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Abstract
Introduction The evidence currently available from enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes concerns their benefits in the immediate postoperative period, but there is still very little evidence as to whether their correct implementation benefits patients in the long term. The working hypothesis here is that, due to the lower response to surgical aggression and lower rates of postoperative complications, ERAS protocols can reduce colorectal cancer-related mortality. The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of an ERAS programme for colorectal cancer on 5-year survival. As secondary objectives, we propose to analyse the weight of each of the predefined items in the oncological results as well as the quality of life.
Methods and analysis A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted in patients older than 18 years of age who are scheduled to undergo surgery for colorectal cancer. The study involved 12 hospitals with an implemented enhanced recovery protocol according to the guidelines published by the Spanish National Health Service. The intervention group includes patients with a minimum implementation level of 70%, and the control group includes those who fail to reach this level. Compliance will be studied using 18 key performance indicators, and the results will be analysed using cancer survival indicators, including overall survival, cancer-specific survival and relapse-free survival. The time to recurrence, perioperative morbidity and mortality, hospital stay and quality of life will also be studied, the latter using the validated EuroQol Five questionnaire. The propensity index method will be used to create comparable treatment and control groups, and a multivariate regression will be used to study each variable. The Kaplan-Meier estimator will be used to estimate survival and the log-rank test to make comparisons. A p value of less than 0.05 (two-tailed) will be considered to be significant.
Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Aragon Ethical Committee (C.P.-C.I. PI20/086) on 4 March 2020. The findings of this study will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals (BMJ Open, JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery). Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international meetings.
Trial registration number NCT04305314.
- colorectal surgery
- gastrointestinal tumours
- change management
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Strengths and limitations of this study
This is the first multicentre prospective study intending to analyse whether the correct implementation of an intensified recovery programme (enhanced recovery after surgery) in patients undergoing colorectal surgery for cancer is related to better long-term oncological outcomes.
The study will also try to analyse the influence (weight) of each perioperative protocol items on the oncological outcome.
The research project will be monitored closely by a certified external auditor to ensure that study activities are carried out in accordance with the protocol, good clinical practice and applicable regulatory requirements. Data quality will also be audited.
The study is designed as a prospective, non-randomised study.
The study could have difficulty in recruiting patients due to potential structural or multidisciplinary team problems.
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent neoplasm in men worldwide (746 000 cases, approximately 10.0% of the total) and the second most common in women (614 000 cases, 9.2%). Surgery remains a cornerstone of treatment for this type of malignant tumour.1 In this regard, surgical treatment with curative intent is indicated in about 80% of cases, with a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 65%.2 It is well known that any surgical procedure can lead to adverse events, with surgery-related complications depending on the degree of aggression (stress), the basal state of the patient and the disease itself. Postoperative complications after major surgery have been shown to increase both the length of hospital stay and cost while decreasing long-term survival as an independent factor.3 4 Colorectal surgery is considered a high risk and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality in the immediate postoperative period. Despite ‘curative intent’ surgery, 5-year survival in colorectal cancer has remained stable at around 60% in recent decades. Metastatic disease is the most important cause of cancer-related death in patients after surgery.5 Although there has been much speculation about the occurrence of metastasis, surgical manipulation is known to lead to significant systemic release of tumour cells.6 7 Whether these cells lead to metastasis depends largely on the balance between the aggressiveness of the tumour cells and the resistance of the patient. As we have discussed previously, surgery ‘per se’ induces a stress response that can decrease host defences and promote tumour growth. Furthermore, innate immunity and, especially, natural killer (NK) cells are known to play an important role in the elimination of circulating tumour cells.8 Several studies have shown decreased postoperative NK cell activity and an inverse correlation of NK cell activity with tumour stage and metastatic growth.9
Until a few years ago, the perioperative treatment of patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery consisted of a series of habits acquired by practice rather than scientifically proven facts. In the early 2000s, ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) protocols based mainly on Kehlet’s work began to be introduced in some centres. These programmes rest on three fundamental pillars: the application of a package of perioperative measures and strategies; interdisciplinarity, understood to be the joint and structured participation of the various health professionals involved; and active participation of the patient throughout the process. The various ERAS protocol recommendations include anaesthesia/analgesia, goal-directed fluid therapy, prevention of nausea and ileus, thromboembolic prophylaxis, minimally invasive techniques, temperature control, early nutrition and early mobilisation.
A number of randomised studies and meta-analyses carried out in the first decade of this century served to demonstrate that these protocols both shorten the hospital stay and decrease complications, outcomes that have been linked to the amelioration of perioperative care and the reduction in the response to surgical stress.10 11
As mentioned previously, the response to surgical stress results in hormonal and metabolic changes that produce immune and endocrine responses proportionally to the extent of the surgical tissue injury. Local changes affect the inflammatory reaction throughout the body, leading to widespread effects on organ function and the development of complications. In this regard, numerous studies have pointed out that the main reason for the effectiveness of ERAS programmes is based on the ability of each element to reduce the stress response to injuries and maintain homeostasis.12 Hence, prevention of the stress response is the key mechanism underlying perioperative ERAS programmes.13 Moreover, since a lower surgical aggression has evident advantages in the immunometabolic response of the patient with cancer, it could be deduced that, in these cases, long-term survival is favoured.
A fundamental factor in the success of multimodal treatment is the degree of completion of the programme. Gustafsson et al14 have shown the existence of a dose-response relationship and have highlighted the need to fulfil more than 70% of the items. In this sense, it is suggested that the more items of the programme are implemented, the better the patient’s postoperative course.15
In a recent study from our group,16 we were able to verify that despite having undergone training and having established an ERAS protocol in colorectal surgery, it was not fully implemented in daily clinical practice, with certain elements of the protocol having very low compliance, even in specialised centres. In this same study, which involved 2084 patients from 80 centres in our country, we found that an increase in compliance with evidence-based recommendations that constitute the PRI is associated with a decrease in postoperative complications.
As noted above, the evidence currently available concerns the benefits of such programmes in the immediate postoperative period, and there is still very little evidence as to whether the proper implementation of an ERAS protocol benefits patients in the long term. In this respect, Gustafsson et al17 analysed 5-year survival in a retrospective study and found that patients who were more compliant with an ERAS programme (≥70% of the protocol) exhibited a reduced risk of cancer-specific death at 5 years (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.88). Other studies18–20 have addressed the relationship between ERAS programmes and overall and disease-free survival after colorectal surgery for cancer, although none have provided sufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions.
This study has been designed to support the working hypothesis that the correct implementation of an intensified recovery programme in patients undergoing colorectal surgery for cancer is related to better long-term oncological outcomes.
The primary objective is the analysis of survival at 5 years, overall survival, disease-related survival and disease-free survival.
The secondary objectives are to (1) evaluate the relationship between adherence to the protocol and 5-year survival, (2) analyse the importance of each item on survival and (3) evaluate the quality of life.
The data generated from this prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study will help to verify or better understand the suspected benefits of ERAS protocols regarding long-term survival in patients who have undergone colorectal surgery. The data will also help future research studies.
Methods and analysis
Design
A prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study in patients who meet the inclusion criteria.
Setting
This study will be conducted in 12 Spanish general hospitals, which were selected on the basis of having established an enhanced recovery protocol that complies with the recommendations of the Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS) and Spanish National Health Service (https://portal.guiasalud.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/viaclinica-rica_english.pdf). All hospitals selected have received prior standardised training according to the national plan for the implementation of intensified recovery in surgery (IMPRICA), also promoted by the IACS.
Inclusion criteria
All adult patients (aged >18 years) with a diagnosis of malignant colorectal cancer who are scheduled for radical surgery. Informed consent will be obtained from all subjects who will participate in the study voluntarily.
Exclusion criteria
Patient refusal, patients undergoing emergency surgery, patients under 18 years of age, patients diagnosed with stage IV cancer and existence of other concomitant surgical processes.
Comparison groups
As mentioned previously, the literature considers adequate implementation of a protocol to be compliance of more than 70%. As such, two groups will be formed: one with more than 70% of the recorded items performed and the other with those that do not reach this percentage (table 1).
EEAS compliance definitions
Outcome measures
The primary outcome measures are overall survival (patients alive from surgery to the last control), disease-free survival (number of patients alive and without cancer recurrence from the intervention period until the end of follow-up) and disease recurrence (detected by CT or Flexible Colonoscopy (FCC), from the day of the intervention until the end of follow-up), which will also be studied.
Secondary outcome measures include compliance with individual protocol items and quality of life according to the EuroQol Five questionnaire.
Follow-up
The study is planned to start in September 2020, and for the survival study only patients with a minimum follow-up of 3 years will be considered. However, patients will still be recruited until the end of the 5-year period (September 2025) to allow study of the secondary objectives.
The follow-up plan is as follows: tumour markers (used to monitor colorectal neoplasia)—carcinoembryonic antigen determined at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 and 60 months and cancer antigen 19.9 determined at 3, 6,9,12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 and 60 months; abdominal ultrasound performed at 3, 9, 15, 21, 36, 48 and 60 months; CT performed at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months; and complete colonoscopy performed at 2 and 5 years after intervention.
Data collection and data management
Data will be collected using an online data collection form via a secure, password-protected platform with predefined data fields at each centre. The variables to be collected are displayed in table 2. For the purpose of the study, we will record the following: complications at 60-day follow-up (surgical complications, infectious complications, cardiovascular complications), each rated as mild, moderate or severe and also according to the Clavien-Dindo classification; perioperative mortality (the number and percentage of deaths within 60 days of surgery); hospital stay, defined as the duration from the date of the end of surgery to the date of discharge from the hospital (in days); overall survival (the number and percentage of deaths that occur from the intervention to the end of follow-up); disease-free survival (the number of patients alive and with no cancer recurrence from the intervention period to the end of follow-up); and recurrence of the disease (detected by CT or FCC), from the day of the intervention until the end of follow-up.
Data variables collected
The data collection platform Castor EDC (https://www.castoredc.com) will be used. This platform complies with all applicable laws and regulations. All identifiable data collected, processed and stored for the purposes of the project will be kept confidential at all times and comply with Good Clinical Practice guidelines for Research and the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679).
The research project will be monitored closely by a certified external auditor to ensure that study activities are carried out in accordance with the protocol, good clinical practice and applicable regulatory requirements. Local study documents can be selected for a local audit at participating hospitals. Data quality will also be audited.
Statistical analysis
According to the Postoperative Outcomes Within Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol in Colorectal Surgery study that includes data from 82 Spanish hospitals,16 only 60% of centres with an ERAS protocol achieve more than 70% compliance. As such, we consider a scenario of seven high-compliance (HC) and five low-compliance (LC) centres among the 12 hospitals that will collaborate with this research project. Estimating a difference in overall survival of around 10% (65% LC vs 75% HC), with a power of 80%, a 95% CI and 5% of potential losses, the required sample size is about 732 patients (366 in each group).
Given that the main objective (survival) may be subject to aspects inherent to each centre, irrespective of the intervention, it will be necessary to create comparable groups using the propensity score method (propensity score matching). A descriptive analysis of the data will be carried out. Qualitative variables will be represented by a frequency distribution of the percentages for each category, and quantitative variables will be explored using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov conformity test. The association between factors will be investigated using hypothesis contrast tests, with a comparison of proportions when both variables are qualitative (χ2, Fisher’s exact test), a comparison of mean when one of them is quantitative (Student’s t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Mann-Whitney U test or the Kruskall-Wallis test if they do not follow a normal distribution) and a bivariate correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient) when both are quantitative or the Spearman correlation if the conditions for application of the former are not met. For comparisons in related samples when one of them is quantitative, Student’s t-test and/or ANOVA will be used (Wilcoxon or Friedman’s test if they do not follow a normal distribution). The analysis will be completed using multivariate regression models. A survival analysis will be performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test will be used for survival comparisons between groups. Effects will be considered to be significant with a p value of less than 0.05.
Patient involvement
The study is supported by a patient advisory group which helped us with the patient’s information material. This patient advisory group will meet on a regular basis for the duration of the study. At the end of the study, the patient advisory group will comment on the findings and contribute to the dissemination plan.
Limitations of the study
The limitations are those inherent to a prospective, non-randomised study, including difficulty in recruiting patients due to potential structural or multidisciplinary team problems and inappropriate number of patients in any of the arms due to a very high or very low level of compliance.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Comité de Ética de la Investigación de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (C.P.-C.I. PI20/086; on 4 March 2020). Local ethical approval is required at each participating centre. Although this study has no impact on clinical practice, informed consent will be requested from all participants. Patient data will be treated in accordance with the European General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679. The findings of this study are being submitted to peer-reviewed journals (BMJ Open, JAMA Surgery, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Surgery). Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international meetings.
References
Footnotes
Contributors J-MR-R proposed and designed the study, and is the main investigator. J-MR-R, JM-U, J-LM-R, J-RR-F, J-AG-E, JB-G, EDV-H, AA-G, MEC-R, CM-P, ML-A, E.E-G, ME-G, AMP-B, EM-T, AM-V, EB-R, DA-M, JMP-P, AA-M, ER-V, EB-P, HG-L, J R-M, CL-S, EC-DdL, LS-G, MC-O, JL-V, SO-L, JO-B, AA-S and DG-O participated in the collaborators meeting, development of study concept and editing of protocol. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding The present research study was awarded a Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación health research project grant (PI19/00291) from the Carlos III Institute of the Spanish National Health Service as part of the 2019 call for Strategic Action in Health.
Competing interests J-MR-R reports grants from Instituto de Investigacion Carlos III, during the conduct of the study. J-AG-E reports grants and personal fees from Vifor Pharma, Zambon and Sandoz, outside the submitted work. JR-M reports personal fees from Fresenius Kabi, Edwards Lifesciences, Dextera Medical and MSD, outside the submitted work
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.