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Abstract
Introduction There is little epidemiological evidence and knowledge about at-risk alcohol use among community-dwelling older adults and their chronic and acute alcohol-related comorbidities of interest. This systematic review will summarise and examine relevant studies about the epidemiology of at-risk alcohol use and associated comorbidities of interest in this population.
Methods We will search the following databases, without language or date restrictions, from inception to 31 August 2019: Embase.com, Medline Ovid SP, Pubmed (NOT medline[sb]), CINAHL EBSCO, PsycINFO Ovid SP, Central—Cochrane Library Wiley and Web of Science (Core Collection). Search strategies will be developed in collaboration with a librarian. We will use predefined search terms for alcoholism, epidemiology, the elderly, living place and comorbidities of interest, as well as terms related to the identification of “measurements”, “tools” or “instruments” for measuring harm from alcohol use. At-risk status will be determined by the amount of alcohol consumed and any comorbidities of interest associated with at-risk alcohol use, with the latter being documented separately or using an assessment tool for at-risk drinking. We will also examine the bibliographies of all the relevant articles found and search for unpublished studies. We will consider publications in all languages.
Ethics and dissemination No ethical approval is necessary. Results will be presented in national and international conferences on addiction and published in a peer-reviewed journal.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42018099965.
- old age psychiatry
- epidemiology
- geriatric medicine
- substance misuse
- public health
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Strengths and limitations of this study
Will provide specific, synthesised knowledge about the epidemiology of at-risk alcohol use among older and very old community-dwelling older adults.
Will include a selection of associated comorbidities of interest (cognitive impairment, diabetes, obesity, heart failure, depression, hypertension, insomnia, liver failure, pain and anxiety) related to at-risk drinking among old and very old community-dwelling older adults.
Will report on the different definitions of at-risk drinking among old and very old community-dwelling adults in different studies and countries, including the quantification of their consumption.
Will use inclusion criteria which impose no restrictions on language, study age or geographic location.
Nevertheless, one potential limitation could be the introduction of bias due to the authors’ personal judgements in their assessments of the studies included.
Introduction
Alcohol consumption and misuse is a major substance abuse problem among community-dwelling older adults.1–3 Excessive alcohol use is a well-known health risk among elderly people.4 It is widely documented that older adults’ responses to alcohol are different from those of younger adults due to the physiological process of ageing.5 6 The physiological changes occurring with ageing, as well as differences in the activities and responsibilities of older people, are used for establishing the criteria of alcoholism and ageing.7 8 Older and very old adults are more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol because of metabolic and other changes in their bodies and their high rate of chronic diseases.1 7
Epidemiological studies have shown declining alcohol use with age.4 9 However, the number of older adults exhibiting at-risk drinking is likely to increase when the age cohort born after 1950 (the ‘baby boomers’), with its heavier drinking habits, reaches old age.10 11 The sociodemographic and political changes affecting this generation, especially in western countries, had a great impact on the way people used and abused alcohol and psychotropic substances. Individual differences, like general health, physical or psychiatric comorbidities, drinking-age onset and the presence of cognitive impairment can alter responses to alcohol among older adults.6 12 Adults reaching very old age are more likely to suffer from cognitive decline, and the typical adverse effects of heavy alcohol consumption may worsen.13 14 Dementia resulting from alcoholism is often diagnosed in older adults when their evident cognitive and functional decline cannot be attributed to a progressive neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, or when their clinical history reveals chronic and severe drinking. Adults reaching very old age also undergo the systemic physiological and neural changes that may make them more susceptible to the effects of alcohol.15 16
Additionally, due to the metabolic and neurological changes that occur with at-risk drinking in old age, alcohol consumption is one of the lifestyle issues which should be considered in cases involving diabetic, hypertensive and depressive older patients.17 Many pharmacological treatments have potential interactions with alcohol.18 Unfortunately, the criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence established by the DSM or ICD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases) manuals are not adapted for older and very old adults.19 20 Bearing this in mind, physicians often use the at-risk, moderate and heavy drinking model to characterise drinking patterns more effectively.21 22 Studies have recommended that at-risk drinking should be considered on a case by case basis.23 Fundamentally, we know that alcohol consumption in older age can compromise general health.5 12 Nonetheless, defining at-risk drinking has shown itself to be methodologically and conceptually challenging.24 25 Factors such as drinking volumes, drinking patterns, types of drinks and drink size have been considered in efforts to define a threshold for low-risk alcohol use.3 26 Limits vary between countries and even between regions in the same country (eg, Spain).26 27 At-risk drinking can be defined as alcohol consumption beyond the limits that can lead to all-cause mortality, chronic conditions and acute consequences.6 15 28
The American National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s definition of low-risk alcohol consumption—the lowest threshold29—has established criteria for low-risk drinking for adults over 65 years old. It recommends a pattern involving no more than one alcoholic drink per day and sets a standard amount of drink: one can (12 US fl oz or approx. 355 mL) of beer, one glass (5 US fl oz or approx. 148 mL) of wine, a small glass (4 US fl oz or approx. 118 mL) of liquor or one shot (1.5 US fl oz or approx. 44 mL) of hard liquor. Translated into equivalent measures of pure alcohol, as documented in the literature, these equate to 0.6 fluid ounces in imperial measurements and ~17 g in metric measurements.26 Multiple features of at-risk drinking are documented in the literature.25 However, the USA’s low-risk drinking guidelines are generally in line with the risk levels observed in the scientific literature.2 30 Comorbidity is defined as the presence of more than one distinct medical condition in an individual. This condition can exist simultaneously with, but independently of, another condition, or it can be related.31 32 The comorbidities of interest to at-risk alcohol use among older adults are hypertension, depression, pain, liver disease, insomnia, cognitive deficiency, diabetes and anxiety. Our systematic review will explore at-risk alcohol use because we found no reviews on this issue in the international literature, even though awareness of at-risk alcohol use among the elderly is rising among the general population and healthcare professionals. This systematic review will only examine at-risk alcohol (and not other substances) consumption because it is the substance for which we have the most information. The following research questions will guide this systematic review:
What is the reported epidemiology of alcohol consumption, age of onset and severity of use among home-dwelling older adults?
What are the psychiatric and somatic comorbidities occurring in this population?
Which tools and measurements are used to document the comorbidities associated with at-risk drinking?
Do we have epidemiological data concerning alcohol use among very old adults?
Is there an association between drinking volume and alcohol-related harm?
Methods
This review will be conducted following the recommendations and harms-reporting checklist of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols,33 34 the reporting proposals of the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE)35 and the methods outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions36 (online supplementary 1).
Supplemental material
Database searches and searches using other techniques will be completed in September 2019. Retrieved articles will then be screened. The entire study is expected to be completed by September 2020.
Inclusion criteria
Types of studies
This review will include retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies, cohort studies, case–control studies, controlled before-and-after studies, interrupted-time-series studies and controlled trials with inappropriate randomisation (quasiexperimental studies).37 38 We will put no language restrictions on our search for papers.
Types of participants
This review will consider studies involving home-dwelling adults with a minimum mean age of 60 years old, as well as studies with participants aged 55 years old or more who consume at least one alcoholic drink per day. Although various definitions of old-age exist, we will refer to the United Nations cut-off considering anybody aged 60 or more to be an older person.39
Types of outcome measures
To highlight the epidemiology of at-risk alcohol consumption and the presence of comorbidities of interest in home-dwelling older and very old adults, this systematic review protocol will use the drinking limit established by America’s National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.40 41 Considering at-risk drinking as a medical condition, we have chosen to search for epidemiological data concerning medical conditions simultaneously present among older adults with at-risk drinking behaviours.30 40 We have chosen not to limit our search to medical conditions cited in the Comorbidity Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool.42 The following conditions are not captured by this tool: osteoporosis, behavioural disorders, other drug use, social isolation, Oto-rhino-laryngology (ORL) cancers, and falls and trauma.
In addition, we will cross-reference at-risk alcohol consumption tools involving medical conditions with those referenced in the CoLausPsyCoLaus study of the general population of Lausanne, Switzerland.43–45 This choice was made purposefully as, in the future, we plan to analyse Swiss data to compare them with data found in the international literature.
The review’s primary outcome measures will be the:
Epidemiology of at-risk alcohol consumption, age of onset and severity of alcohol use (amount, frequency and types of drinks).
The review’s secondary outcome measures will be the:
Psychiatric and somatic comorbidities frequently occurring among home-dwelling older adults with at-risk alcohol consumption.
Documentation of the tools and measurements of comorbidities associated with at-risk drinking.
Presence of epidemiological data on very old adults’ drinking habits.
Associations between drinking volume and alcohol-related harm.
Search methods for the identification of relevant studies
Electronic searches
We will search the following databases, with no language or date restrictions: Embase.com, Medline Ovid SP, Pubmed (NOT medline[sb]), CINAHL EBSCO, PsycINFO Ovid SP, Central—Cochrane Library Wiley and Web of Science (Core Collection).
Hand and grey literature searches
We will search the reference lists of the relevant articles identified for unpublished studies (grey literature) and for experts in the field who could be contacted.
The search strategies will be adapted to each database’s syntax and subject headings. Descriptor terms will include:
Terms for alcoholism: “at-risk alcohol use”, “heavy drinking”, “binge drinking”, “alcohol dependence”, “alcohol abuse”, “Wernicke syndrome”, “Korsakoff dementia”, “at-risk drinking”, “alcohol consumption”, “alcohol dependence” and “geriatric drink*”.
Epidemiological terms: “epidemiology”, “occurrence”, “prevalence”, “incidence” and “occasionally”.
Terms for elderly: “home-dwelling older adults”, “elderly”, “aged”, “home-care patients”, “older adults” and “very old adults”.
Terms for living place: “home-dwelling”, “living in place”, “homebound”, “primary care”, “community health services”, “community hospital”, “ambulatory care”, “outpatient clinics”, “hospital”, “ambulatory care facilities”, “day-care”, “primary healthcare”, “community health centres”, “health services for the aged”, “community”, “domiciliary”, “home or home-care or home-based”, “outpatient”, “day patient”, “community care”, “home-care services”, “general practice” and “urban population”.
Terms related to the comorbidities of interest: “cognitive impairment”, “diabetes”, “obesity”, “heart failure”, “depression”, “hypertension”, “insomnia”, “liver failure”, “pain”, “dementia”, “cognitive deficiency” and “anxiety”.
Terms related to the identification of “measurements”, “tools” and “instruments” for measuring the harm of alcohol use.
Terms related to the identification of “measurements”, “tools” and “instruments” for measuring the harm of alcohol use.
Online supplementary 2 presents the search strategy and equations.
Supplemental material
Data collection and analysis
Study selection
Three reviewers—ML, KE and J-PS—will independently screen the titles and abstracts identified in the searches to assess which studies meet the inclusion criteria. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion or, if needed, a consensus will be reached after discussion with the coauthors (HV, AV-G).
The reviewers will then independently assess the full-text articles to ensure that they meet the inclusion criteria. Disagreements will be discussed and resolved with the coauthors (HV, AV-G). A flowchart of the trial selection process has been drawn in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) statement46 (online supplementary 3).
Supplemental material
Data extraction
Three authors—ML, KE and HV—will extract the data independently using a specially designed, standardised data extraction form (online supplementary 4). Discrepancies will be resolved through discussion and consultation with the coauthor (AV-G).
Supplemental material
The following information will be extracted from each study included: (1) study authors, year of publication and country where the study was conducted; (2) study characteristics (including setting and design, duration of follow-up and sample size); (3) participants’ characteristics (including age, sex, social status, marital status, educational status, activity, age of onset of alcohol consumption, level of autonomy, history of violence); (4) comorbidities of interest (hypertension, depression, pain, liver disease, insomnia, cognitive deficiency, diabetes, anxiety); (5) types of outcome measures.
Assessment of the risks of bias in included studies
Three reviewers—ML, KE and J-PS—will independently assess the risks of bias in all the retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies, cohort studies, case–control studies, controlled before-and-after studies, interrupted-time-series studies and controlled trials with inappropriate randomisation (quasiexperimental studies) included. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion and consultation with the coauthors (HV, AV-G).
We will use the validated Robins-I tool for assessing the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSI).47 This tool covers two dimensions and seven domains through which bias might be introduced into an NRSI: (i) preintervention and at intervention (bias due to confounding, bias in the selection of study participants and bias in the classification of the intervention) and (ii) postintervention (bias due to deviations from intended interventions, bias due to missing data, bias in the measurement of outcomes and bias in the selection of the reported result).47 Any disagreements in quality assessments will be resolved through discussion.
Our search strategy will be very careful to select original research papers only and will try to avoid duplicates of published data of longitudinal studies. Additionally, our extraction sheet will pay special attention to longitudinal cohort studies and secondary analyses of published results.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses will be conducted following the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions48 and the PRISMA and MOOSE statements.33
For dichotomous outcomes, average intervention effects will be calculated as relative risks with 95% CIs, using a random effects model.49 For continuous data, a random effects model will be used to calculate weighted mean differences with 95% CIs. If required, we will calculate SD from the SE or 95% CIs presented in the articles. Heterogeneity will be quantified using the I2 and χ2 tests. Funnel plots will be drawn, and Egger tests will be computed to explore the possibility of publication bias.50 Reasons for heterogeneity in effect estimates will be sought in meta-analyses.51 To explore the possible determinants of heterogeneity, we will conduct subgroup analyses according to selected study characteristics (eg, participants’ ages, country where the study was conducted, amounts of alcohol). Furthermore, sensitivity analyses will be conducted by: (1) excluding relatively small studies (with fewer than 20 participants per randomisation group); (2) restricting the analyses to studies of good quality. Data will be analysed using SPSS software (V.25.0) and Review Manager V.5.3.2
Patient and public involvement
No patients or members of the public were involved in the preparation of this protocol for a systematic review.
Discussion
At-risk alcohol use among older adults is a common health problem. It is under-diagnosed by primary care physicians, partially due to the lack of up-to-date epidemiological data21 and partially due to the lack of relevant and specific diagnostic tools and instruments.24 52 We will propose recommendations about screening tools and instruments which might be particularly appropriate for clinicians to use when screening for alcohol misuse in certain contexts.
Before being able to highlight the lack of data on alcohol consumption among older and very old adults or trying to establish relevant diagnostic criteria and assessment methods, it is important to find out about the existing epidemiological data at an international level. It is equally important to acknowledge the difficulty in defining at-risk drinking at an international level and the methods used to extract this data.2
Demonstrating a high prevalence, frequency or incidence of at-risk alcohol use among older home-dwelling adults could encourage physicians to use existing screening tests. This could be an important measure, considering that alcohol-related health problems reduce the length and quality of life.53 Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that elevated alcohol consumption cannot be evaluated solely in terms of frequency54; it is also necessary to know the types of drinks ingested.55
Ethics and dissemination
No ethical clearance is necessary. We expect to complete the study in September 2020. Results will be presented at national and international conferences on addiction and published in an international peer-reviewed journal.
References
Footnotes
Contributors ML is the guarantor and all the authors contributed to drafting the protocol. All authors contributed to the development of the selection criteria, data extraction and analysis, and the search strategy. J-PS, HV, KE and AV-G provided expertise on evidence-based practice. All the authors approved the final protocol manuscript.
Funding This research received a grant from the public University 'School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais/Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland'.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.