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Abstract
Introduction The Roy adaptation model provides a basis for developing the science of nursing. Its theoretical assumptions have been tested in empirical studies. Although several works have historically reviewed the development of this model, a refinement of its key concepts is needed. The proposed scoping review aims to describe how the concept of adaptation was defined and measured in nursing studies related to chronic health conditions.
Methods and analysis This scoping review will adopt the methodology proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Several databases, including MEDLINE (OVID), CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Wan Fang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP net, will be selected and used to mine literature published in English and Chinese languages, up to December 2019. Key terms related to ‘Roy adaptation model’ will be identified and used for developing tailored search strategies for each database. Articles will be included in the analysis if they are primary research reports explaining the concept of adaptation within the field of chronic care. All screening and extraction of literature will be independently performed and checked by two authors, according to the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis-Extension for Scoping Reviews. The findings will be organised and summarised into narratives in line with the construction of conceptual–theoretical–empirical system of knowledge for further consultation and translation.
Ethics and dissemination This scoping review does not require ethical approval. The findings are expected to be published in peer-reviewed English or Chinese journals as well as conference proceedings in the area of chronic care.
- public health
- protocols & guidelines
- quality in health care
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This is the first scoping review to synthesise the Roy adaptation model-based research according to the conceptual–theoretical–empirical structure in chronic care.
The findings of this study are expected to provide an evaluation of health outcomes with a holistic view, using the concept of adaptation by describing the relationship between human, environment and health.
This review will include studies published in English and Chinese languages.
One limitation of this review is the potential to miss out on relevant articles, especially experts’ opinions and summaries on the definition of adaptation.
Another limitation may arise from the restriction of the search language.
Introduction
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental as well as behavioural factors.1 WHO has predicted that more than 14 million people will die prematurely from NCDs between the age of 30 and 70 (p1).2 Patients with NCDs require prolonged and repeated treatments, which necessitates a lifetime of symptoms monitoring, exposure to various medication regimens as well as behaviour modification.3–5 Additionally, some of the NCDs and the associated treatments may lead to complications. Identification and management of risk factors of diseases is a demanding process that results in stress. In the context of NCDs, stress is defined in terms of the internal state, external event and experience from a person–environment interaction.6 An individual’s ability to effectively deal with stressful events can be defined as coping.7 Furthermore, the challenges of living with a chronic illness drive a person to find new ways of coping to adapt to altered health conditions. Previous studies demonstrated that chronic diseases are associated with a complex, unpredictable, long-term and continuously evolving course.3 8 9 A number of social–political, health services and cultural factors also affect the ability of people to cope with NCDs.4 8 10
The use of the term adaptation to delineate human responses to chronic health conditions across physiological, psychological and social domains has gained traction.9–11 Roy12 defined the adaptation as the process and outcome by which the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integrations. Elsewhere, a study by Biesecker et al9 described adaptation as the dynamic and multidimensional process of dealing with health threats as well as the outcomes of that process. Adaptation is a match between the demands of a situation and capacities of an individual in psychosocial and biomedical models.6 Several lines of thought suggest that adaptation can be viewed as a process that reflects an individual’s efforts to regulate interactions with others and the environment as well as an outcome that presents a state of physical, emotional, behavioural and cognitive functions. Therefore, conceptualisation of adaptation, according to derived theory development, as well as inductive and deductive empirical strategies are the basis for developing an implementable theory, practical instruments and intervention strategies.
Coping theories help to gain insights into components used for constructing adaptation. For example, the coping model proposed by Lazarus13 revealed an association between stress appraisals and coping strategies. Moreover, coping affects adaptation in complicated ways. The Roy adaptation model (RAM) outlines the theoretical concepts of stimuli, coping process, adaptive modes such as physical, self-concept, role function and interdependence as well as adaptive response including adaptive or ineffective behaviours (table 1).14 15 RAM explores the interrelationships among humanism, health and the environment. Further explanation of adaptation was presented in the perspectives of information processing such as inputs, control processes, outputs and feedback.15 However, numerous unanswered questions remain with regards to how conceptualise and measure adaptation.
The core elements of the RAM
Over the past 50 years, RAM has been widely used as a conceptual model to guide education, research, practice and knowledge development. The Boston-based adaptation research in nursing society, currently known as Roy Adaptation Association (RAA), established to develop RAM, conducted and published a thorough critique and integration of RAM-based researches (1970–1995).16 Thereafter, Roy17 18 published the examination and synthesis of findings from a large body of RAM research in 2011. A review by Dobratz18 provides evidence that supports the propositions and conceptualisations of adaptation. Additionally, critical interpretive syntheses of qualitative research were performed, between 1995 and 2005, to illustrate ways and contexts in the development of RAM.19 Overall, these secondary analyses of RAM-based researches were organised by the core elements of RAM but were not focused on the field of chronic illness.
The adaptation proposed in RAM requires more explicit explanations at an operational level. Consequently, various middle-range theories were developed for different nursing situations to address the adaptation with concrete definitions and limited variables.18 However, gaps remain between theory and practice in nursing contexts. For example, Pollock8 established a theory of adaptation to chronic illness, which was tested using five empirical studies. Although this theory was well developed, health-related variables and assessment tools used for measuring concepts differed among studies, leading to potential difficulties in synthesising empirical data across studies. A subsequent review conducted to evaluate the tools used to assess the core elements of RAM found that no instrument was effective in conceptualising and measuring individuals as adaptive systems.20 A meta-analysis by Chiou14 evaluated empirical adequacy of the interrelationships between adaptive modes (physical, self-concept, role function and interdependence) in RAM. Results from nine studies revealed small to medium size effects between every two modes, with non-significant effects between interdependence and physiological modes. However, it is still imperative to verify the credibility of RAM displayed by the relationships in all adaptive modes, based on homogeneous qualitative or quantitative studies. A review by Cai and Cao21 described the understanding and applications of self-concept mode in chronic care. However, most of the studies focusing on adaptation and RAM do not adequately discuss the operational definition of adaptation. Moreover, the prevailing literature does not provide detailed clarification and effective measurement of adaptation in chronic care.
Globally, several literature reviews have been published in English and Spanish.17 22 These reviews show that RAM has been tested within the western culture, but little is known regarding the application of the assumptions and alignment of RAM in the content of Chinese culture (ie, God). Chinese people have been taught and are actively influenced by Confucianism and Taoism views of a person’s links to the world. For instance, individuals tend to keep a balance and avoid extreme behaviours. Consequently, they have learnt to live in harmony with the universe. This vision is in line with Roy’s philosophical assumptions that people have mutual relationships with the world and a God-figure,12 therefore make it possible to apply RAM in Chinese clinical settings. Over 300 articles related to RAM have been published in Chinese journals, between 2000 and 2016.23 However, no critical analysis of issues of content consistency and methods has been reported in such studies. It is therefore important to test the propositions of RAM by conducting an in-depth analysis of studies published in the Chinese language. Estimates of RAM-based research productivity, quality of empirical evidence and synthesis of research findings remain unclear, necessitating further refinement.
In this paper, we formulate a protocol for a scoping review to provide an overview of the RAM as a conceptual model for chronic care. This review is expected to map literature on the operationalisation of adaptation at the theoretical level and to aid in exploring assessment tools for adaptation measures in empirical work. We formulate the following objectives for the review, based on the underlying tenets of the RAM and conceptual–theoretical–empirical structure: (1) describe the scope, such as health fields, targeted populations and topics addressed, (2) synthesise the operational definitions for clarifying adaptation, (3) summarise the characteristics and variables for identifying adaptation, (4) conclude the dimensions and indicators for measuring adaptation in chronic care and (5) identify the gaps in evidence and areas for further inquiry. A greater understanding of the concept of adaptation, which determines patients’ health status and outcomes, may lead to the exploration of adaptive responses and optimisation of behaviours that promote health.
Methods and analysis
Although several studies have explored the RAM, the existing knowledge is heterogeneous and inconclusive due to the complicated nature of adaptation within the RAM. Based on this, the methodology of the scoping review (proposed by Arksey and O’Malley24 and advanced by Levac et al25) is appropriate for use in this study. This systematic scoping review has six stages: (1) identification of the research question, (2) identification of relevant studies, while balancing feasibility with breadth and comprehensiveness of the scoping process, (3) selection of eligible studies, which involves using an iterative team approach, (4) charting the data by incorporating numerical summary and narrative synthesis, (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results, including identifying the implications of the study findings and (6) consulting and translating knowledge. This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Protocol statement.26
Stage 1: identification of the research question
According to the core concepts organised by the extended population, concept and context (PCC), our research questions are as follows:
What chronic health conditions (such as diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, cancer) and populations (individual or group, patients, informal caregivers and healthcare professionals) have been targeted for generating and testing the theory? (refers to objective 1).
What core RAM elements are used to identify the concept of adaptation? (refers to objectives 2 and 3).
What conceptual–theoretical–empirical frameworks have been derived from the RAM for testing and practice? (refers to objectives 2 and 3).
What health-related variables (physiological, self-concept, role function and interdependence modes) are frequently used to identify adaptation in chronic care? (refers to objectives 2 and 3).
What empirical indicators (such as symptoms, quality of life, treatment adherence, social support, autonomy, engagement of decision-making, self-efficacy, reconstruction of a new self) are examined to make the adaptation operationalisable? (refers to objectives 3 and 4).
What kinds of instruments (such as capacities of coping strategies, perceptions of illness and disease-specific quality of life) have been selected to determine the adaptive responses or maladaptive responses? (refers to objective 4).
Stage 2: identification of relevant studies
Before attempting to scope the RAM-based research, a well-defined ‘adaptation’ should be clarified. This scoping review will build on Roy’s definition of adaptation and the core elements of RAM. Definitions of stimuli, the coping process, adaptive response and four adaptive (physiological/physical, self-concept/group identity, role function and interdependence) modes are outlined in (table 1).15 Consistent with WHO’s definition, Corbin and Strauss27 described chronic illness as serious diseases that could last a person’s entire life affecting their mental, emotional and social well-being. Although no axiomatic definition has been agreed on for chronic diseases, there are similar attributes, including long latency, protracted clinical course, uncertain aetiology and no definitive ‘cure’.28
In the initial search of the databases for published systematic or scoping reviews, no reviews on this topic were identified. To review the literature related to RAM-based research in chronic care, a systematic search will be conducted. Electronic databases, MEDLINE (OVID), CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and PubMed, will be searched to identify English-language publications. In addition, Wan Fang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP net will be scrutinised to identify publications in Chinese language. Grey literature, mainly information generated by the RAA and a series of conference proceedings, will further be identified using accessible approaches. No attempts will be made to contact authors for further information during the literature search. All literature searches will be conducted by two trained researchers, who will use the following keywords to access publications: ‘Roy adaptation model’ for English and ‘罗伊适应模式 (Roy adaptation model)’ for Chinese databases. The search strategies will be tailored according to the command language used by each database (such as Emtree terms, CIHNAHL headings and the use of text words). The search strategies for different databases will be reviewed by librarians at the University of Toronto and Zhejiang University. The search will be limited to studies involving human subjects, and articles published either in English or Chinese between January 1970 and December 2019, with 1970 set as a time point when RAM was established and published by Roy.12 To ensure that data are relevant to theory description and testing, this scoping review will consider both qualitative and quantitative studies. Specifically, we will enrol experimental and quasi-experimental study designs including randomised controlled, non-randomised controlled trials and interrupted time-series studies. Systematic and scoping reviews will be excluded after reading the title and abstract. Reference lists will be reviewed to retrieve related primary studies to hand search for further studies. Based on a pilot search we conducted, the following RAM-related terms were used in PubMed:
((((English[Language]) OR Chinese[Language])) AND (((((((((((((((‘nursing theory’) AND Roy)) OR ((‘nursing theory’) AND adaptation)) OR ((‘conceptual model’) AND Roy)) OR ((‘nursing model’) AND Roy)) OR ((‘nursing model’) AND adaptation)) OR ‘Roy's adaptation model’) OR (‘adaptation model’ and nursing)) OR (‘Roy's theory’ and adaptation)) OR (‘Roy theory’ and adaptation)) OR (‘Roy theory’ and nursing)) OR (‘Roy model’ and nursing)) OR (‘Roy model’ and adaptation)) OR ‘Roy adaptation model’)) AND (‘1970’[Date - Publication] : ‘2019’[Date - Publication]).
The search resulted in 798 studies, related to RAM, based on the title and abstract screening. Note that the terms of chronic diseases will not be used in literature search due to the manageable number of searched literature and wide range of chronic illness. Identification of RAM-related literature in chronic care will be conducted at the study selection phase.
Stage 3: study selection
To standardise the study selection process, we will follow the PRISMA-Extension for Scoping Review guidelines.29 Briefly, a two-step process will be employed for study selection and performed independently by two reviewers (XW and QZ). The bibliographic information of the included articles will be amalgamated and stored using Endnote V.X8. In the screening of titles and abstracts, reviewers will check whether RAM is involved. Thereafter, they will read the full text applying the eligibility criteria outlined below. The studies to be included should be agreed by the two reviewers. In case of disagreements, a third reviewer (JS) will be involved for further assessment. If needed, a discussion among all reviewers will be carried out until a consensus is reached. A pilot study, for testing literature search and screening, was developed revealing a consensus among our researchers.
The proposed review will analyse studies that use the concept of adaptation based on the RAM to define the process and outcomes of creating human and environmental integration during the management of chronic health conditions. Participants may exhibit other descriptions of adaptation including, but not limited to, adjustment or self-regulate in conjunction with adaptation. All published and unpublished literature reporting findings on theory development, quantitative, qualitative, mixed or multimethod studies based on the RAM will be included. According to PCC and research questions, the inclusion criteria adapted from RAA include:
Studies published in English or Chinese.
Studies published as a primary research report.
Studies determined to be within the field of human care for chronic diseases.
Studies explicitly used the RAM as a conceptual framework to design the study and to interpret the results.
Studies clarified the components of adaptation using limited and measurable variables.
Studies in which quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods were designed to describe the adaptation in different practice settings.
Stage 4: data extraction and charting the data
When the final set of articles are included, a confirmation from the research team should be obtained before data are extracted into an evidence table. In this proposed scoping review, data extraction and charting of the results will be iterative process. Key information to be recorded from the sources will include authors, year of publication, origin, purpose, study design, study population, methods, theoretical framework, measurable indicators, assessment tools and key findings related to the questions. These should be aligned with the research objectives and contribute to knowledge synthesis. Specifically, theoretical frameworks may point out the theory basis at the operational level; measurable indicators may demonstrate the effective evidenced-based individual strategies and approaches in the adaptation process; assessment tools may be used for measuring components of adaptation; key findings may reveal how adaptation is understood in chronic care and describe the gaps. When analysing the types of study, glossary terms set by the RAA will be used (p29 and 30).30 Quantitative studies include descriptive, explain–predict–prescribe, intervention studies, whereas qualitative ones employ methods of content analysis, grounded theory and phenomenology.
Selected studies, that meet inclusion criteria, will be imported into NVivo V.12.0 software for coding, then a combined qualitative and quantitative content analysis will be applied. First, initial ideas related to study objectives will be noted down, for instance, the variables and indicators used in empirical studies for measuring adaptation. Second, a description of these data will be scrutinised in detail and identified as meaningful segments, before codes are generated. Third, different codes will be collected into predefined categories according to the terms shown in table 1. Finally, other extracts will be reviewed and summarised for correlation analysis.
The key information chosen by reviewers for the chart may be further redefined at the review stage, depending on the literature included. All included literature will be independently reviewed, analysed and charted into tables by two reviewers. Quality assessment for each study and meta-analysis of quantitative results will not be considered in this scoping review because they are outside the study objectives. So far, a pilot extraction process from seven studies by two reviewers (XW and QZ) has generated a consensus.
Stage 5: collating, summarising and reporting results
A PRISMA diagram will be developed to outline the process and results of the study search, selection and analysis. To clearly and systematically present the review results, two strategies will be used: (1) a numerical overview of the number, type and distribution of included studies and (2) a narrative synthesis of conceptualisation and measurement of adaptation in chronic care.
Despite the identification of many potential strategies for the literature review, narrative synthesis,31 32 which primarily relies on the use of words and text, will be employed to synthesise the empirical evidence relevant to research questions. The identified, extracted health-related variables and empirical indicators will be coded based on RAM, then the codes with their detailed descriptions sorted to fit predefined categories.
Objective 1: the scope of the RAM-based research can be narrowed down to specific diseases and populations in chronic care. We will use counts and then determine how many studies focused on each research topic. The characteristics of the study, including its purpose, population, addressed theory concepts and findings that contributed to the RAM, will be illustrated.
Objective 2: for operational definitions relating to adaptation, we will use qualitative content analysis to create a content summary of theory-generating research. The theoretical structure of the RAM, including middle-range theory and specific-situation theory, can interpret adaptation in terms of environmental stimuli, coping processes and four adaptive responses by providing relatively concrete concepts and statements. A textual summary table for data from each study will be created to show theory concepts, theory assumptions, the linkage to the RAM and implications for chronic care.
Objective 3: concerning health-related variables used for identifying the adaptation, we will analyse theory-testing research aimed at explaining theoretical concepts. Core elements of the RAM, such as stimuli, coping processes and four adaptive modes, will be used to categorise the identified studies into different tables. Then, descriptive statistics of generated codes will be displayed. Using findings from content analysis, each table will show operationalisation of adaptation in nursing research and practice, thereby contributing to refinement of the RAM.
Objective 4: coded empirical indicators will be tabulated based on the predefined categories (table 1). The instruments and their consistency with RAM concepts will be assessed and summarised accordingly.
Objective 5: the overview of conceptual–theoretical–empirical structure of the RAM can be obtained by analysing a large body of the literature. We expect to generate summary tables for numerical and narrative variables to show the construction of adaptation, including stimuli, coping processes, adaptive responses and outcomes. In addition, the links between existing studies and the RAM will be identified. More importantly, we will highlight empirical evidence with profound implication for future research on adaptation and evidence-based chronic care practice.
Stage 6: consultation and knowledge translation
To maintain logical consistency and uniformity in the RAM, we will hold consultations with the nursing theorist Roy or other RAA experts through email for a confirmation. Before that, we will present results from our preliminary analysis of adaptation conceptualisation using well-structured tables and questions. To improve the cross-cultural scope of the study, we will provide an overview of RAM-guided research within Chinese culture. In addition, a preliminary comparison of content consistency between studies in Chinese and those in the English language may be outlined.
Stakeholder consultation can provide insights into what is reported in the literature.25 In this study, we will share our findings with 5–10 nursing researchers who have expertise in healthcare through monthly seminars. We will conduct a series of face-to-face or email consultations with key informants and take detailed notes as well as summaries of their feedbacks. These results are expected to contribute to our narrative synthesis and stimulate the prospect of establishing a middle-range theory of adapting to chronic illness. More importantly, directions for clinical practice will be settled. In addition, we hope to further develop and implement interventions for promoting individuals’ adaptive behaviours in the physiologic, self-concept, role function and interdependence modes. If applicable, we will test the effectiveness of these interventions among patients with chronic illness, following ethical approval. Furthermore, we may make an outline of interviews for patients and their caregivers, based on the construction of adaptation within the RAM. Empirical works will be used to validate the knowledge acquired from this scoping review.
Patient and public involvement
Patients and the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting or dissemination of this protocol.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethics approval is neither required nor applicable to this scoping review. Findings from the study are expected to contribute to team members’ (XW and QZ) thesis. Highlights and findings herein will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and conferences in the areas of nursing, public health and health service to advocate for the integration of adaptation research during the management of chronic diseases. Depending on the findings, there could be a need for a subanalysis to enable exploration of adaptation for a specific chronic condition. This may take into consideration different individuals’ adaptive challenges, responses, tasks and strategies. If sufficient literature is identified and retrieved, our research team will plan for a systematic review or meta-analysis. The results of this scoping review will, therefore, provide a foundation for further studies on the development of instruments and nursing interventions to facilitate peoples’ adaptation.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Professor Doris Howell of the University of Toronto for her professional suggestions on developing the scoping review.
References
Footnotes
Contributors XW conceived the study and drafted the scoping review protocol under the supervision of ZY; XW and QZ will conduct independent database searches and screening of all titles and abstracts. XW, QZ and JS will be responsible for reviewing the included studies. All authors contributed to the protocol design and ongoing plan.
Funding This work was supported by Department of Health of Zhejiang Province (grant number2019ZD034). XW was supported by China Scholarship Council (grant number201806320175). The funder had no role in the entire review study
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.