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Abstract
Introduction This randomised controlled trial (RCT) aims to examine the effects of an internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) programme (‘Happiness Mom’) on the psychological well-being of working mothers.
Methods and analysis The target population of the RCT will be employed mothers with at least one preschool child. Participants who fulfil the study’s eligibility criteria will be randomly assigned either to an iACT intervention group (n=200) or to a wait-list control group (n=200). Participants in the intervention groups will be asked to complete the programme within 12 weeks of the baseline survey. The intervention programme contains eight modules based on ACT. Primary outcomes are six components of psychological well-being, based on Ryff’s theory. Secondary outcomes are intention to leave their job, work engagement, work performance, sick leave days, psychological distress, euthymia, positive emotions, job and life satisfaction, social support and parental burn-out.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Research Ethics Review Board of Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo (No. 2019134NI). If the intervention programmes are found to be significantly beneficial, the programmes can be made available for all working mothers with preschool children in Japan.
Discussion This study will contribute to the development of an internet-based self-care programme that is effective, feasible, low cost and accessible to improve the well-being of working mothers.
Trial registration number UMIN000039918.
- human resource management
- mental health
- occupational & industrial medicine
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The effects of an automated internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) programme on the psychological well-being of working mothers with preschool children will be examined.
The ‘Happiness Mom’ programme is a newly developed programme that involves discussion with psychology experts and mothers, designed to contribute to participants’ low dropout and high engagement in the trial.
Multimedia self-help programmes (eg, text exercise, audio) are expected to enhance the intervention effect on ACT and mindfulness.
A limitation of this study is that all outcomes will be self-reported.
Introduction
Working mothers are a vital part of the workforce worldwide.1 Stable employment for mothers is important in terms of female economic independence and child development.2 Healthy maternal employment is also highlighted in the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (3: promote well-being for all, 5: empower women and 8: promote productive employment).3–5 However, working mothers are often under psychological and physical pressure from their many responsibilities, including domestic activities, childbearing and paid work.6 7 This double burden from work and family life and work–family conflict make the lives of working mothers difficult.8–11 In sex-segregated cultures like Japan’s, women must shoulder their caretaking responsibilities.12 As a result, about 47% of Japan’s working women give up their jobs after the birth of their first child.13 They are required to change their way of living, with some losing their mastery and autonomy as a result.
Poor mental health is a common health-related outcome of the conflicts experienced by working mothers.14–16 Although maternal employment itself is beneficial for mental health,17–19 working mothers’ dual burden and poor work–family balance could often lead to depression, anxiety and burn-out.8 9 15 20–22 Working mothers with conflicts reportedly have poor psychological well-being (PWB).23 Women with young children reported poorer PWB than women with older children.24 Moreover, parental tasks are known to be more challenging to PWB among women than men.24 PWB presents the potential for people to ‘live well’ (self-realised, fully functioning, purposefully engaged) as defined by Ryff.25 26 PWB has also been associated with better health outcomes and longer survival.27–35 Therefore, PWB can be an important mental health outcome, as well as negative emotions and distress. Intervention programmes should be developed and established to promote PWB as well as to prevent depression, anxiety and burn-out among working mothers.
Previous studies showed the effectiveness of several types of interventions in improving PWB, including well-being therapy,36 third wave cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT)37 and positive psychology approaches.38 39 Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the third waves of behavioural therapies and involves mindfulness and values-based exercises to help people accept their lives and commit to moving forward in a valued life direction.40–42 ACT interventions have been found effective in reducing the stress of mothers of children diagnosed with autism.43–49
Time constraints and busy schedules make it difficult for working mothers to seek mental health support.50 Internet-delivered psychosocial intervention is feasible, low cost, effective and accessible.51 52 A comparison of face-to-face and internet interventions revealed no differences in their effectiveness in treating common mental disorders.53 54 Web-based intervention may, thus, be promising for busy working mothers.55 Several systematic reviews showed that internet-delivered ACT (iACT) has been effective in managing depression and anxiety and improving the quality of life, even with a small effect size, in the general and clinical population.56–58 For the working population, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showed the effectiveness of ACT-based intervention (combined iACT and face-to-face group sessions) for improving negative mood outcomes (eg, depression, burn-out) among employees with psychological symptoms.59–62 One RCT showed the significant effectiveness of improving Ryff’s PWB at postfollow-up (Cohend’s d=0.32, p<0.01), but not at 6-month or 12-month follow-up.60 63 A prestudy and poststudy of group ACT at worksite also showed the improvement of PWB among university staff.64 The RCT of iACT among community-dwelling people seemed to improve PWB among those who had low PWB.65 However, no study has investigated the effect of fully automated iACT without face-to-face sessions for improving PWB among workers regardless of psychological symptoms.
The aim of this RCT is to examine the effectiveness of a new and fully automated iACT programme "Happiness Mom" on improving PWB at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up among working mothers with at least one preschool child. We also examine the acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility of implementing it.
Methods
Trial design
This study is a two-arm parallel-group non-blinded RCT. Participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 either to the intervention or to the control group after completing a baseline online questionnaire survey. This study’s 12-week iACT programme was provided to the participants in the intervention group. Online follow-up surveys will be conducted at three (immediately after the intervention) and 6 months after the baseline survey. This protocol has been written according to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials guidelines.66 Data generated by this research that supports the main findings will be made available as soon as possible, wherever legally and ethically possible. The data from this trial will be made available on reasonable request.
Participants
This study is intended for working mothers with at least one preschool child. The participants will be recruited from several private companies and individual applications through internet advertisements in Japan.
All participants must meet the following eligibility criteria:
Women over 20 years of age.
Currently employed for more than 30 hours per week.
Have at least one preschool age child.
Can access the internet via a PC: personal computer, URL: uniform resource locator, ID: identifier.
Not on maternity leave at baseline.
This study is ‘a universal prevention programme’; thus, the participants will be recruited regardless of psychological symptoms or current regular psychotherapeutic treatment.
Recruitment and procedure
A flow chart of how to progress from screening for eligibility to inclusion in the final analysis is given in figure 1. Regarding company-based recruitment, the researchers have created the application website for each company. The website will include a description of the study and an application form. The researchers will ask the company’s department of human resources or occupational health sector to email the URL of a website to the candidates. The company will provide information for all candidates who seem to meet the eligibility criteria. For individual-based recruitment, the other website will detect the means of recruitment (which company or individual) by researchers. The URL of the website for individual recruitment will be spread through social networking service (SNS) advertisements (eg, Facebook) and personal announcements from the researchers. Candidates will click on the URL and read a full explanation of the purpose and procedures of the study on the website. Those who are interested in participating will be asked to mark the consent option and type their name, phone number and email. This consent information will be sent to the research centre and preserved. Workers who are not interested in participating will be asked to leave the website. Subsequently, participants who submitted the consent information will receive an email containing the URL of the baseline survey. They will be required to click the URL and input their baseline information. After completing the baseline questionnaire, the participants will be randomly assigned either to the intervention or to the control group. The researchers will inform the participants of their group assignment via email. To avoid delay between the randomisation and the beginning of intervention, the researchers will assign the participants to a group (which automatically sets the schedule for opening the new modules) as soon as the baseline survey is completed. The researchers will email the iACT programme’s URL and an ID and password to the participants in the intervention group. They will be asked not to share their ID, password, and the iACT programme content. Those in the control group will receive the iACT programme after the 6-month follow-up.
Participants’ flow chart.
Intervention programme
An internet-based, fully automated, eight-module self-help ACT programme ‘Happiness Mom’ designed for working women with preschool children was developed (figure 2). The first author led and organised the specialist team to develop the programme. The researchers (NS, KT and YK), who are working mothers with preschool children, have extracted the essential concerns of the working women, including their experience in occupational health settings. Informal interviews were conducted with two working women with pre-school children about their daily stressors, feelings, thoughts, dreams and ambitions. Based on the self-help ACT literature,67 68 the programme has been drafted by using a typical case experienced by mothers. The ACT specialists (outside the research team) and clinical psychologist (YS) who had experienced holding a group ACT for mothers have revised the programme to follow the psychological framework of ACT. A psychiatrist (DN) and a clinical psychologist (KI) confirmed the relevance of the psychotherapy. Original illustrations have been inserted to suit the preferences of the target population and to make it visually easy to understand. In each model, a single working mother case with a 2-year-old boy (fictitious) is presented as an example of applying ACT skills to daily life. The eight modules are presented in a fixed order; one module is accessible per week, with four optional reading materials (table 1). Each module will take 15–30 min to complete. The modules followed the six core processes, ‘hexaflex,’ which produces psychological flexibility.41 42 69 The programme modules cover well-being education (module 1), acceptance and willingness (module 2), defusion (module 3), mindfulness and self-compassion (module 4), self-as-context (module 5), value (module 6), committed actions (module 7) and wrap up (module 8). The optional reading materials address (1) parenting skills based on Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P)70; (2) couple therapy based on assertive communication; (3) relaxation skills and (4) how to contact mental health services. Thirteen working mothers with small children were recruited by snowball sampling. They attended a 1-hour semistructured interview conducted by the first author after completing the programme. The participants were asked about its feasibility, usability, adaptability (ie, timing of reminder, the day of opening the new module) and suggestions for improving the programme. Based on the results of the interviews, the researcher modified the programme to make it more relevant to working mothers of small children.
Screenshots of Happiness Mom.
Contents of the iACT ‘Happiness Mom’ programme for working mothers with preschool child(ren)
Happiness Mom does not have homework and is fully self-guided. The modules are not mediated by a therapist. Although no personalised feedback is provided, the case in the contents is about a single working mother with limited support for raising her 2-year-old son, a scenario expected to be familiar to the participants.
Well-being education (module 1)
In this module, the six dimensions of Ryff’s PWB model are introduced to seek happiness.26 The differences between pain (ie, the discomfort we feel in response to a real-life problem) and suffering (ie, struggle by expanding negative thoughts or feelings in mind) are illustrated.41 67 The exercise ‘Don’t think about your thoughts’ is provided.67 Participants will perform three text exercises, in which they have to describe a painful experience, focusing on the reason for it (dysfunctional thoughts) and how to avoid such dysfunctional thoughts.
Acceptance and willingness (module 2)
In this module, experiential avoidance (attempting to avoid or control internal experiences) does not work.71 By contrast, acceptance, the adoption of an intentionally open, receptive, flexible and non-judgmental posture, is introduced as a new strategy. Participants will experience acceptance by following the audio guide and completing a text exercise about their willingness.
Defusion (module 3)
This module introduces the concept of cognitive fusion, or being ‘stuck’ to thoughts and self-evaluations. It encourages the practice of mind watching. Five exercises for defusion are offered: (1) ‘I think…’, (2) leaves on a stream (metaphor), (3) extracting the thoughts from your head and seeing them on the hand, (4) naming the mind and (5) making the endings of your thought funny. Participants will be encouraged to try defusion.
Mindfulness and self-compassion (module 4)
Mindfulness is the process of paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally.72 Three experiential exercises are introduced here: mindfulness breathing (3 min audio), mindfulness meditation (5 min audio) and drinking mindfulness. Self-compassion is presented as a healthy form of self-acceptance to treat oneself with warmth and understanding.73 74 Two writing exercises, ‘Be willing to give words of comfort and reassurance to yourself as if to a friend who is tired of painful feeling’ and ‘You can also write down some reassuring or relieving actions you can take to help yourself’ are included. The ‘self-hug’ is introduced with an explanation of oxytocin.75 76 Participants will try a self-compassion body scan (7 min audio) to recognise their sense of body and treat themselves with compassion.
Self as context (module 5)
The observing self is one facet of what ACT calls ‘self as context’. Self as context entails taking several perspectives on the self. In this module, conceptualised self and sticking are introduced with the tug-of-war metaphor.67 Through writing exercises, participants will take a bird’s eye view of the situation.68 Participants will be encouraged to acquire the ability to look inside themselves from ‘now’ and ‘here’.41
Value (module 6)
ACT defines values as desired global qualities of ongoing action.41 In this module, the metaphor of passengers on the ‘your life’ bus is explained. Values are the direction of the bus. Two text exercises encouraged participants to recognise one’s desire: (1) imagine what they would do if they had everything they wanted; (2) write their own epitaph. Thereafter, participants will write their values in seven important life domains (ie, work, leaning, parenting, relationship with partner, friends, hobbies and health) and rank the three values that are most important to them.
Committed actions (module 7)
Committed actions can be large or small moves in the direction of values. The difference between ‘what you can control’ and ‘what you cannot control’ is explained. This module emphasises the importance of focusing on actions as part of being in control. Participants will define several values-based goals, making action plans for each goal and measures for the internal barriers through text exercises. Some unfamiliar actions (eg, wearing different coloured socks) for breaking a pattern and expanding the variety of actions are introduced to improve psychological flexibility.
Wrap up-life is a journey: (module 8)
In this module, Ryff’s model of PWB is reviewed again. The importance of accepting fear, feeling and thoughts from a perspective of self-as-context with openness and willingness is emphasised. Participants are encouraged to break the cycle of experiential avoidance by taking committed action. After finishing this module, participants receive emails suggesting that they review the programme and their personal notes, and to continue taking the actions that they learnt in the programme.
Optional sessions
Four articles form the basis of optional sessions. Participants may read them at any time during the intervention. These articles address (1) parenting skills based on the Positive Parenting Programme (Triple P)77; (2) the essence of couple therapy based on assertive communication; (3) relaxation skills (ie, 4-7-8 breathing,78 progressive muscle relaxation79) and behavioural activation techniques and (4) how to contact third-party mental health services.
Additional functions
Personal notepad
Participants’ text exercises will be stored in their ‘personal notepad’ for review at their convenience. If participants want to repeat an exercise, they can go from their notepad to find the exercise and rewrite it.
Online forum
The online forum is set for each module. Participants can use the forum to share their experiences, ask questions, and talk to staff with specialised knowledge about the programme. Participants can post on the board using their registered nicknames instead of their real names. The first author will respond to the comments and questions posted on the board.
Control group
Participants in the control group will receive the iACT programme after the 6-month follow-up. The participants in the intervention group and the control group can seek any mental health treatment as usual, such as stress management education or medical care, throughout the research period.
Outcomes
Table 2 summarises the outcome measures. Only the participants in the intervention group will be assessed regarding the process evaluation outcomes (eg, usability, satisfaction) at the 3-month follow-up. Information contamination will be assessed in the control group at the 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. All data will be collected using web-based self-report questionnaires. At the 3-month and 6-month follow-ups, the research centre will send at least two emails reminding non-respondents to complete the questionnaires.
Assessment schedule of the outcome measures for the randomised controlled trial for ‘Happiness Mom’
Primary outcome
Psychological Well-being (PWB;42 items)
PWB will be evaluated using the 42-item version of Ryff’s PWB Scales (PWBS). The PWBS originally consisted of six 7-item subscales for the assessment of six factors: (1) autonomy; (2) environmental mastery; (3) personal growth; (4) positive relations with others; (5) purpose in life and (6) self-acceptance.26 80 Response categories for these items are scored along a seven-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7). The scores of some items will be reversed as recommended in Ryff’s original PWBS.26 80 The scores for six subscales will be calculated as averages; higher mean scores indicate greater PWB. The reliability and validity of the Japanese version of PWBS have been recently tested.81 The authors simplified the Japanese translations of the response options without changing their meaning.
Secondary outcomes
As secondary outcomes, these measurement scales will be used: psychological distress (K6), parental burn-out, work engagement, job performance, sick leave days, intention to leave, job and life satisfaction, positive feelings (hedonic well-being), perceived social support from the partner, social support, global fear of COVID-19 and euthymia. The details of these scales are available in online supplemental file.
Supplemental material
Process evaluation
Implementation outcomes and adverse effects
For process evaluation, we will track each participant’s completion of each module. The researcher will take the 14 items of implementation outcomes for digital health interventions. This measurement is based on three important concepts: acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility.82 These concepts have been discussed with international specialists in implementation science and internet-based psychotherapy. Adverse effects (ie, harms) of eHealth interventions, such as physical symptoms (eg, tired eyes, stiff shoulders), mental symptoms (eg, insomnia) and dangerous experiences (eg, bumping into people while looking at a smartphone), will be covered in five items.
Contamination of information
To evaluate contamination of information among participants in a control group, participants will be asked at follow-up survey: ‘Have you got to know information on the contents of Happiness Mom from others in an intervention group?’
Demographic characteristics
Demographic data, such as age, marital status, household income, education, years in the workforce, occupations, industry, employment contract, company size, working hours per week, the number of children, disabled child, age and sex of the youngest child, pregnancy, and history of fertility treatments, will also be collected.
The impact of COVID-19
The researchers collected data about changes in working hours and working styles (eg, working from home, furlough) to capture the impact of COVID-19 on daily work, as the target population was recruited during the pandemic. In the 3-month follow-up, we will ask the intervention group, ‘Is there anything in the programme that you were unable to put into practice because of COVID-19?’
Sample size calculation
Sample size was calculated (total N=398) for the primary outcome to detect an effect size of 0.25 (Cohen’s d) with a statistical power of (1 – b)=0.80 in a two-tailed test (p<0.05). Estimated effect size was decided based on the subgroup analysis of a previous meta-analysis that examined the effect of internet-based CBT for improving well-being (Hedge’s g=0.25).51 Regarding this calculation, the researchers set the estimated sample size as N=400.
Randomisation
Participants who meet the eligibility criteria will be randomly allocated to the intervention group or control group. Participants will be stratified into two groups according to the score of K6 (4 or less, or 5 or more) and recruitment entry (company-based or individual) on the baseline survey. In addition to the analysis of the whole sample (to examine the universal intervention effect), we will analyse data by prespecified subgroups (to examine the selective intervention effect). Using a computer-generated random allocation sequence, an independent biostatistician has created a stratified permuted-block random table. The block size of this RCT will be fixed at 4. The stratified permuted-block random table will be password protected and blinded to the researchers. Only the research assistant will have access to it during the random allocation.
Duration
This programme is scheduled to start recruiting in April 2020 and will run until the end of June. The research will end in January 2021 with a follow-up assessment. In March 2021, the whole programme will be presented to the control group.
Statistical analysis
For the main pooled analysis, a mixed model for repeated measures conditional growth model analysis with an unstructured covariance matrix will be conducted using a group (intervention and control)*time (baseline, 3 months and 6 months follow-ups) interaction as an indicator of intervention effect. The primary analysis will follow the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. This means that the participants will remain in the group to which they were randomised and not analysed according to the interventions actually received. Cohen’s d between groups will be calculated at each assessment term. Secondary outcomes will be analysed in the same way as the primary outcome. The statistical significance for all analyses in this study will be set as 0.05 (two tailed), and 95% CIs will be calculated.
For sensitivity analysis, a similar mixed model for repeated measures, but using the analysis of variance model, with an unstructured covariance matrix will be conducted. Missing values will be imputed by applying the maximum likelihood estimation using the mixed procedure. We will calculate Cohen’s d among participants excluded ‘not started’ subjects, following the modified ITT principle.
For subgroup analysis, we will use the stratification factor (ie, participants who scored 4 or less/5 or more in K6 at the baseline survey or recruitment method (company or individuals)) and analyse the results according to the prespecified subgroups. The Japanese version of SPSS V.26.0 (IBM) will be used.
Monitoring
As we anticipate no potential harm from this intervention, there will be no data monitoring committee, interim analyses or stopping rules.
Data availability
Deidentified individual participant data will be available on request after the main analysis paper has been published. Please email requests to the corresponding author.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical and safety considerations
Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Research Ethics Review Board of Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo (No. 2019134NI). Participants will be fully informed that they may withdraw from the trial at any time by contacting the researchers. Any protocol modifications will be communicated to the institutional review board.
Data confidentiality
The collected data will be stored as linkable anonymising data. The principal investigator will retain access to the final dataset after the trial and assume responsibility for data integrity and the accuracy of analysis.
Dissemination and implementation plan of research findings
The findings of this study will be published in peer-reviewed international journals. They will also be presented at research conferences, academic symposia and seminars. The principal investigator will be listed as the corresponding author, and the authorship eligibility will conform to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. If the intervention programmes are found to be significantly beneficial, the programmes can be made available for all working mothers in Japan with preschool children.
Patient and public involvement
The first author had informal discussions with two female workers who were mothers of preschool children. Based on these conversations, three female researchers (NS, KT and YK), who were working mothers with preschool children, modified the contents to reflect a real situation. One patient and public involvement (PPI) partner reviewed the draft of the programme before setting it into a web system and suggested clarifying some points that might be difficult for general readers to understand. The second PPI partner enrolled monitors of a 1-hour semistructured interview, designed a recruitment poster, introduced the stakeholders (ie, policy-makers) to researchers, and advised on PR strategy for using SNS advertisement. Both women participated in an interview after using the web system, provided feedback, and took part in the recruitment of participants. Two PPI partners will participate in a discussion of the study findings and in setting up the implementation strategy after finishing RCT. The PPI process will be described based on the PPI handbook and reporting checklists.83 84
Discussion
An internet-based, fully automated, eight-module self-help ACT programme ‘Happiness Mom’ designed for working women with preschool children was developed to improve their PWB. This study is the first RCT to examine the effectiveness of a fully automated iACT without face-to-face sessions for the PWB of a working population regardless of psychological symptoms. Some limitations of the study include the small size of the optional sessions of the programme (eg, parenting, relaxation skills). The intervention effectiveness will not be identified as the difference between iACT and those sessions. The study will examine the effectiveness of the intervention ‘Happiness Mom’ as a whole package. Second, this study will not assess multiple aspects of psychological flexibility using validated scales (eg, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II) to determine psychological processes connecting the intervention and the outcomes. We will not be able to identify what psychological process is most important if the intervention is found effective. Lastly, all the outcomes in this study will be assessed by the self-reporting questionnaire. In spite of these limitations, this study will contribute to the development of an internet-based self-care programme that is effective, feasible, low cost and accessible for improving the well-being of working mothers. This newly developed programme may provide psychological support for women to pursue their life careers according to their values. The web-based programme can be easily made available in other countries through translation in the future.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciated Masao Tsuchiya and Satoshi Tajima, specialists in occupational psychology for contributing to the improvement of the iACT contents. The artist Ami Kito (amikitosketch), created the wonderful illustrations for Happiness Mom. Junko Tashiro and Toyoko Adachi, close friends of the first author and mothers of preschoolers, helped with developing the program and recruiting the participants. We also extend great thanks to our research assistant Keiko Miyake for building a web site and leaning system. The authors wish to thank the members of the Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health at The University of Tokyo for their advice in developing program.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors NK was in charge of this study, of supervising the process and provided his expert opinion. The authors (NS, KI and DN) organised the study design and developed the contents of the intervention. The authors (YS, YK and KT) developed the program. KW led the design of the statistical analyses. NS wrote the first draft of the protocol manuscript. All of the other authors revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of this manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by the Public Health Research Foundation (2020-2021 to NS) and the Occupational Health Promotion Foundation (2020-2021 to NS).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Obtained.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.