD; Atrium Health – Carolinas Medical Center: A. Britton Christmas, MD; Brooke Army Medical Center: Patrick M. Osborn, MD; Jessica C. Rivera, MD, PhD (Protocol Committee; now at Louisiana State University); Inova Fairfax Medical Campus: Robert A. Hymes, MD; Indiana University Methodist Hospital: Greg E. Gaski, MD (Protocol Committee) (now at Inova Fairfax Hospital), Roman M. Natoli, MD, PhD; Massachusetts General Hospital/Brigham and Women’s Hospital: George C. Velmahos, MD, PhD (Protocol Committee, at Massachusetts General Hospital), Michael J. Weaver, MD (at Brigham and Women's Hospital); McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston: Bryan A. Cotton, MD, MPH (Protocol Committee); McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital: Herman Johal, MD, MPH (Protocol Committee); Niv Sne, MD, BSc; Rhode Island Hospital – Brown University: Roman Hayda, MD; Andrew R. Evans, MD; University of Arizona: Christina L. Boulton, MD; Bellal Joseph, MD (Protocol Committee); University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre: Prism S. Schneider, MD, PhD (Protocol Committee); University of Maryland R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center: Yasmin Degani, MPH; University of Miami Ryder Trauma Center: Rishi Rattan, MD (Protocol Committee); University of Mississippi Medical Center: Patrick F. Bergin, MD; Matthew E. Kutcher, MD, MS; University of Tennessee Regional One Health: Martin A. Croce, MD; John C. Weinlein, MD (Protocol Committee); University of Wisconsin: Paul S. Whiting, MD; Vanderbilt Medical Center: William Obremskey, MD, MPH; Oscar D. Guillamondegui, MD, MPH (Protocol Committee); Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center: Eben A. Carroll, MD; Preston R. Miller, MD.

      • Contributors RVO, DMS, GPS, TJ, BEH, ARC, TTM, CDM, STW, RF, ERH, DM and RCC each made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the study protocol, design of the study intervention, study outcomes, study procedures, revised the protocol critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published. KPF made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the study protocol, design of the study intervention, study outcomes, study procedures, wrote the first draft of the protocol. NNO made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the study protocol, design of the study intervention, study outcomes, study procedures, wrote the first draft of this manuscript. DOS designed the data analysis and management plan, and revised the protocol critically for important intellectual content and approved the final version to be published. KS, MJB, RBS, MBH, ILG, SZG, AE, GJJ, HAV, JLG, CPK and JC revised the protocol critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version to be published.

      • Funding This work was funded through a Patient-Centred Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) Award (PCS-1511–32745).

      • Disclaimer The sponsor had no role in the trial’s design or conduct; the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript for submission.

      • Competing interests CDM has received grant funding as PI from Merck and receives consulting income from AstraZeneca, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Janssen/J&J, Merck and Pfizer. ERH is/was the primary investigator of contracts from The Patient-Centred Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) entitled 'Preventing Venous Thromboembolism: Empowering Patients and Enabling Patient-Centred Care via Health Information Technology' (CE-12-11-4489) and 'Preventing Venous Thromboembolism (VTE): Engaging Patients to Reduce Preventable Harm from Missed/Refused Doses of VTE Prophylaxis' (DI-1603-34596); is the primary investigator of a grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (1R01HS024547) entitled 'Individualised Performance Feedback on Venous Thromboembolism Prevention Practice,' and is a co-investigator on a grant from the NIH/NHLBI (R21HL129028) entitled 'Analysis of the Impact of Missed Doses of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis'; receives research grant support from the DOD/Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity and has received grant support from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF); receives book royalties from Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins; and is a paid consultant to Vizient for their HIIN Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prevention Action Network.

      • Patient consent for publication Not required.

      • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

      • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.