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Abstract
Objectives Although frequent emergency department (ED) use is a global issue, little research has been conducted in a country like Japan where universal health insurance is available. The study aims to (1) document the proportion of ED visits that are by frequent users and (2) describe the differences in characteristics of frequent ED users and other ED users including expenditures between a secondary and a tertiary hospital.
Design A prevalence study for a period of 1 year.
Setting A secondary hospital and a tertiary hospital in central Japan.
Participants All patients who presented to the EDs.
Primary outcome measures We defined frequent ED user as a patient who visited the ED≥5 times/year. The main outcome measures were the proportion of frequent ED users among all ED users and the proportion of healthcare expenditures by the frequent ED users among all ED expenditures.
Results Of 25 231 ED visits over 1 year, 134 frequent ED users accounted for 1043 visits—0.66% of all ED users, comprised 4.1% of all ED visits, and accounted for 1.9% of total healthcare expenditures. Median ED visits per one frequent ED user was 7.9. At the patient level, after adjusting for age, gender and receiving public assistance, older age (OR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.02) and receiving public assistance (OR 7.19, 95% CI 2.87 to 18.07) had an association with frequent ED visits. At the visit-level analysis, evaluation by internal medicine (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57), psychiatry (OR 124.69, 95% CI 85.89 to 181.01) and obstetrics/gynaecology (OR 2.77, 95% CI 2.09 to 3.67) were associated with frequent ED visits.
Conclusion The proportion of frequent ED users, of total visits, and of expenditures attributable to them—while still in the low end of the distribution of published ranges—are lower in this study from Japan than in reports from many other countries.
- accident & emergency medicine
- health economics
- health services administration & management
- international health services
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- accident & emergency medicine
- health economics
- health services administration & management
- international health services
Strengths and limitations of this study
This study was an exhaustive investigation that evaluated all emergency department (ED) visitors over 1 year in the two hospitals. Including the entire population of eligible individuals precludes the need for inferential statistics and inherent risks of extrapolation had only a sample of eligible participants been chosen for investigation.
The study evaluated not only the numbers of visits but also the healthcare expenditures of frequent ED visitors.
This study only included one secondary hospital and one tertiary hospital.
This study did not assess for the severity of condition or diseases of the participants.
Introduction
Frequent emergency department (ED) use is associated with higher mortality rates1 and financial burden.2 In a previous systematic review, frequent ED users comprised 0.1%–50% of all ED users and accounted for 1.9%–20.5% of all ED visits in the USA.3 Also, the top 20% of frequent ED users account for 84% of all healthcare expenditures and ‘hot spots’ have been identified where many frequent ED users live.4 A study by Gross and colleagues published in 2013 demonstrated that interventions for individual frequent ED users or hot spots by multidisciplinary teams (such as family physicians, nurses, care managers and administrative officers) are associated with a reduction of the number of ED visits and expenditures.4 Similarly, in three regions in the USA, multidisciplinary team interventions decreased hospitalisation rates by 34% and healthcare expenditures by 1.2 million dollars.5 However, a recent clinical trial examining the effect of complex care transition programmes using a multidisciplinary team found no significant differences in hospital readmission between the intervention and control groups.6 High rates of frequent ED users have been reported in North America, Europe and Oceania.7 In Asian countries, frequent ED users in Taiwan comprised 3.5% of all ED users and accounted for 14.3% of all ED visits.8 In Korea, 3.1% of all ED visitors were frequent ED users and occupied 14.0% of total ED visits.9 Among frequent ED users, low socioeconomic status and mental health problems are known predictors of frequent ED use based on research in nine countries.7 10 Although such studies about frequent ED use were conducted, research on frequent ED use is little in countries with well-developed comprehensive national health insurance such as Japan.
In Japan, research on frequent ED users has been investigated in single-centre studies.11 12 Also, there is no research about healthcare expenditure of frequent ED users in Japan. For example, in the study by Takeuchi et al, they found frequent ED users comprised 1.4% of all ED users and occupied 6.8% of all ED visits.11 Frequent ED users were older and more often receiving governmental welfare in comparison with non-frequent ED users.11 As the number of ED visits by ambulances has been annually increasing by 72 thousand per year in Japan,13 a better understanding of the patterns and costs associated with frequent ED users in Japan would be indispensable for developing interventions to reduce unnecessary visit burdens on EDs and mitigate unnecessary costs.
Understanding the current status of frequent ED users in Japan could inform policymaking that optimises the use of EDs and leads efficiency in healthcare expenditures. Hence the study aims of this research were to (1) document the proportion of ED visits that are by frequent users and (2) describe the differences in characteristics of frequent ED users and other ED users between a secondary and a tertiary hospital in Japan. We hypothesised that a few frequent ED users would account for the major proportion of all ED users and for significant healthcare expenditure in Japan.
Methods
Design
This study team conducted a prevalence study by using a retrospective chart review for a period of 1 year ranging from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017. In the present study, we followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology statement.14
Setting
Kikugawa General Hospital (a secondary hospital) and Iwata City Hospital (a tertiary hospital) in central Japan served as the sites for study. The size of these two hospitals is generally comparable with other secondary and tertiary care hospitals in Japan.15 Each hospital is the only general public hospital serving the local municipality. The characteristics of these hospitals are described in table 1. In Japan, secondary hospitals provide emergency care for a patient who potentially requires admission and tertiary hospitals offer intensive care such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke and multiple injury.16 The secondary hospital in this study serves a catchment area of about 48 000 people but does not provide inpatient care for children due to the lack of paediatricians. It serves as the single public institution providing inpatient care for mental health in this region. Like the majority of hospitals in Japan, nurses triage patients presenting to the ED based on the patient’s chief report for evaluation by one of the hospital’s subspecialty departments, for example, internal medicine, surgery or psychiatry. This differs from the typical US model of emergency care where nurses triage for acuity of need, but emergency physicians provide the first evaluation of all patients coming to the ED.17
Characteristics of the study secondary and tertiary hospitals
Patient and public involvement
This research was conducted without patient involvement. Patients were not invited to comment on the study design, and they were not consulted in the development of relevant patient outcomes or asked to interpret the results. They were not asked to contribute to the writing or editing of this document for readability or accuracy.
Participants
Inclusion criteria
All patients who presented to the EDs during the study period were eligible for inclusion. There were no exclusion criteria for the study.
Measures
To be consistent with the previous literature,3 we defined a frequent ED user as a patient who visited the ED in the same hospital ≥5 times/year during 2017. The study’s main outcome measures were the proportion of the frequent ED users among all ED users and the proportion of healthcare expenditures by the frequent ED users among all ED expenditures. We also counted the frequency of ED visits (1 time/year, 2–4 times, 5–10 times, 10–14 times and ≥15) and explored the characteristics of the frequent ED users by age, gender, receipt of public assistance (governmental welfare), ambulance use, hospitalisation, service of hospitalisation (internal medicine, surgery, orthopaedics, psychiatry, paediatrics and obstetrics/gynaecology) and in-hospital death.
Statistical analysis
To analyse for differences in the characteristics between the frequent ED users and non-frequent ED users, we used χ2 tests. We employed two multivariable models, changing the units of analyses: patient level and visit level. In the patient-level analysis, we used logistic regression and adjusted age (as a continuous variable), gender (men was the reference group) and receiving public assistance. In the visit-level analysis, we used a mixed-effect model to include a random effect for hospital and individual covariates as fixed effects. We adjusted for use of ambulance, service of evaluation in the ED and hospitalisation. Covariates were selected based on the literature review.7 8 For the statistical analysis, we used Stata V.15 with statistical significance defined by a p value <0.05.
Results
Frequency of visits and expenditures by frequent ED users
A total of 25 231 ED visits were made by 20 388 patients (men: 10 746) to the two hospitals during the study period. We did not have missing data for each reported variable. The median age (IQR) was 51 (range 23–75) and the total healthcare expenditure was 3774 million yen (≒35.2 million dollars). Healthcare expenditures in the ED of the secondary hospital totalled 188 million yen (≒1.7 million dollars) and that of the tertiary hospital totalled 3586 million yen (≒33.0 million dollars). Of all the visits, there were 134 frequent ED users (men=76). The median of age (IQR) was 61.5 years (35–80) and the total healthcare expenditure was 72 million yen (≒0.68 million dollars). The total number of visits by the frequent ED users was 1043 and these comprised 4.1% of all ED visits. Frequent ED users accounted for 0.66% of all ED users and 1.9% of total healthcare expenditures. Figure 1 shows summary of the results.
Summary of frequent emergency department (ED) visitors.
Patient-level analysis
As shown in table 2, relative to patient-level characteristics of the frequent ED users, the proportions of older adults (≥65) (p=0.023) and the patients receiving public assistance were higher than those of the non-frequent ED users (p<0.001). Gender and in-hospital death were not associated with the frequent ED users. In terms of the visit-level characteristics of the frequent ED users, the proportion of patients evaluated by psychiatry and obstetrics/gynaecology was higher than those of the non-frequent ED users (both p<0.001). The proportion of the patients among frequent ED users who used an ambulance (p<0.001), who were admitted to a hospital (p=0.006) or were evaluated by internal medicine (p=0.003), surgery (p=0.001) and orthopaedics (p<0.001) were lower than those of the non-frequent ED users.
Comparison of frequent and non-frequent ED users for both the secondary and tertiary hospitals
Comparison of the frequent ED user characteristics in the secondary and tertiary hospitals
Patient-level and visit-level characteristics by number of the ED users
Tables 3 and 4 illustrate patient-level and visit-level characteristics of ED users according to the number of visits to the secondary and tertiary hospitals, respectively. Although many patients from either hospital used the ED only one time in the study period, four patients (two in the secondary hospital and two in the tertiary hospital) used the ED 16 times or more. For factors such as in-hospital death, receiving public assistance, use of ambulance and hospitalisation, the majority was accounted for by the non-frequent ED users (one to four visits).
The patient-level and visit-level characteristics of ED users based on the number of visits in the secondary hospital
The patient-level and visit-level characteristics of ED users based on the number of visits in the tertiary hospital
Table 5 provides a comparison of frequent ED users’ characteristics between the secondary hospital and the tertiary hospital. In the secondary hospital, the proportion of frequent ED users who were evaluated by psychiatry (p<0.001) and obstetrics/gynaecology (p<0.001) was higher than those in the tertiary hospital. In the tertiary hospital, the proportion of patients who were aged 14 years and younger (p<0.004), evaluated by internal medicine (p<0.001), paediatrics (p<0.001) and surgery (p<0.001), was higher than those in the tertiary hospital.
Differences in frequent ED users’ characteristics between secondary and tertiary hospitals
After adjusting for age, gender, and receiving public assistance, older age (OR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.02, p=0.004) and receiving public assistance (OR 7.19, 95% CI 2.87 to 18.07, p<0.001) were associated with frequent ED visits at the patient level. In the visit-level analysis, evaluation by internal medicine (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.57, p=0.032), psychiatry (OR 124.69, 95% CI 85.89 to 181.01, p<0.001) and obstetrics/gynaecology (OR 2.77, 95% CI 2.09 to 3.67, p<0.001) had associations with frequent ED visits. Ambulance use (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.95, p=0.011) and evaluation by orthopaedics (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.84, p=0.002) were negatively associated with frequent ED visits. The details of the results are shown in the online supplementary file.
Supplemental material
Discussion
Proportion of frequent ED users and health care expenditures
These combined findings from a tertiary hospital and secondary hospital in a largely urban area found that less than 1% of ED users (0.66%) accounted for nearly 1 in 25 visits (4.1%) and nearly 1.9% of healthcare expenditures. These findings contrast with the previous Japanese study conducted near Tokyo where 1.39% frequent ED users (≥4 visits/year) occupied 6.75% of all ED visits and the previous study did not report the used healthcare expenditures.11 The differences may be attributable to a different setting as the latter is from an ED in a single tertiary hospital serving a population of 170 000 near metropolitan Tokyo. Because this tertiary hospital was located near a metropolitan area, the patients might visit the hospital from a wider range of areas compared with the present study’s setting. The proportions of frequent ED users in both Japanese studies were less by a half to a quarter than the ranges from countries described in a systematic review (frequent ED users: 4.5%–8% of all ED users). The ED visits of frequent users are roughly a third to a tenth less than other countries (21%–28% of all ED visits).7 Compared with the Asian countries in the previous literature, the proportion of frequent ED visits was almost one-third in Japan.8 9 In a previous US study, 1% of ED users accounted for 29% of costs4—a stark contrast to just less than 1% of ED users in the current study accounting for about 2% of expenditures. In addition, the proportion of the healthcare expenditures by frequent ED users from both studies in Japan is much lower than found in several previous studies in the USA.4 18 19
As reported in an international literature review, the problem of frequent ED visits has been observed in multiple countries including Asian countries.7 Multidisciplinary interventions such as case management, care plan and information sharing have been found to be effective to reduce the frequent ED users.2 20 Kaigo Hoken, Japan’s long-term care insurance programme was introduced to provide long-term care support for older adults since 2000.21 Under Kaigo Hoken, care managers coordinate multiple care services for older adults.21 The care management financed under Kaigo Hoken may contribute to the low proportion of frequent ED users in the study compared with other international settings due to proactive care for limitations in activities of daily living. This support can also help mitigate social problems. Also, free access and universal healthcare coverage in Japan may contribute to the results as well. Patients can access healthcare services regardless of their income, living place and types of hospitals.21 In Japan, patients tend to visit physician’s office and a hospital outpatient clinic in a more timely manner, compared with those in the USA.22 23
Characteristics of the frequent ED users
Characteristics of the frequent ED users found in the current study, older age, low socioeconomic status and mental health problems, are consistent with previous studies in other countries.3 24 For example, findings from the UK, USA, Canada and Taiwan similarly identified older age25 and mental problems.7 24 26 27 In our study, the proportion of patients who were older than or equal to 65 years among all ED visitors was 38.2%. This is relatively higher than those in the previous studies in other countries such as 16.6%–22.1% (USA),28 29 25.1% (Canada)30 and 34.5% (Taiwan).8 Therefore, older patients could not explain the low rate of frequent ED users in our study. Thus, as we discussed above, the Japanese healthcare systems such as Kaigo Hoken or universal healthcare coverage could explain our results. While previous studies have also identified homelessness24 and substance abuse7 26 30 as predictors for frequent ED use, the rate of homelessness in Japan is very low compared with the USA, 0.004% versus 0.17%,31 32 and substance abuse also is very low: for example, 0.5% versus 4.9% in use of methamphetamine and 0.3% versus 14.3% in use of cocaine.33 Thus, it was not surprising for these factors not to be predictors of frequent ED use.
In the previous study conducted in Japan, mental health issues were not related to frequent ED visits but this may be attributable to the absence of full-time psychiatric providers in that hospital.11 While a difference was noted in the proportion of frequent ED visits for paediatric problems between the secondary and tertiary hospital, this finding was not surprising given the lack of a full-time paediatrician in the secondary hospital in our study. Because characteristics of frequent ED users are heterogeneous,7 analysis of characteristics of frequent ED users in each hospital is important to reduce frequent ED visits. For example, case management including insurance coverage and access to support services has been shown to reduce ED visits among low-income adults.34 Moreover, multidisciplinary intervention with mental health and substance-abuse professionals decrease ED visits and healthcare cost.35 These factors, namely, low socioeconomic status and mental issues, are of particular importance for attention of healthcare providers and policymakers seeking to develop effective interventions to reduce unnecessary visits and reduce costs.
Future research could include a multicentre or nation-wide study in Japan to further characterise frequent ED users across the nation. Despite the much lower rate of frequent ED users, visits and associated costs in our study compared with other countries, research in Japan on the potential benefit of intervening with a multidisciplinary team emerges as an area ripe for future research.
Study strengths
This is the first study to investigate healthcare expenditures for frequent ED users in Japan. Also, this is the first study comparing the characteristics of frequent ED users in a secondary and a tertiary hospital. A possible explanation for the low proportion of frequent ED users could come from inadequate accounting for the actual number of ED visits. In the current study, we counted ED visits in each hospital. If patients attended multiple EDs, it is possible that we would not capture the actual number of ED visits and underestimate the total number of frequent ED users. However, this seems unlikely to have a substantial impact as both hospitals serve as the primary hospitals in their catchment areas.
Study limitations
First, because this study only included one secondary hospital and one tertiary hospital, the results need to be confirmed through examination of other Japanese hospitals. Both studies occurred in a single prefecture, which is predominantly rural. While not necessarily reflective of major metropolitan areas in Japan such as Tokyo, the prefecture of Shizuoka is probably similar to a majority of other prefectures in Japan which have a predominance of rural areas dotted with a few larger cities with tertiary care hospitals. Second, this study did not assess for the severity of condition or diseases of the participants. Thus, appropriateness of the ED visits was not evaluated directly.
Conclusion
The proportion of frequent ED users, of total visits, and of expenditures attributable to them are lower in this study from Japan than the distribution of published ranges in reports from many other countries. Future research on a larger scale will be required to determine if these lower rates are consistent across Japan and to fully explain these differences and understand potential lessons for other countries.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the assistance of Dr Hajime Futami and Yuko Okada of Kikugawa General Hospital, Dr Masahiko Terada and Naoki Ohta of Iwata City Hospital. We also thank Dr Koichiro Gibo for his warm support. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
References
Footnotes
Contributors MK designed the study and participated in the implementation, data collection, data analysis and writing of the manuscript. MK also served as the guarantor. MI, MO, BFC and MDF contributed to the design of the study and critically reviewed the manuscript. MK and AKCF analysed the data. All authors had full access to the data and take responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the analyses.
Funding This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up (19K21449). The study’s sponsor had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, writing of the report or the decision to submit this article for publication.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine (approval number 18-061), Kikugawa General Hospital and Iwata City Hospital. We were not required to obtain individual informed consent from the patients included in the study. However, the research team displayed a poster in the waiting room of the hospitals to provide information about the collection and use of data for this research, and about the protection of personal information.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement No data are available. Data sharing is not applicable because we did not receive informed consent concerning data sharing from the participants.