METHODS

This study was based at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar, which is the only tertiary care centre in the country and so all patients with AMI are treated here. The Hamad General Hospital cardiology database was used for this study; this database comprises data collected from all patients admitted to the cardiology department at the hospital since January 1991. Data were collected from the clinical records by the patients’ physicians at the time of the patients’ hospital discharge according to predefined criteria for each data point. We focused our study only on Qatari patients because it is a stable population and avoids the bias in the fluctuation of the expatriate population in the country. The study was approved by the institution review board.

With the described database, all patients presenting with AMI in the period between 1991 and 2001 were identified. Age, sex, risk factors including smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, pre-existing coronary heart disease, in-hospital mortality and morbidity, as well as acute medical care provided were analysed. Data are expressed as mean (SD). Student’s t test was employed for comparison between the mean values of the two groups and χ² analysis was performed to test for differences in proportions of categorical variables between two or more groups. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was used to identify predictors of outcome. A probability value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

During the 10 year period a total of 20 856 patients were admitted to the coronary care unit and cardiology wards. Of these, 1598 Qatari patients were admitted with AMI; 1147 were male and 451 were female. When compared to men, women were older (62.1 (11.5) years v 59.9 (12.6) years, p < 0.001) and were more likely to have diabetes (68.5% v 48.3%, p < 0.001), hypertension (54.8% v 30.9%, p < 0.001), and hyperlipidaemia (30.4% v 24.9%, p  =  0.029), but were less likely to be smokers (0.9% v 32.3%, p < 0.001). Of the women included in the study 90.9% were postmenopausal.

Thrombolytic treatment was used less often in women than in men (19.5% v 28.4%, p  =  0.08). β Blockers were also used less often (28.1% v 18.0%, p  =  0.08), although there was no significant difference. There was no difference in the use of aspirin or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors between the two groups.

In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in women compared to men (24.0% v 13.9%, p  =  0.02) (fig 1). Women were more likely than men to develop stroke (2.9% v 1.0%) and heart block (6.4% v 3.3%), although these differences were not significant. There was no significant difference in the incidence of bleeding complications. The mortality rate was significantly lower among patients who received thrombolytic treatment (9.1%). Although on univariate analysis being female was a predictor of increased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.139, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.076 to 1.206; p  =  0.0001) after adjustment for all baseline differences, female sex was not an independent predictor of increased in-hospital mortality (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.27; p  =  0.754).

• Download figure
• Open in new tab
• Download powerpoint

Figure 1

In-hospital mortality (%) as a consequence of acute myocardial infarction: women versus men.

DISCUSSION

The current study on a Middle Eastern population demonstrates higher in-hospital mortality in women than in men after AMI. This higher risk is related to unfavourable baseline clinical characteristics including older age, higher incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia, and less likelihood of receiving thrombolytic treatment.

Several observational studies reported higher in-hospital mortality after AMI in women when compared to men.^1,2 This difference was in part because women were older and more likely to have co-morbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus. However, in other studies, the mortality rate reported is similar.³ Vaccarino and colleagues recently demonstrated a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate in women compared to men (16.7% v 11.5%).² Moreover, among patients above 50 years of age, the mortality rate for women was more than twice that for men; with increasing age this difference disappeared. Young women were more likely than young men to have diabetes, and a history of congestive heart failure and stroke, but no sex based differences were apparent at older ages.

Data on the outcome of women after AMI are limited to the western population and to the best of our knowledge are limited to two studies in other communities.^4,5 Pimenta and colleagues studied 600 consecutive patients (435 men and 165 women) with AMI admitted to a hospital in Brazil and demonstrated higher mortality in women compared to men (23% v 9.9%, p  =  0.02).⁴ Furthermore, being female was an independent predictor of mortality (OR 2.73, p  =  0.001). Hapaz and colleagues evaluated the ethnic effect on survival after AMI in 5692 patients and demonstrated a higher in-hospital and long term (7.1 (3.5) years) mortality rate in women than in men (57.6% v 43.3%).⁵ In addition, the risk ratio differed significantly in women based on ethnic origin; lower in Jewish women born in central Europe compared with counterparts born in the Middle East.

In conclusion, this study extends the observations of previous sex studies in an ethnic population that has not previously been studied, and is consistent with those studies in demonstrating higher co-morbid conditions and worse outcome in women compared to men. This worse outcome is explained by unfavourable baseline clinical characteristics and a lesser likelihood to be treated aggressively with medications that have been conclusively shown to improve outcome. Regional and global measures to fight coronary artery disease in women are urgently needed.