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Abstract
Introduction Chronic pruritus (CP) frequently occurs in many skin and systemic diseases, and adversely affects quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate treatment effects of acupuncture on CP.
Methods and analysis An electronic and manual search will be conducted for all acupuncture treatments for CP, from the inception date of predefined database up to 28 February 2020. Databases include PubMed, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trial Registration Platform, the Chinese Medicine Database, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, the China Science Journal Database and the Wanfang Database. Other sources, including existing systematic reviews, conference proceedings and reference lists of identified publications will also be searched. Additionally, any clinical randomised controlled trials related to acupuncture treatment for CP, regardless of the publication status and language limitations, will be included. Study selection, data extraction and research quality assessments will be conducted independently by two researchers. The primary outcome measures include the Visual Analogue Scale, Urdu 5D-Itch Scale or other validated scales implemented after at least 2 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes include the effective rate, Quality of Life Scale (eg, the EQ-5D third level, the Dermatology Life Quality Index, etc.), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, recurrence rate during the follow-up period and adverse events. If possible, meta-analyses will be performed using RevMan V.5.3 statistical software; otherwise, a descriptive analysis or subgroup analysis will be conducted. The results will be presented as the risk ratio of the binary data and the mean difference (MD) or standardised MD of the continuous data.
Ethics and dissemination This systematic review protocol does not require formal ethical approval because the data are not personalised. It will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international academic conferences.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42019136727.
- immunology
- complementary medicine
- allergy
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The study design adheres to all relevant guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Only randomised controlled trials will be included.
Language and publication dates will be unlimited.
A sensitivity analysis will be performed.
Different effectiveness evaluation criteria and acupuncture treatment methods may lead to heterogeneity.
Introduction
Description of the condition
According to the International Forum for the Study of Itch, chronic pruritus (CP) is defined as pruritus lasting 6 weeks or longer.1 It is a frequent symptom in many skin and systemic diseases in the general population, and the most current patients have a 3–8-year history of CP.2 CP is associated with a severe pruritus sensation, which poses a significant burden on quality of life similar to that of chronic pain.2–4 Worldwide, the prevalence of acute pruritus (<6 weeks) is 8.4%.4 5 Based on the European survey data, the prevalence of CP (>6 weeks) is approximately 8.2%–22% in adults.2 6 However, in the elderly (>65 years of age), the figure is likely to be 50% or higher.7 In the USA, Turkey and Thailand, the incidence of CP in the elderly is 29%, 11.5% and 41%, respectively.8–10 Patients evaluated for CP are more likely to be African or Asian than of other ethnicities (20% vs 14%).11 Interestingly, about 12.8% of patients suffer from CP during the winter months.9 Female patients seem to have more pronounced symptoms.9 12 13
It is estimated that about 18% of women will develop CP during pregnancy.14 Notably, CP is the leading symptom of specific pregnancy dermatoses such as polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, pemphigoid gestationis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and atopic eruption of pregnancy.14 15 The prevalence of CP in adolescents is 8.8%. Moreover, CP is as strongly associated with suicidal ideation among adolescents as is chronic pain.16 It is also associated with mental distress, the female sex and sociodemographic factors.17
The aetiology of CP is classified as follows: I, dermatological; II, systemic; III, neurological; IV, somatoform; V, mixed origin; and VI, others.1 However, the origin of CP is unclear in 8%–15% of patients with this diagnosis.4 Skin or systemic diseases may cause CP. For example, all patients with urticaria and 80% of patients with psoriasis have CP.18–20 Systemic diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis have an 80%–100% association. Additionally, more than 30% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma have CP symptoms. There are also systemic diseases that can cause CP including, but not limited to, chronic renal insufficiency, hyperparathyroidism, iron deficiency, autoimmune deficiency disorder, myelodysplastic syndrome, multiple sclerosis, brain tumours, depression and hallucinosis.3
Almost any drug may induce CP by various pathomechanisms. Drugs that may induce or maintain CP include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiarrhythmic agents, antidepressants, antidiabetic drugs, beta blockers, immunosuppressive drugs and neuroleptics.3 Drug-induced hepatic oxygenation or cholestasis and drugs that cause dryness or phototoxicity may produce CP on normal skin.21 For example, hydroxyethyl starch, a compound used for fluid restoration, can induce chronic generalised or localised pruritus.22
According to the European guidelines, CP treatments include the use of simple and effective wet and cold wraps, the application of lotio alba, avoiding contact with allergens, stopping medications that may cause CP and possible surgical treatment.3 In addition, systemic H1 antihistamines, corticosteroids, capsaicin, gabapentin, tranquillisers, antidepressants and other drugs can also be used throughout treatment.3 23 24 However, long-term drug use can cause many side effects. For example, corticosteroids can lead to dry and atrophic skin. H1 antihistamines can cause headaches, insomnia, lethargy, fatigue, dry mouth and allergies.25 26 The lack of stable and effective treatment increases healthcare costs. The American Academy of Dermatology’s recent national Burden of Skin Disease report revealed a pruritus-specific total medical cost of US$294 million.27
Notably, there are an increasing number of recent publications on the use of acupuncture to treat CP, such as uremic pruritus, chronic idiopathic pruritus and pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine.28–30 The positive effects of acupuncture on CP are mentioned in the European S2k guidelines on CP.31 While recent systematic reviews have been published in 2015 and 2018 on acute pruritus32 and uremic pruritus, respectively,33 neither review was limited to acupuncture and CP. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture therapy for CP, based on the analysis of articles published from the inception date of specific, predefined databases up to 28 February 2020 regardless of the publication status and language.
Description of the intervention
For more than 5000 years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become an inseparable part of traditional Chinese culture. Its unique theoretical system was gradually formed 3000 years ago. Acupuncture, an important part of TCM, involves the insertion of fine needles into specific anatomical locations (acupuncture points) believed to be involved with specific disorders. For over 2500 years, acupuncture has been used to treat CP with few adverse reactions.32 34
How the intervention works
According to the TCM theory, Qi and blood are the most basic substances that constitute the human body and maintain life. If the balance of Yin and Yang is disturbed, a Qi deficiency, which reflects an excessive or insufficient amount of blood, can lead to pain, pruritus, insomnia and other diseases.35 Acupuncture is a procedure in which specific body areas, known as the acupoints (also called meridian points), are pierced with fine needles for therapeutic purposes.35 Acupuncture treats illness by recreating the balance between the Yin and Yang forces and restoring normal Qi, blood and bodily fluids. This is achieved through the stimulation of different acupoints, which govern different parts of the body and their interactions.36 Although systemic therapies such as acupuncture have shown promise for relieving CP, its mechanisms remain unclear. According to reports, acupuncture can alleviate pruritus and reduce pruritus-evoked activation in the insula, putamen, premotor and prefrontal cortical areas.37 Acupuncture promotes the selective release of opioids in the spinal cord, which block the impulses associated with pruritus transmitted from the periphery by slow conductive C fibres.38 Additionally, an activated parasympathetic nervous system, as well as the functional connectivity of the putamen and the posterior part of the midcingulate cortex, could be considered as factors related to the antipruritic effect of acupuncture.39
Why would this review be important?
To improve CP symptoms, a systematic review is needed to provide evidence for clinical treatment. However, the effectiveness of acupuncture needs to be confirmed with additional clinical studies conducted among different ethnic samples. In the past 4 years, at least five random clinical trials (RCTs) have been published and their inclusion in this review will hopefully provide a clear picture of the role of acupuncture in CP treatment.30 40 We hope that this systematic review will provide a more substantial conclusion.
Objectives
To further systematically assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in CP treatment.
Methods and analysis
Review design
This protocol report is structured according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Protocols statement guidelines.41 The review will be implemented in accordance with the PRISMA statement guidelines.42
Inclusion criteria for study selection
Types of studies
All articles published from the inception date of each database up to 28 February 2020 will be included, without language and publication type limitations. However, animal mechanism studies, case reports, self-controlled studies, non-RCTs, randomised crossover studies and quasirandomised trials will be excluded.
Types of participants
The review will include trials that recruited participants who met diagnostic criteria or had CP symptoms associated with specific diseases (>6 weeks including, but not limited to, CP in inflamed and non-inflamed skin, CP with kidney disease, CP with hepatic diseases and CP with metabolic and endocrine diseases). All eligible participants, regardless of age, race, sex, ethnicity, education and economic status, will be included in this review. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and people with other serious illnesses will be excluded.3 For example, laryngeal oedema caused by allergies can be life-threatening and should be treated as an emergency.43 If the patient does not inform the doctor of a prior diagnosis of liver and spleen enlargement, emphysema or other diseases, acupuncture may result in adverse reactions. For patients with unstable blood pressure and grade 3 hypertension, acupuncture may cause a transient increase in blood pressure.44 Acupuncture is also not advised in the presence of a skin infection, ulcer, scar, tumour, coagulopathy or serious mental illness.40
Types of interventions
Acupuncture refers to a method of stimulating acupuncture points, including manual acupuncture, dermal needles, plum blossom needles, ear acupuncture, electroacupuncture or fire needles. Other methods such as acupressure, moxibustion, laser acupuncture, pharmacoacupuncture, dry needling or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation will be excluded. Sham acupuncture can serve as a control, and may be: (1) performed at selected acupoints (the needles are inserted superficially without manipulation at the same selected acupoints in the experimental group); (2) performed at non-acupoints (the method is performed 1–3 cm away from the selected acupoints in the same neural segment but at non-acupoints, or at non-acupoints in distant areas); (3) performed at inappropriate acupoints (needling at acupoints that are inactive, serving as a way to test acupoint specificity) or (4) non-penetrating (tapping a blunt needle or guide tube to the dermal surface without skin penetration on the selected acupoints or non-acupoints). A pseudointervention, such as a mock transcutaneous nerve stimulation or the use of an inactivated laser apparatus, may also act as a control.45
The following comparisons will be evaluated: (1) acupuncture versus no treatment; (2) acupuncture versus placebo or sham acupuncture; (3) acupuncture versus other active therapies and (4) acupuncture in addition to active therapy versus the same active therapy. RCTs in which acupuncture is only compared with another form of acupuncture, or a different type of TCM (such as Chinese herbal medicine), will be excluded. Acupuncture treatment will be evaluated based on the training and education of the acupuncturist, clinical experience, acupuncture frequency, treatment duration and treatment frequency.46
Types of outcome measures
Primary outcomes
The primary outcomes include a Visual Analogue Scale,33 the Urdu 5D-Itch scale47 or other validated scales used to evaluate changes in CP after at least 2 weeks of treatment.48
Secondary outcomes
Secondary outcomes include the effective rate (Effective rate (%) = [(number of patients clinically cured+markedly effective+effective)/number of patients]×100%. (1) Clinically cured: The skin lesions have subsided, the pruritus has completely disappeared, and scores have decreased by 90% or more after treatment; (2) Markedly effective: The skin lesions have significantly resolved, the pruritus has been significantly alleviated and scores have decreased by 60%–89%; (3) Effective: Skin lesions have resolved, the pruritus has been alleviated and scores have decreased by 20%–59%; 4) Invalid: Skin lesions and pruritus were not significantly resolved, and scores have decreased by less than 20%,49 50 Quality of Life Scale (eg, EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) third level, Dermatology Life Quality Index, etc),51 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,29 recurrence rate during the follow-up period and adverse events. The systematic review will be performed independently.
Search methods for identification of studies
Electronic searches
This systematic review will consist of an electronic and manual search for all RCTs for CP acupuncture treatment, published from the inception date of each predefined database up to 28 February 2020 without language and publication limitations. Databases include: PubMed, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), TCM databases, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the China Biomedical Literature Database, the Chinese Scientific Journal Database and the Wan-Fang Database. The following search terms will be used: itch, itching, pruritus, CP, acupuncture, manual acupuncture, filiform steel needle, electroacupuncture, fire needling, auricular acupuncture, ear acupuncture, dermal needle, abdominal acupuncture, pyonex and plum blossom needle. The same search terms will be used in the Chinese database. A search strategy will be developed based on the Cochrane Handbook guidelines.52 The search strategy for the PubMed database is shown in table 1.
Search strategy used in PubMed
Searching other resources
The list of all identified publications, including relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses, will be reviewed to further identify additional trials. Ongoing trials with unpublished data will be retrieved from the following clinical trial registries: the ICTRP (http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/), the National Institute of Health clinical registry ClinicalTrials.gov (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/), the Chinese clinical registry (http://www.chictr.org/en/) and the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au/). For ongoing RCTs, the author of the trial will be contacted for the most up-to-date clinical data. The search will also include meeting minutes related to this topic, and a manual search for grey literature including unpublished conference articles.
Data collection and analysis
Selection of studies
All reviewers are trained to ensure a good understanding of the background and purpose of the review. After electronic retrieval, all records will be uploaded to the database created using the EndNote software (V.X8). Records selected manually or from other sources will be moved to the same database. The two review authors (LZ and YD) will independently screen the titles, abstracts and keywords of all retrieved trials and determine which trials meet the afore-mentioned inclusion criteria. We will obtain the full text of all relevant trials for further review and evaluation. Excluded trials will be recorded and explained. Any dispute will be resolved by the two authors (LZ and YD) and a third author (YLi), and an arbitration procedure will be used if necessary. If required, we will contact the trial author for clarification. The primary selection process is shown in a PRISMA flow chart (figure 1).
Flow diagram of studies identified. ICTRP, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. CTRP, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform; TCMD, Traditional Chinese Medicine Database; CNKI, China National Knowledge Infrastructure; CBM, China Biomedical Literature Database; VIP, Chinese Scientific Journal Database.
Data extraction and management
Two investigators will extract data independently from the selected report or study, and complete a data extraction form. Data regarding general information, reference identification, publication year, first author, participants, sample size, randomisation, allocation concealment and blinding methods, intervention type, control intervention type, outcomes, follow-up duration, adverse events, conflicts of interest, ethical perceptions and a list of the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture will be obtained. When the reported data are insufficient, we will contact the author for more information. Any disagreement will be resolved by a discussion between the two authors and any further disagreement will be arbitrated by the third author (YLi).
Risk of bias assessment in included studies
The authors (JY and XX) will use the Cochrane Collaboration's bias risk assessment tool to assess the risk of bias for all included studies. We will assess the risk of bias in sequence generation; allocation sequence concealment; the blinding of participants and staff, and outcome assessors; incomplete outcome reporting; selective reporting of results; and other sources of deviation. This review uses L, U and H as the key to these assessments, where L (low) indicates a lower risk of bias, U (unclear) indicates an uncertain risk of bias and H (high) indicates a higher risk of bias. If inconsistent results occur, the final decision will be made by the third author (YLi). The information contained in the study on the risk of bias assessment will be summarised in tabular form, and the results and impacts will be critically discussed. If the information is not clear, we will attempt to contact the author. For duplicate articles, only the original will be used.
Measures of treatment effects
Data regarding effectiveness will be synthesised and statistically analysed in RevMan V.5.3. For continuous data, the mean difference (MD) or standard MD will be used to measure the therapeutic effect with 95% CIs. For dichotomous data, risk ratios with 95% CIs will be calculated.
Unit of analysis issues
We will include a meta-analysis of data from parallel-group design studies. In these trials, participants are randomly assigned to two intervention groups individually, and individual measurements for each outcome of each participant are collected and analysed.
Dealing with missing data
We will attempt to contact the first author or corresponding author of the study to request for missing or insufficient data. If possible, an intent-to-treat analysis (including data from all participants) will be performed, and a sensitivity analysis will be used to determine if the results are inconsistent.
Heterogeneity assessment
According to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, heterogeneity can be assessed by a visual check of the forest plot, a heterogeneity χ2 test and Higgins’ I2 statistic. If the p value is >0.10 and the I2 value is <50%, a fixed-effects model will be used to pool the data. Otherwise, a random-effects model will be used. When heterogeneity is identified, a meta-analysis with the random-effect model will be used to estimate the overall treatment effect. Moreover, a subgroup analysis or meta-regression will be conducted to explore the causes of heterogeneity among the study results.
Reporting bias assessment
The funnel plot is used to detect reported bias and the effects of small-scale studies. If there are more than 10 studies, Begg’s and Egger’s tests will be performed using the Stata V.14.0 software to assess the asymmetry of the funnel plot. A value of p<0.05 will indicate a significant publication bias.53 54 All eligible trials, regardless of the quality of their methods, will be included.
Data synthesis
When the meta-analysis is performed, RevMan V.5.3 (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014) will be used for data synthesis. The use of a fixed-effects or random-effects model will be determined based on the heterogeneity level. The fixed-effects model will be used if little or no statistical heterogeneity is found among the trials. On the other hand, the random-effects model will be used for data synthesis if significant heterogeneity (the I2 value is not <50%) is observed. If there is considerable heterogeneity in the trials, a meta-analysis will not be performed. In this case, we will provide a descriptive qualitative summary. If necessary, each subgroup will be carefully considered for subgroup analyses.
Subgroup analysis
Subgroup analyses will be performed based on the heterogeneity of the acupuncture type (including manual acupuncture, dermal needle, plum blossom needle, ear acupuncture, electroacupuncture or fire needle) and clinical differences.
Sensitivity analysis
To test the robustness of the review conclusions, a sensitivity analysis will be performed for the primary outcome according to the following criteria: sample size, heterogeneity quality and statistical model (random-effects or fixed-effects model). The results will be compared and discussed.
Grading the quality of evidence
The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach will be used to describe the quality of the evidence for the results obtained. The following factors will be assessed: risk of bias, heterogeneity, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias. The assessment will be divided into four levels: high, moderate, low and very low.
Discussion
Many studies have shown that acupuncture is effective in relieving CP, and has no significant side effects.28 30 40 55 However, no systematic reviews on this topic have been published. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to provide a comprehensive review of the relevant studies published to date. The evaluation will consist of four parts: identification, inclusion studies, data extraction and data synthesis. The limitation of this protocol is that there may be heterogeneity among the studies due to the use of different evaluation criteria and acupuncture methods. This systematic review is intended to provide clinicians with more supportive evidence in the decision-making process for CP treatment.
Ethics and dissemination
Since we are not directly targeting individuals or extracting data without privacy, formal ethical approval is not necessary. The results of the study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications or conference reports.
Patient and public involvement
Patient priorities, experiences and preferences were not involved in the development of the research question, outcome measures, study design or conduct of this review. The results will not be disseminated to study participants.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Youping Hu for his assistance in improving this manuscript.
References
Footnotes
LZ and YD contributed equally.
Contributors YLi is the guarantor. LZ, YLi and JY contributed to the concept of the study. QZ, SZ and SY developed the protocol methodology. HZ and PH were responsible for the planning of the statistical analysis. WC, YLiu and YS monitored the implementation of the protocol. The original manuscript was jointly completed by LZ and YD, and modified by YLi. Authors LZ and YD will independently screen potential studies, and extract data from the included studies. JY and XX will assess risk of bias and perform data synthesis. YLi will arbitrate any conflicts between reviewers, and perform quality checks at all stages of the review. All authors read, provided feedback and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of the China—Key Project ‘Research on Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine’—‘International Cooperation Research on Evaluation of Acupuncture Advantage Diseases’ (grant number 2017YFC1703605) (awarded to YLi).
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.