A Comparison of the Efficacy of Medications for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Meta-Analysis of Effect Sizes

Objectives: Medications used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults have been well researched, but comparisons among drugs are hindered by the absence of direct comparative trials. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the effect size of the medications used to treat adult ADHD, (2) determine if differences in the designs of studies confound comparisons of medication efficacy, (3) quantify the evidence for differences
in effect sizes among medications, and (4) see if features of study design influence estimates of efficacy.

Data Sources: The following search engines were used: PubMed, Ovid, ERIC, CINAHL,
MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, the Cochrane
database, e-psyche, and Social Sciences Abstracts. Presentations from the American Psychiatric Association and American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry meetings were reviewed.

Study Selection: A literature search was conducted to identify double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of ADHD in adults published in English after 1979. Only trials that used DSM-III, -III-R,
or -IV ADHD criteria and followed subjects for
≥ 2 weeks were selected.

Data Extraction: Meta-analysis regression
assessed the influence of medication type and
study design features on medication effects.

Results: Nineteen trials met criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. These trials studied 13 drugs using 18 different outcome measures of hyperactive, inattentive, or impulsive behavior. After trials were stratified on the class of drug studied (short-acting stimulant vs long-acting stimulant vs nonstimulant), significant differences in effect size were observed between stimulant and nonstimulant medications (P’ ‰=’ ‰.006 and P’ ‰=’ ‰.0001, respectively, for short- and long-acting stimulants vs nonstimulants), but the effect for short-acting stimulants was not significant after correcting for study design features. The effect sizes for each drug class were similar in magnitude to what we previously reported for medication treatment studies of children with ADHD. We found significant heterogeneity of effect sizes for short-acting stimulants (P’ ‰<‘ ‰.001) but not for other medication groups.

Conclusions: Although both stimulant and nonstimulant medications are effective for treating ADHD in adults, stimulant medications show greater efficacy for the short durations of treatment characteristic of placebo-controlled studies. We found no significant differences between short- and long-acting stimulant medications. Study design features vary widely among studies and can confound indirect comparisons unless addressed statistically as we have done in this study.

J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(6):754-763

Submitted: November 25, 2008; accepted February 19, 2009.

Online ahead of print: December 29, 2009.

Corresponding author: Stephen V. Faraone, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210 (sfaraone@childpsychresearch.org).