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Abstract
Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity are both common disorders associated with significant burden of disease worldwide. Importantly, MDD and obesity often co-occur, with each disorder increasing the risk for developing the other by about 50%–60%. Statins are among the most prescribed medications with well-established safety and efficacy. Statins are recommended in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, which has been linked to both MDD and obesity. Moreover, statins are promising candidates to treat MDD because a meta-analysis of pilot randomised controlled trials has found antidepressive effects of statins as adjunct therapy to antidepressants. However, no study so far has tested the antidepressive potential of statins in patients with MDD and comorbid obesity. Importantly, this is a difficult-to-treat population that often exhibits a chronic course of MDD and is more likely to be treatment resistant. Thus, in this confirmatory randomised controlled trial, we will determine whether add-on simvastatin to standard antidepressant medication with escitalopram is more efficacious than add-on placebo over 12 weeks in 160 patients with MDD and comorbid obesity.
Methods and analysis This is a protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicentre trial with parallel-group design (phase II). One hundred and sixty patients with MDD and comorbid obesity will be randomised 1:1 to simvastatin or placebo as add-on to standard antidepressant medication with escitalopram. The primary outcome is change in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline to week 12. Secondary outcomes include MADRS response (defined as 50% MADRS score reduction from baseline), MADRS remission (defined as MADRS score <10), mean change in patients’ self-reported Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and mean change in high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol from baseline to week 12.
Ethics and dissemination This protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the federal state of Berlin (Ethik-Kommission des Landes Berlin, reference: 19/0226—EK 11) and by the relevant federal authority (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), reference: 4043387). Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and will be presented at (inter)national conferences.
Trial registration numbers NCT04301271, DRKS00021119, EudraCT 2018-002947-27.
- depression & mood disorders
- clinical trials
- mental health
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This is a confirmative randomised controlled trial to examine the antidepressive potential of simvastatin as add-on therapy in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and comorbid obesity.
Importantly, depressed patients with obesity are a difficult-to-treat population that often exhibits a chronic course of MDD and treatment resistance.
This trial is not designed to examine long-term effects of add-on statin therapy (beyond 12 weeks of follow-up).
This trial is not powered to explore effects in subgroups (eg, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Introduction
Scientific background and study rationale
The WHO’s global burden of disease (GBD) study demonstrated that of all diseases worldwide, major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the top five with regard to years lived with disability1 and by far the leading cause of disability resulting from all psychiatric disorders.2 The 12 months prevalence of MDD in adults according to the World Mental Health Survey is approximately 6%, which is comparable to estimates from other (inter-)national surveys.3 Mortality rates in MDD are twice as high as in the general population and translate to a reduced life expectancy of approximately 14.0 years in men and 10.1 years in women based on a cohort study of all Danish residents aged 15 or older.4
According to the GBD study, the overall prevalence of obesity in adults was 12.0% in 2015 and ranged from 1.6% in Vietnam to 34.9% in Egypt.5 According to the latest global estimates of the WHO, 11% of adult men and 15% of adult women were obese in 2016 and the prevalence ranged from 29% among the Region of the Americas to 2% in some of the West African countries.6 In the German adult population (age range: 18–79 years), the prevalence of obesity is 23.3% in men and 23.9% in women, respectively.7 In adult patients with obesity, mortality rates are elevated (HR 1.64, CI 1.61 to 1.67) and they increase in relation to body mass index (BMI) as recently confirmed in a meta-analysis of 239 studies from four continents.8 In the GBD study, obesity was estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths in the general population, and accounted for 3.9% of years of life lost, and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life years worldwide.9
MDD and obesity are both linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke, further increasing their public health and economic impact. Importantly, MDD and obesity frequently co-occur and the presence of one condition increases the risk for developing the other by approx. 50%–60%.10
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) are among the most prescribed medications worldwide with well-established safety and efficacy. Recent guidelines recommend the use of statins in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease,11 which has been linked to both MDD and obesity. Moreover, statins are promising candidates to treat MDD. Evidence for antidepressive effects of statins has accumulated from four independent lines of research: animal studies,12 meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies,13 meta-analysis of pilot controlled trials14 and a nationwide cohort study.15 However, no randomised controlled study so far has tested the antidepressive potential of statins in patients with MDD and comorbid obesity. Importantly, this is a difficult-to-treat population that often exhibits a chronic course of MDD and is more likely to show treatment resistance to standard pharmacological therapy.16 17 Depressed patients who are overweight or obese responded significantly slower to antidepressant treatment compared with normal-weight patients.18 In a recent scoping review, excess body weight predicted non-response to treatment with antidepressants.19 Given the enormous public health impact of MDD and obesity and given the evidence of antidepressive effects of statins, a controlled trial of adjunct statin treatment in comorbid patients appears warranted.
Study aims and hypothesis
Primary
To examine whether add-on 40 mg/d simvastatin to standard antidepressant medication (escitalopram 20 mg/d) (SIM+ES) improves depression to a greater extent than adjunct placebo (PL+ES) in patients with MDD and comorbid obesity over a period of 12 weeks. We hypothesise that SIM+ES will improve depression to a greater extent than PL+ES in patients with comorbid obesity and major depression.
Secondary
To examine whether SIM+ES improves response rates, remission rates, self-reported depression, patients’ impression of change, clinicians’ impression of severity and change, quality of life, social functioning, lipid values and immune function and cellular metabolism to a greater extent than PL+ES in patients with major depression and comorbid obesity. We hypothesise that SIM+ES will improve (a) response rates and remission rates, (b) patients’ impression of change, clinicians’ impression of severity and improvement, quality of life, social functioning, self-report depression, (c) lipid values and (d) immune function and cellular metabolism to a greater extent over 12 weeks than PL+ES in patients with comorbid obesity and major depression.
Methods
This protocol has been prepared in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) 2013 statement.20 Please see online supplemental table 1 for the SPIRIT checklist.
Supplemental material
Study design and sample
The study will include 160 patients divided into two treatment groups and recruited from several centres (public academic hospitals/departments) located in Germany. Group 1 will receive placebo add-on to escitalopram (PL+ES) and group 2 will receive simvastatin add-on to escitalopram (SIM+ES). For an overview of the study design, please see figure 1.
Study flow chart according to CONSORT. We assume that we need to screen n=1125 patients aged 18–65 with major depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders five and obesity (body mass index ≥30) for eligibility at eight recruiting centres to randomise n=160 participants. The sample size and assumed dropout rate (20%) is conservatively based on three earlier pilot RCTs of add-on statin to SSRI treatment in depressed patients. CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; RCT, randomised controlled trials.23 31 32
Patients will be recruited from depression and obesity outpatient clinics and inpatient wards from each study site. In addition, we will use existing and established networks of all sites within the psychiatric community to include depressed out-patients from general practitioners and psychiatrists. Thus, we will ensure high generalisability of our study population. There will be no specific sex distribution as no sex specific differences concerning efficacy and safety of simvastatin are expected. The first study sites have been initiated in March 2020 and the study is expected to end in January 2023.
Eligibility criteria and assessment
The main inclusion criteria for the SIMCODE trial are as follows: (i) written informed consent; (ii) major depressive episode according to DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth Edition); (iii) Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≥18; (iv) BMI ≥30; (v) age between 18 and 65 years (≥18 und≤65); (vi) in case of non-psychotropic medication: stable pharmacological medication for at least 14 days prior to study entry; (vii) no antidepressant intake during the last 7 days prior to study entry (discontinuation of effective medication to enable study participation is prohibited); (viii) no prior treatment with escitalopram in index episode; (ix) less than three trials with antidepressants in index episode; (x) no treatment with ketamine, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or other stimulatory treatments in index episode; (xi) none of the following disorders: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. In addition, patients with any severe, unstable general medical condition or contraindications for simvastatin or escitalopram will not be included in the study.
Main exclusion criteria are as follows: (i) current use of statins; (ii) current use of antidepressants; (iii) acute suicidal tendencies (MADRS Item 10>4); (iv) pregnancy, breastfeeding or women with childbearing potential without acceptable form of contraception (defined as Pearl index <1); (v) current use of psychotropic medication (eg, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, lithium or St. John’s Wort) except for benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepines and opiates (vi) clinically significant abnormalities in 12-lead ECG (eg, corrected Q–T interval prolongation ≥500 ms or increase ≥60 ms from baseline visit). In addition, there are several more exclusion criteria including medication that is contraindicated with simvastatin or escitalopram. Please see online supplemental table 2 for complete inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Supplemental material
A screening visit will be carried out to establish eligibility and to obtain informed consent. After informed consent, we will assess the severity of depressive episode using MADRS, duration of the index episode, number of episodes, previous treatment as requested by the guideline of the European Medicines Agency on clinical trials in depression.21 During the screening visit, several other procedures will be performed including a physical examination, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI; German Translation V.7.0.2),22 measurement of body weight and height for determination of BMI, ECG and safety laboratory including pregnancy test for women.
To ensure that the study is conducted according to the study protocol, to current laws and to general guidelines, a training of all investigators/subinvestigators have been conducted prior to initiation. The trial will be initiated by the principal investigator (PI) team (CO, WRC) and a trial monitor at each site before patient enrolment at that site begins.
Intervention
Each patient in this study will be treated with escitalopram, a well-established standard-antidepressant, which is readily available because it is commonly used as generic drug in Germany. Add-on placebo serves as the control condition for adjunct simvastatin (40 mg/d). Simvastatin and placebo will be provided by the pharmacy of the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and will be administered in a double-blind fashion. Escitalopram will be provided by the pharmacy of the Charité, stored and dispensed at each study site in a non-blinded fashion. Patients will receive simvastatin or placebo orally in a fixed dosage of 40 mg once a day at bedtime. Patients will receive 10 mg escitalopram orally in a fixed dosage of 10 mg once a day in the morning for the first 2 weeks, then increased to 20 mg once a day in the morning until the end of study. Drug dispensation will take place at baseline (visit 1), at visit 3 (only escitalopram), visit 4 and visit 5. See figure 2 for scheme of intervention.
Scheme of intervention in SIMCODE study. Overview of design and procedures of the SIMCODE study. BDI-II, Beck-Depressions-Inventar II; BMI, body mass index; CGI-I, Clinicians’ Global Impression of Improvement; CGI-S, Clinicians’ Global Impression of Severity of illness; EQ-5D-3L, Generic Quality of Life Questionnaire; MADRS, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PGIC, Patient Global Impression of Change; SOFAS, Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale.
Rationale for statin choice and dosage
Among the available stains, we decided to use simvastatin (SimvaHEXAL) in a dosage of 40 mg/d based on the following considerations: simvastatin was used in this dose in one of three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) showing evidence versus placebo as adjunct treatment to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs);23 it was superior to atorvastatin in depressed patients with heart disease;24 it passes the blood–brain barrier25 and it is available as generic drug (costs for 40 mg/d simvastatin: around 100 EUR per year). We decided against using a dose of 80 mg/d simvastatin due to the increased risk of muscle injury and the corresponding warning from the US Food and Drug Administration26 (see 3.8 Safety).
Rationale for antidepressant choice and dosage
All depressed patients enrolled in the trial will be continuously treated with a gold standard antidepressant (escitalopram) as described by the German National Disease Management Guideline (‘Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie’) for the treatment of MDD. For escitalopram, a dose–response relationship has been suggested. Especially for patients with severe depression, the high standard dose of 20 mg/d was shown to be superior compared with 10 mg/d.27 A fixed-dose of 10 mg/d escitalopram for the entire study duration of 12 weeks would therefore not allow the optimal treatment for some patients. Thus, we consider this option ethically not justifiable. A dose increase from 10 to 20 mg/d based on individual patient response would however interfere with comparability of the SIM+ES group and PL+ES group, because a strong decrease in depressive symptoms in the SIM+ES group compared with PL+ES group could potentially be masked by a higher percentage of escitalopram dose escalation in the PL+ES group. Therefore, we will increase escitalopram to 20 mg/d after giving a low standard dose of 10 mg/d in the first 2 weeks. In case of adverse reactions related to escitalopram, we will follow the instructions for dose adjustment described in 3.8 Safety.
Patients are instructed to return unused medication and compliance will be determined by count of the remaining pills and patients will be considered compliant if they report taking more than 90% of their drug (as in previous studies with simvastatin in central nervous system diseases).28 29
Permitted comedications
Medication that is contraindicated with simvastatin, and escitalopram or concomitant treatment with antidepressants other than escitalopram will not be permitted (see inclusion/exclusion criteria in online supplemental table S2). In case of current treatment with antidepressants at study entry, a wash-out of prior antidepressants for at least seven drug-free days prior to inclusion may be permitted (see inclusion criteria in online supplemental table S2). However, discontinuation of effective medication to enable study participation is prohibited. Other psychotropic drugs (including antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, lithium or St. John’s Wort) are not permitted during the study period with the following exceptions: (1) in case of sleep difficulties, benzodiazepine or nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (eg, zolpidem, zopiclone) will be allowed on an ‘as needed basis’; (2) in case of acute anxiety or agitation, a benzodiazepine (preferably lorazepam) may be prescribed not exceeding 3 mg/d (other benzodiazepines at the equivalent dosage), (3) opiates for pain relief (see exclusion criteria in online supplemental table S2). Any clinical exacerbation requiring a higher benzodiazepine regimen or prescription of antipsychotics (‘rescue medication’) will be considered as a serious adverse event (SAE) (see 3.8 Safety and online supplemental material). In case of non-psychotropic medication, stable pharmacological medication for at least 14 days prior to study entry will be permitted. Patients with any changes in medication dose or frequency of therapy during the 14 days prior to study entry will not participate in the study (see inclusion criteria in online supplemental table S2). Concomitant use of statins will not be permitted (see exclusion criteria in online supplemental table S2).
Sample size calculation
So far, there are three small pilot RCTs in depressed patients (sample sizes ranging from n=48 to n=68) that have all found statistically significant beneficial effects of add-on statins versus placebo with large, clinically relevant effect sizes. A meta-analysis14 of these trials has found a standardised mean difference between add-on statins and add-on placebo of −0.73 (95 % CI −1.04 to −0.42, p<0.001). However, it is well known that initial studies tend to overestimate the true effect size.30 Therefore, we conservatively assume a standardised treatment difference (also known as Cohen’s d) of 0.5, which is smaller than those reported by the three pilot RCTs.23 31 32 Given a SD of 6–8 points on the MADRS, as commonly observed in RCTs in this population,33–35 a standardised effect size of 0.5 translates into a mean difference of 3–4 points, which is considered clinically relevant because it is about twice as large as the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 1.6–1.9 points that has been reported for the MADRS.36 Thus, a sample size of 64 patients per group results in a power of 80% for a comparison of the mean changes in MADRS score from baseline to week 12 between the two groups using a two-sample t-test at the usual two-sided level of 5%. As the analyses will be adjusted for baseline scores, the actual power is likely to be higher; this will be confirmed in a blinded sample size review once 50% of the patients have reached week 12.37 Accounting for about 20% dropout, we aim to recruit 80 patients per group (ie, 160 patients in total). Based on sex-specific prevalence rates and recruitment in our earlier studies,38 39 we expect that about two-thirds of the sample will be women. This will allow sex-specific analyses.
As the analyses will be adjusted for baseline scores, the actual power is likely to be higher than 80%. To confirm this in an interim analysis, a blinded sample size review will be carried out, once 50% of the patients have reached week 12. Based on blinded estimates of the mean square error and the dropout rate, the required sample size will be recalculated and the sample size will be adjusted up to a maximum total sample size of 240 patients, if necessary.37
Outcomes
As primary outcome variable, we will use the change in MADRS40 score from baseline to week 12. As secondary outcome variables, we will use MADRS response (defined as 50% MADRS score reduction from baseline), MADRS remission (defined as MADRS score <10) and MADRS MCID. Also, we will assess as secondary outcome variables change scores in patients’ self-reported Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) as well as the MCID according to BDI.41 We will additionally determine the clinician’s impression of the severity of illness (Clinical Global Impression scale—Severity of illness),42 the clinician’s impression whether and to what extent symptoms have improved (Clinical Global Impression scale—Improvement),42 the patient’s impression whether and to what extent symptoms have improved (Patients’ Global Impression of Change Scale), social functioning (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, SOFAS), quality of life (EuroQol-5 Dimensions-3 Levels Questionnaire), with a calculated MCID43 and change scores in high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. At selected sites, additional blood samples for assessment of immune function and cellular metabolism will be obtained and analysed in an exploratory fashion. For the characteristics and definitions of primary and secondary endpoints, see table 1. The efficacy and other outcome assessments at screening, baseline and different follow-up visits are shown in table 2.
Characteristics and definitions of primary and secondary endpoints
Visit and documentation schedule
Randomisation and blinding
Subjects will be randomised 1:1 to simvastatin or placebo (SIM+ES vs PL+ES) based on a randomisation list provided by the trial statistician. The randomisation will be based on a permuted block procedure stratified by study site.
Based on the randomisation codes, the pharmacy will centrally provide for each centre sequentially numbered, tamper-proof container, which are equal in weight and similar in appearance containing simvastatin or placebo. The pharmacy keeps the randomisation list unavailable to investigators/subinvestigators and the sponsor/sponsor representative until the end of study. Investigators/subinvestigators and patients will be blinded to the treatment. Simvastatin is an effective serum lipid-lowering drug that can decrease lipid levels. Particularly, LDL cholesterol is expected to be lower in the SIM+ES group. In order to ensure continued blinding, lipid values will be assessed only at V1 and the last trial visit (V6) to minimise the risk for unblinding of investigators/subinvestigators by revealing the lipid profile. At the same time, not assessing the lipid status of patients during the entire study participation would not represent current practice where lipid status is an important part of cardiovascular risk assessment. No unblinding of the investigators/subinvestigators due to specific side effects of simvastatin treatment is to be expected.
In case of an emergency, the blinding will be broken immediately, and the patient will receive immediate medical care. The local investigator will be responsible for deciding if knowledge of the group assignment is required for the medical care of the patient and initiate the unblinding procedure. Emergency envelopes for the unblinding are enclosed in the packages sent to the investigator site and are stored by the local investigator. When emergency envelopes are opened prematurely, date, time, reason for opening and name of the person opening have to be documented. After unblinding, the treatment of the individual participant will be stopped immediately; however, the participant will not be excluded from the analysis (see online supplemental material for more information on premature termination of the individual participant). An identical copy of the emergency envelopes for the unblinding will be sent and stored securely at the coordinating site (Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin). This way the coordinating staff is additionally available for immediate unblinding.
Safety
Simvastatin and escitalopram are approved for several indications since decades and have an established safety profile. All depressed patients enrolled in the trial will be continuously treated with a gold standard antidepressant (escitalopram) as described by the German National Disease Management Guideline (‘Nationale Versorgungsleitlinie’) for the treatment of MDD. In case of adverse reactions related to escitalopram, we will allow dose adjustments such as temporary dose reduction from 10 to 5 mg/d or from 20 to 10 mg/d for the duration of the adverse reaction. See table 2 for an overview of safety assessments at screening, baseline and different follow-up visits. We list the risks and detailed safety considerations for both medications, as well as definitions for adverse event (AE), serious AE and Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (SUSAR) in the online supplemental material.
All (S)AEs and SUSARs will be treated appropriately. Such treatment may include changes in study drug treatment including possible interruption or discontinuation, starting or stopping concomitant treatments, changes in the frequency or nature of assessments, hospitalisation or any other medically required intervention. Standard procedures for reporting of (S)AEs and SUSARs will be used.
For specifications for premature termination of the individual participant and the clinical study, see online supplemental material.
Data management
Patient related data will be recorded in study files (source data) under the participant’s real name. The information required by the protocol will be entered onto the electronic case report forms (eCRF—secuTrial) under a pseudonym. Every patient will receive a patient number/pseudonym which will be unique for this individual patient. Data required for the analysis will be acquired and transferred electronically to a central database at the Coordinating Center for Clinical Studies of Charité by means of the electronic data capture system secuTrial). The trial data will be stored digitally on a remote server with daily backups. After end of study, all data will be exported for checks of consistency and plausibility. After performing the checks, the data matrix will be transferred in pseudonymised form for the statistical evaluation. The statistical analysis and the biometrical report will be provided by the biostatistician in cooperation with the PI.
Data analysis plan
The primary analysis population will be the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. The ITT population will include all randomised patients. We will repeat the analyses in the per-protocol sample. The primary analysis will compare MADRS changes from baseline to week 12 between SIM+ES and PL+ES by Gaussian linear models for repeated measures (so-called MMRM) with intervention, centre, time (week 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12), and intervention-by-time interaction as factors and baseline MADRS score as covariate. The error terms are assumed to follow a multivariate normal distribution with unstructured covariance. Least squares mean changes from baseline will be reported for both groups with 95% CI as well as the difference between the least squares SIM+ES group means with 95% CI and p-value testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect. Although the model described above is robust to a certain extend to missing data, sensitivity analyses will be performed as supporting analyses including multiple imputation and last-observation-carried-forward. The latter will mainly be performed to facilitate comparison with previous trials.
The analyses of all secondary endpoints and safety parameters will have an exploratory character and will therefore not be adjusted for multiple testing. The secondary efficacy endpoints MADRS-response and MADRS-remission, and MADRS-MCID within 12 weeks will be analysed by logistic regression models with intervention and centre as factors and baseline MADRS as covariate. The treatment effects will be reported as ORs with 95% CI and p-values testing the null hypotheses of no treatment effect. The analyses of continuous secondary efficacy endpoint as well as SOFAS, and EQ-5D-3L will follow the same lines as the primary outcome. All details of the statistical analyses including definitions of the analyses populations will be specified in the statistical analysis plan, which will be finalised before database lock and unblinding. All statistical analyses will be carried out using SAS software or the R package.
Patient and public involvement
A patient representative from the German Depression League (‘Deutsche Depres-sionsliga’), the umbrella organisation of depression self-help groups in Germany was involved during the development of the study protocol. She will also be part of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) to represent the patient perspective.
Ethics and dissemination
This trial will be conducted in accordance with the current guidelines of International Conference on Harmonisation-Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP). GCP is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Compliance with this standard provides public assurance that the rights, safety and well-being of trial subjects are protected, consistent with the principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki, and that the clinical trial data are credible. Informed consent will be obtained for screening and for participation in the study. Study protocol, patient information and consent form have been approved by the relevant Ethics Committees and the relevant federal authority (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte—BfArM). The Ethics Committee will immediately be informed (by the sponsor/sponsor representative) of all changes to the protocol (according to GCP-V § 10) and of all events that could affect a patient’s safety. The Ethics Committee will also be informed of all suspected SUSARs and of regular or premature termination of the study. We prospectively registered our study in the clinicaltrials.gov database and German Clinical Trials Register. The study results will be published irrespective of the study outcome in peer-reviewed journals and at (inter-)national conferences.
Study management
The sponsor/sponsor representative of the clinical study will have overall responsibility for the study. The PI together with each investigator of the study site will take clinical responsibility for the research team at each site. To enhance monitoring of study, we will seek advice from a DSMB comprised of methods and clinical experts in psychiatry and one patient representative. Thereby, the patients’ perspective will be present at all DSMB meetings. Further details about DSMB including its charter are available on request.
Authorised representatives of the sponsor, a regulatory authority or an Independent Ethics Committee may visit the centre to perform audits or inspections, including source data verification. The purpose of a sponsor audit or inspection is to systematically and independently examine all study related activities and documents to determine whether these activities were conducted, and data were recorded, analysed and accurately reported according to the protocol, GCP, ICH guidelines and any applicable regulatory requirements.
Perspectives
According to a meta-analysis of small, RCTs, a beneficial antidepressive effect of simvastatin is to be expected.14 Many depressed patients with comorbid obesity might additionally benefit from simvastatin in terms of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The potential benefits of the study by far outweigh the risks associated with escitalopram and simvastatin. If successful, our trial would have immediate impact on clinical practice because escitalopram and simvastatin are available as inexpensive generic drugs with established safety.
Ethics approval
The study has been approved by a German ethics committee - Ethik-Kommission des Landes Berlin (Reference: 19/0226 - EK 11) on 22 January 2020.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC-2049-390688087, EXC257-39052203 and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) for the help with study approvals and preparing the study protocol. We also thank the patient representative for her help with designing the study. We acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Open Access Publication Funds of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Twitter @tim_friede, @@GoldLabCharite
Contributors CO designed the study, obtained funding, developed protocol and study materials, obtained necessary approvals for the study and critically revised this manuscript. WRC contributed to protocol and study materials and drafted the manuscript. JN contributed to study materials. SM and SL helped with study approvals and preparing the study protocol. MK, DoP, SR, BE, HJG, UH, KH, TH, DJ, KJ, KGK, JPK, THCK, GL, DaP, AR, DS, MS, SS and AW contributed to study design and critically revised the manuscript. TF contributed to study design, obtained funding, developed the protocol and revised this manuscript. SMG contributed to study design, obtained funding, developed protocol and study materials and critically revised this manuscript.
Funding This work is supported by the German ministry of education and research (BMBF). Grant number: 01KG1813. The study is sponsored by Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
Competing interests CO reports personal fees from Allergan, Ferring, Fortbildungskolleg, Limes Klinikgruppe, Lundbeck, MedOnline, Medical Tribune, Neuraxpharm, SAGE Therapeutics and Stillachhaus outside the submitted work and reports grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG), German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the European Union (Innovative Medicines Initiative) and the Brain & Behavior Foundation (NARSAD). MK participates in the Berlin Institute of Health - Charité Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health. SM reports grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) during the conduct of the study. HJG reports grants and personal fees from Fresenius Medical Care, personal fees from Neuraxpharm, Servier, Janssen Cilag and grants from German Research Foundation (DFG), German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Damp Foundation, European Union Joint Programme Neurodegenerative Disorders (JPND) and European Social Fund (ESF) outside the submitted work. UH reports personal fees from Janssen and Servier outside the submitted work. TF reports grants and non-financial support from German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) during the conduct of the study. KGK reports personal fees and other from Eli Lilly, Servier and Neuraxpharm, and grants, personal fees and other from Ferrer outside the submitted work. JPK reports grants and personal fees from Servier, personal fees from Springer, Hogrefe, Elsevier and Beltz outside the submitted work. THCK reports grants from German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Allergan, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Trommsdorf, Novartis and Schwabe outside the submitted work. AR reports grants and personal fees from Medice, personal fees from Shire/Takeda, Janssen, Neuraxpharm, Servier and SAGE outside the submitted work. DS reports honoraria for lectures from or has been an advisor to Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka Pharma, Medice and Takeda. TF reports personal fees from Novartis, Bayer, Janssen, SGS, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Galapagos, Penumbra, Parexel, Vifor, BiosenseWebster, CSL Behring, Fresenius Kabi, Coherex Medical and LivaNova outside the submitted work. SMG reports grants from German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), German Research Foundation (DFG), Federal Ministry of Health (BMG), Biogen and National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Almirall S.A., Mylan, Celgene and FomF outside the submitted work. WRC, JN, DoP, SR, SL,SS, BE, KH, DJ, KJ, GL, DaP, MS and AW have nothing to disclose.
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