Regular ArticleThe ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A new predictor of disease predisposition?
References (22)
- et al.
Effect of physical training on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, lipases, and endogenous hormones in men with premature mycardial infarction
Met Clin Exper
(1991) - et al.
Hormone treatment during pregnancy and congenital heart defects
Lancet
(1973) - et al.
Congenital abnormalities and first-trimester exposure to progestagen/oestrogen
Lancet
(1976) Hypothesis: does breast cancer originate in utero?
Lancet
(1990)Anthropological notes on the human hand
Am Anthropol
(1888)- et al.
The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen
Hum Rep
(1998) - et al.
Early prenatal attainment of adult metacarpal-phalangeal rankings and proportions
Am J Phys Anthropol
(1975) - et al.
Ulnaless, A regulatory mutation inducing both loss-of-function and gain-of-function of posterior Hoxd genes
Development
(1997) - et al.
The mouse Ulnaless mutation deregulates posterior Hoxd gene expression and alters appendicular patterning
Development
(1997) - et al.
Of fingers, toes and penises
Nature
(1997)
Cited by (150)
Patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip shows higher digit ratio (2D:4D)
2023, Early Human DevelopmentDigital biomarker 2D:4D as a predictor of cancer: A systematic review
2022, Early Human DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :They show that this biomarker is a potentially useful indicator that may be associated with gestational T levels, T/E, or prenatal hormonal disruption of the uterine microenvironment [17]. Manning and Bundred [19], in 2000, suggested that the intra-uterine hormonal environment is associated with the etiology of several adult-onset diseases and that digital ratio is predictive of some diseases [19]. A review carried out in 2014 [20] highlights three fronts of studies on 2D:4D: psychological traits, body performance and susceptibility to diseases in adult life [20].
Association between the 2d:4d and cardiovascular risk factors: Body mass index, blood pressure and body fat
2020, Early Human DevelopmentDecreased second to fourth digit ratios in female multiple sclerosis patients
2020, Early Human DevelopmentCitation Excerpt :Higher androgen and also estrogen receptor activity has been shown in digit 4 than in digit 2, and the growth of the fourth digit under the influence of the balance between androgen and estrogen activity may therefore affect gender differences in the 2D: 4D ratio [12,13]. The fourth digit is usually longer than the second digit in males, while the second digit is longer than or equal to the fourth digit in females, which in turn results in lower 2D:4D ratios in males [12–14]. In our study, fourth digit lengths were significantly longer and 2D:4D ratios were significantly lower in female MS patients than in the control group, which also confirmed the effect of the length of the fourth digit in determining the ratio.