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Abstract
Introduction Incidence of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is projected to rise 276% in 2030, and psychological distress affects up to 42% of people with knee osteoarthritis undergoing TKA, with demonstrated detrimental effects on postoperative outcomes. Few studies have assessed psychological treatment in people awaiting TKA, and these have been psychologist-delivered treatments. No evidence exists regarding psychologically-informed interventions delivered by health professionals currently embedded in TKA clinical pathways. The primary aim of this pilot study is to explore the safety, acceptability and feasibility of the Knee Osteoarthritis Management with Physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (KOMPACT) approach in people awaiting TKA.
Methods and analysis 51 community-dwelling adults scheduled for a primary TKA at two hospitals will be recruited to this pilot, mixed-methods, prospective randomised controlled trial with assessor blinding. Participants will be randomised in a 1:2 ratio to either usual care (education class) or usual care plus KOMPACT (2 hours 20 min of preoperative physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy). Our primary outcome measures are safety (length of stay, complications and psychological health after KOMPACT), acceptability (treatment credibility and qualitative data) and feasibility (recruitment, retention and intervention fidelity) of the KOMPACT approach. Secondary outcomes include health service outcomes, patient-reported physical and psychological outcomes, and physical performance measures. Quantitative data collection was conducted at baseline, 1–2 weeks before TKA, 6 weeks after TKA and 6 months after TKA. Qualitative data collection is 1–2 weeks before TKA. Data analysis will take a quantitative-led approach with triangulation after thematic analysis of the qualitative data.
Ethics and dissemination This study has full ethics approval (HREC/18/WMEAD/440). Results from this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at local and international conferences.
Trial registration number Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001867280p).
- rehabilitation medicine
- rheumatology
- mental health
- knee
- musculoskeletal disorders
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Strengths and limitations of this study
The use of mixed methods at the early stages of intervention development allows refinement of the Knee Osteoarthritis Management with Physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (KOMPACT) intervention before full-scale testing, limiting research waste for future trials.
Time and funding constraints have led to a 2:1 randomisation design in order to gather sufficient qualitative and quantitative data for the KOMPACT intervention.
This study demonstrates a robust method of assessing intervention fidelity.
Introduction
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures impose a high-cost burden on health services worldwide.1 In Australia, over 63 000 knee arthroplasty procedures were performed in 2017, costing approximately $A20 000 per procedure.2 3 Incidence of TKA is projected to rise 276% from 2013 to 2030, with projected costs to increase by $A521 million over the same time period,4 so optimising health outcomes following TKA is important to ensure that costs are restrained and TKA procedures remain high value.
Preoperative medical, surgical and sociodemographic factors influence postoperative TKA outcomes, but recent evidence suggests that preoperative psychological distress independently predicts longer hospital length of stay, higher pain levels and higher dissatisfaction at 6 months following TKA.5–7 However, few clinicians assess or treat psychological health before TKA, despite up to 42% of preoperative patients reporting psychological distress.8
Preoperative interventions to improve outcomes after TKA have mixed effects.9 10 Most of these interventions are standardised exercise and/or education and delivered by physiotherapists, with no psychological interventions used. Only two pilot studies have used robust psychological interventions before TKA, with promising results.11 12 These studies added mental health professionals to existing orthopaedic teams to provide psychological interventions, but this is difficult to implement equitably for health services worldwide, given the high volume of patients who may benefit. Equipping professionals already embedded in orthopaedic teams, such as physiotherapists, to provide psychologically-informed preoperative intervention may be a feasible and effective alternative. Psychologically-informed physiotherapy is a growing area of clinical practice and research in the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain and osteoarthritis,13 14 which has been well received by patients and physiotherapists.15
We have developed a physiotherapist-delivered, psychologically-informed intervention based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ACT is more effective than traditional cognitive–behavioural therapy for older people experiencing chronic pain16 and is focused on developing psychological flexibility to promote values-based behaviour change. Psychological flexibility is a transdiagnostic concept, and lack of psychological flexibility is associated with functional impairment in people experiencing chronic pain.17 This is achieved by improving the key domains of openness, awareness and engagement. Our intervention, named KOMPACT (Knee Osteoarthritis Management with Physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), is focused on the engagement domain, with identification of core values, and subsequent emotionally relevant behavioural goal setting as explicit inclusions from an ACT perspective. This domain intersects well with physiotherapy clinical practice, evidence-based guidelines for knee osteoarthritis management18 19 and evidence that physiotherapists can successfully implement ACT with people experiencing chronic pain.20 21 The domains of openness and awareness will be more implicit to ensure that KOMPACT is feasible and relevant for physiotherapists and tesheir clients. ACT also specifies an equal, respectful and empathetic therapeutic stance with a mandate not to challenge beliefs but to accept them.22 A strong therapeutic stance is important as it is associated with perceived improvement in chronic musculoskeletal pain.23 24
This pilot study is testing the KOMPACT intervention in people awaiting TKA. The primary aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the safety, acceptability and feasibility of the KOMPACT approach among patients awaiting TKA according to success criteria determined a priori. This approach consists of four physiotherapy sessions over 2 months before and after TKA in a public hospital setting, including psychologically-informed goal setting, lower limb strength training and physical activity coaching, in addition to usual care. The secondary aim is to collect outcome data on effect size and variation for a range of variables (health service, psychological health, patient-reported outcomes, quality of life and physical performance measures) that will inform the design and sample size for a future randomised controlled trial (RCT).
Methods and analysis
Design
This is a mixed-methods, parallel-group, pilot RCT with recruitment at two hospital sites in Sydney, Australia. Participants will be randomised into one of two groups: usual care or KOMPACT plus usual care.
Sample size estimation
We aim to recruit 51 participants, which is adequate to enable randomisation with stratification for sex, site and psychological state. Stratification will ensure sufficient qualitative data regarding KOMPACT acceptability and no significant differences between groups due to three factors: anticipated 70% female participants2; current local procedures that determine hospital site (those with higher anaesthetic risk are operated on at one site only), and anticipation of a 30% psychological distress rate.5 Considering most physiotherapy interventions have a small effect size of 0.2 and a two-sided significance of p=0.05, our sample size met recommendations by Whitehead and colleagues for external pilot randomised trials.25 This sample size was also considered feasible for research conducted within a health service and is consistent with available time and funding for recruitment.
Participants
We will recruit 51 sequential participants who are awaiting primary unilateral TKA, drawn from two hospital sites that performed a combined total of approximately 400 arthroplasty procedures in 2018 (Blacktown Hospital and Mount Druitt Hospital).
Potential participants will be considered eligible for inclusion in this study if they are:
Over 18 years of age.
Accepted for the surgical waiting list for an elective primary unilateral TKA for osteoarthritis at participating hospitals.
Attending preadmission clinic appointments at the same site as their surgery.
Potential participants will be excluded from the study if they:
Have cognitive impairment preoperatively on screening using the Graphical Mini-Cog.26
Reside outside the Western Sydney Local Health District.
Are scheduled for revision, unicompartmental or bilateral TKA.
Have further orthopaedic surgery planned in the next 6 months.
Report acute psychological distress at the time of screening.
Report current use of illicit substances or alcohol intake >14 units per week.
People who are interested and eligible for the study but have insufficient English language skills to engage with KOMPACT will be referred to a government-funded telephone coaching service available in different languages (Get Healthy https://www.gethealthynsw.com.au) to support lifestyle-related behavioural goal setting.
Recruitment method and screening procedures
Potential participants awaiting TKA will be scheduled by administration staff to attend the usual care preadmission class approximately 2 months before surgery as per usual clinical care. On attendance, all potentially eligible participants will be provided with information regarding study participation by a study investigator, given the opportunity to ask questions and, if agreeable, will be invited to consent to screening for the study. If the participant remains eligible after screening, then they will be asked to provide written informed consent. Once consented, and prior to treatment allocation, baseline measures will be collected by an allied health student or staff member trained by the lead author in the requisite standardised assessment procedures, who is blinded to allocation. Recruitment will commence February 2020 and will be completed by December 2020, however, this may be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Randomisation
Participants will be randomised in a 1:2 allocation to either usual care (n=17) or the KOMPACT treatment group (n=34).
Once consent and baseline assessments are complete, participants will be randomised to either the usual care group or KOMPACT treatment group. This will occur via a computerised process of randomisation by minimisation, with algorithms constructed by an independent consulting statistician. An offsite investigator will be contacted when a random allocation of participants is required. Randomisation will be stratified for three binary variables: sex, hospital site and psychological health (if the score in any domain of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Score-21 (DASS-21) above validated ‘normal’ threshold, participant classified as ‘distressed’;27 note the DASS-21 is valid in older people with chronic disease28). Unequal randomisation favouring the KOMPACT treatment group will generate more quantitative and qualitative data regarding this intervention and allow for any learning effects from the treating physiotherapist using KOMPACT.
Intervention
Usual care
The usual care group (and accompanying support people) will attend a 1-hour education class at the physiotherapy department at 2 months before surgery. This class and the supporting education manual will describe the usual clinical pathway for TKA at these sites, the role of health professionals involved with TKA care, address expectations of recovery, demonstrate two exercises to address knee range of motion, outline follow-up plans after discharge from hospital and encourage independent goal setting for return to usual activities. They will receive usual postoperative physiotherapy on the ward at least once daily to improve mobility and knee range of motion.
KOMPACT treatment group
The treatment group will receive four one-to-one KOMPACT sessions with the KOMPACT physiotherapist (2 hours 20 min total duration), in addition to usual care. The initial appointment will occur within 2 weeks of recruitment, with follow-up sessions at 3 weeks and 6 weeks afterwards. The fourth appointment will occur during the inpatient stay in the orthopaedic ward after TKA. This dosage parallels Godfrey and colleagues’ intervention of physiotherapy informed by ACT for chronic low back pain.20 Box 1 describes the KOMPACT intervention at each session in detail, and table 1 provides some examples of how ACT is applied in KOMPACT. The therapeutic stance adopted by KOMPACT will be integrated into the application of psychological skills and exercise-based interventions.
KOMPACT intervention
Session 1: 60 min; before TKA
Musculoskeletal physiotherapy subjective and objective assessment, with reference to patient-reported outcomes.
Feedback given in the ACT style linking initial assessment findings, participant experience and expectations of TKA.
One metaphor* used to elicit behaviour change.
One ACT skill† taught to improve psychological flexibility.
Identification of core values.
SMARTER goal setting for desired physical activity behaviour.
Action plan and relapse prevention strategies identified and documented for SMARTER goal.
Behavioural contract with signature, handshake and commitment to discuss with one person goals.
Prescription of one lower limb strength exercise linked to identified impairments and functional goals at 8–10 Repetition Maximum.
Action plan documented for strength exercise.
Initial discussion of progression principles.
Patient manual issued.
Session 2: 30 min; before TKA
Positive review of progress using ACT therapeutic stance.
Normalised setbacks and encouraged attempts.
Review of SMARTER goal linked to desired physical activity behaviour.
Adjust the action plan for the SMARTER goal if required.
Review of strength exercise.
Progression of strength exercise with a collaborative approach.
Generalisation of psychological flexibility to other areas of life.
One (different) ACT skill taught to improve psychological flexibility.
Optional: use of ACT metaphor to elicit behaviour change if required.
Session 3: 30 min; before TKA
Positive review of progress using ACT therapeutic stance.
Normalised setbacks and encouraged attempts.
Review of SMARTER goal linked to desired physical activity behaviour.
Adjust the action plan for the SMARTER goal if required.
Review of strength exercise.
Progression of strength exercise with a patient-led approach.
Review of use of ACT skills to improve psychological flexibility in other areas of life.
Positive sign off.
Session 4: 20 min; after TKA
Positive review of inpatient progress.
Identification of difficult tasks as inpatient.
Apply ACT skill (previously learnt) in this context.
Normalised setbacks and encouraged attempts to engage in desired behaviours.
Positive closure regarding progress and future follow-up.
Optional: refer to inpatient mental health professionals if required.
*Metaphors are stories that connect with the patient’s experience and allow them to reframe their perspective.
†ACT skills in this study are exercises that promote psychological flexibility and are usually focused on the ‘openness’ and ‘awareness’ domains of ACT.
ACT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; KOMPACT, Knee Osteoarthritis Management with Physiotherapy informed by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; SMARTER, Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timely Emotionally Relevant; TKA, total knee arthroplasty.
ACT domains and strategies in KOMPACT
The use of behaviour change techniques in physiotherapy is a growing area of research, as many physiotherapy interventions depend on patients independently implementing prescribed strategies outside of the supervised clinic. The Behaviour Change Taxonomy (BCT)29 itemises behaviour change techniques used to standardise identification and reporting of techniques used, for health professionals within and outside the psychological sciences. Both usual care and KOMPACT interventions were mapped to the BCT (online supplementary appendix 1) by the lead author, with independent checking by two authors (EG, SD). The lead author undertook online training in BCT mapping as prescribed by the authors of the BCT.
Supplemental material
Therapist training
The single physiotherapist delivering KOMPACT treatment will undergo a 16-hour online course ‘ACT for Beginners’,30 with an additional 1 day of trial-specific KOMPACT training conducted by a clinical psychologist and an experienced physiotherapist familiar with psychologically-informed physiotherapy and KOMPACT, complemented by a therapist training manual. The KOMPACT physiotherapist has over 10 years’ experience in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal physiotherapy and is familiar with the ACT therapeutic stance. The KOMPACT physiotherapist will participate in monthly reflective supervision from a clinical psychologist (SV) in person or via video-conferencing to improve KOMPACT intervention fidelity and ensure psychological safety for the KOMPACT physiotherapist.
Intervention fidelity
Intervention fidelity will be assessed with an a priori checklist tailored to KOMPACT, assessing adherence and competence in key components (online supplementary appendix 2). All treatment sessions will be audio-recorded and the supervising clinical psychologist will listen to at least a 10% sample for supervision and fidelity purposes. The nature of the study renders both therapist and participant blinding impossible. Usual care will be standardised with the provision of presentation slides, notes and manuals, and the KOMPACT physiotherapist will not provide usual care for any participants. Usual care fidelity will not be formally assessed as participants not enrolled in the study will also be present and unable to give consent.
Primary outcomes
All outcomes will be assessed by an assessor blinded to treatment group allocation. The primary outcomes for this pilot RCT are safety, acceptability and feasibility. Safety will be assessed using DASS-21 data after preoperative KOMPACT treatment, postoperative length of stay, and complications. Acceptability will be determined using treatment credibility scores developed by Borkovec and Nau tailored for KOMPACT,31 in addition to qualitative data. Feasibility will be determined using recruitment and retention rates, recruitment time, attendance rates and intervention fidelity. Specific criteria for success are stated in the online supplementary appendix 3.
Secondary outcomes
Health services measures
Relevant sociodemographic, anthropometric, medical history and attendance data will be ascertained from medical records.
Acute hospital length of stay in calendar days, incidence of complications and inpatient rehabilitation use will be ascertained from electronic medical records.
Physiotherapy inpatient occasions of service will be ascertained from standardised data collection procedures in NSW Health.
Patient satisfaction with TKA will be measured with a single question after TKA and explored during semistructured interviews.
Psychological health measures
Brief Resilience Scale32: a six-item self-administered scale with responses from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’, with three items reverse scored. The final score is calculated as the mean of the responses, with scores <3.00 considered low resilience.
Committed Action Questionnaire-833: the eight-item version has responses ranging from ‘never true’ (score of 0) to ‘always true’ (score of 6), with scores summed to give a total value. Higher scores indicate higher psychological flexibility.
Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire-834: this eight-item questionnaire measures two aspects of psychological flexibility—activity engagement and pain willingness. Higher scores indicate higher psychological flexibility.
Pain Self-efficacy Questionnaire-235: this two-item scale asks respondents to rate their confidence on a visual analogue scale from 0 (‘not at all confident’) to 6 (‘completely confident’). Total scores of ≤5 indicate low pain self-efficacy needing intervention.
DASS-2127: this 21-item modified version asks participants to rate how frequently each item applied to them, on a 4-point Likert scale from ‘never’ (score of 0) to ‘almost always’ (score of 3). Summed scores for each component (depression, anxiety and stress) are tallied, and higher scores indicate higher distress. Recommended thresholds are defined for normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe distress in each domain.
Patient-reported measures
Oxford Knee Score36: this self-report measure of pain and function has been validated for participants after TKA, with low scores indicating high pain and disability. The minimum clinically important difference after TKA is 4 points.
Numerical Pain Rating Scale37: administered in written or verbal forms, this will assess the worst pain in the past 24 hours, where higher scores indicate worse pain.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly: validated for those over 65 years,38 this measures self-reported frequency and duration of sitting behaviour, walking, moderate activity and vigorous activity.
Quality of life measures
EuroQoL-5D-5L39: comprising two sections, the first assessing self-reported health-related quality of life in five domains, with higher scores representative of the worse quality of life. The second section is a visual analogue scale where subjects rate their health today from 0 to 100, where high scores indicate ‘best health’.
Life satisfaction will be assessed by a single question using an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale, where high scores indicate high satisfaction.
Physical performance measures
Six-minute walk test: this standardised walking tolerance test measures maximum walking distance in 6 minutes, with self-initiated rests as desired. It is valid, reliable and recommended for those with knee osteoarthritis.40 41
30 second chair stand test: this is a validated proxy measure of leg strength,42 with participants required to stand up from a standardised chair as many times as they can over 30 seconds, with a number of repetitions recorded.
A summary of outcome measures and the time of collection is provided in table 2.
Outcome measures
Data analysis
An independent biostatistician assisted in developing the data analysis plan and randomisation methods and will be involved in data analysis. Quantitative data will be described with measures of central tendency and variation appropriate to their distribution, allowing estimation of effect size, sample size and selection of outcome measures for a future fully powered trial. Qualitative data will be acquired by purposive sampling and one-to-one, semistructured interviewing of ≥10 participants in the treatment group. Purposive sampling will occur considering sociodemographic variables, level of psychological distress and KOMPACT completion. Informal checking during the interview process will occur, and after transcription of interviews verbatim, the thematic analysis will be performed, with two researchers involved in developing a framework within which the data will be interpreted, and major themes described.43 Formal member checking will not occur to minimise patient burden during the acute recovery from TKA and to avoid confounding by postoperative experiences. Our mixed-methods approach will be a triangulation approach, as qualitative data will inform and enrich the interpretation of the quantitative data and inform a future efficacy trial of KOMPACT.
Quantitative data will be checked on collection to ensure completeness, with prompts for completion if required. Data will be checked for correctness during data analysis, and if required, missing values will be carried forward from previous assessments. Imputation will not occur from preoperative to postoperative variables.
Patient and public involvement
No patients or members of the general public were involved in the design of this study. However, qualitative study data will allow the research team to incorporate participant feedback for any future studies using KOMPACT.
Ethics and dissemination
The study design was conducted in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines for trial protocols.44 The KOMPACT intervention will be reported in accordance with the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) guidelines for complex interventions.45 Results will be reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines for pilot and feasibility RCTs.46 Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee has provided ethical approval for this study (HREC/18/WMEAD/440) and annual progress reports will be provided to this committee. Participants will be asked to provide voluntary written consent before enrolment, with collaboration from support persons as they wish. Opportunities to clarify what participation involves, potential risks and benefits will be provided by a study investigator, and participants are free to withdraw at any time, with no subsequent data collected. Willing potential participants whose English language skills limit participation will be referred to an appropriate service delivered in their preferred language. This study is exploring a low risk intervention with increased monitoring compared with usual care. If potential participants are experiencing acute psychological distress, then referral pathways exist for these people to access urgent specialist mental health care at no cost. The results of this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and local and international conferences.
Data protection, storage and dissemination
All data will be collected electronically and deidentified. Data will be extracted from the participant’s electronic medical record and stored in a secure, password-protected file on the secure computer network owned by the health service. Patient-reported outcomes data will be collected and managed securely using Research Electronic Data Capture hosted at the University of Sydney.47 Researchers external to the clinical setting will only be able to access de-identified data, and data will be aggregated and anonymised during analysis and publication to render individual patient identification impossible. Access to deidentified, individual participant data after the completion of the study will be considered on a case-by-case basis in consultation with local researchers and the local human ethics committee. Email contact with the lead author or the relevant ethics committee WSLHD-ResearchOfffice@health.nsw.gov.au is recommended.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge David Espinosa, Biostatistician, University of Sydney Clinical Trials Centre, for assisting with statistical considerations during study design and Dr Duncan Critchley, Senior Lecturer, Department of Physiotherapy, King’s College London, for being involved in developing the KOMPACT intervention described in the study protocol.
References
Footnotes
Twitter @Physio_Marie
Contributors MKM, SD, AH, EG: conceived the study and study design. SV and BT: provided expert guidance in study design relevant to their clinical experience. MKM: drafted the study protocol. All authors were involved in editing and revising the protocol for critically important context; approved the final version.
Funding This work was supported by the University of Sydney and Western Sydney Local Health District via two small grants: Kickstarter Allied Health Research Grant 2017 and Sydney Musculoskeletal Bone and Joint Health Alliance Enabling Research Grant 2017.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.