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The friction-cost method

Replacement for nothing and leisure for free?

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Abstract

The friction-cost method has been put forward as an alternative to the human-capital method as it allows more realistic estimates of productivity costs to be calculated for use in economic evaluations. The possibility of replacement of (long-term) absentees is at the heart of the friction-cost method. It recognises that society will restore initial production levels after some period of adaptation, the length of which may depend on the availability of labour and, hence, on unemployment.

The friction-cost method has received two main criticisms in the literature: (i) it has no theoretical underpinning; and (ii) it treats leisure time as having no value. We demonstrate in a simple ‘theoretical’ time-allocation model how time use shifts in the friction-cost method and that leisure is not treated as having no value. Rather, it is considered to be valued in terms of QALYs — as is normally the case in economic evaluation.

The time-allocation model also demonstrates that when using the friction-cost or human-capital method the changes in the amount of unpaid work and leisure time need to be valued separately. Unpaid production losses from the previously unemployed may be larger than the gain in unpaid production gain of the absentee, resulting in a societal loss of unpaid work or the sacrifice of leisure in order to make up for lost unpaid work. These changes should be incorporated into economic analyses.

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Acknowledgements

The authors have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review. Both authors were involved in the different stages of the conceptualisation and process of writing the paper and approved the final version.

We gratefully acknowledge the Dutch Council for Health Care Research, subsidy no 945-10-041/046, for financial support.

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Correspondence to Werner B. F. Brouwer.

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Brouwer, W.B.F., Koopmanschap, M.A. The friction-cost method. Pharmacoeconomics 23, 105–111 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200523020-00002

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