Age-related changes in intraocular pressure in a large japanese population: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study

doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90417-7

Ophthalmology

Volume 106, Issue 10, 1 October 1999, Pages 2016-2022

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90417-7 Get rights and content

Abstract

Objective

To assess the influence of aging, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in a large Japanese population.

Design

Cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Participants

The participants in this study were 69,643 Japanese men and women 20 to 79 years of age. They were office workers and their family members who had received annual health examinations from 1989 to 1997. The records of the participants who received health examinations were reviewed retrospectively. Each participant was examined according to a standard protocol, including tonometry with a noncontact tonometer, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure measurements. The data from the subjects’ most recent visit were analyzed cross-sectionally. The data from the 68,998 men and women of the total participants who were born between the 1920s and 1960s were used in longitudinal analysis.

Testing

Tonometric and anthropometric measurements.

Main outcome measures

Mean values of IOP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were determined. The relationship among IOP, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI was studied using the multiple linear regression model with cross-sectional analysis. In longitudinal analysis, regression coefficients of IOP against age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were calculated using the mixed effect model.

Results

The mean (±standard deviation) IOP values for men and women were 11.9 ± 2.5 and 11.5 ± 2.4 mmHg, respectively. In cross-sectional analysis, IOP decreased significantly with age (P < 0.001). However, longitudinal analysis showed that IOP increased significantly with age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure and BMI were positively correlated to IOP in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.

Conclusion

The authors found an inconsistency in the change in IOP against age between cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. It is suspected that birth cohort differences in ocular characteristics influence IOP in the Japanese population.

Section snippets

Methods

The subjects were 72,081 Japanese (45,000 men and 27,081 women) 20 to 79 years of age who had received annual examinations at health centers in Nagoya between 1989 and 1997. These examinations included visual acuity, tonometry, an interview, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and blood chemistry on the same day. Most of the subjects were office workers and their families residing in Aichi Prefecture in the central region of Japan. The 2438 subjects (1779 men and 659 women) who were

Cross-sectional analysis

Mean values of IOP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were shown by age group and gender (Table 1). Age, IOP, blood pressure, and BMI were significantly higher in men than in women for all subjects (Student’s t test; P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased with age, especially in women. Figure 1 shows a 3-year moving average of IOP in men and women. In subjects younger than 60 years, men had higher IOP than did women (Student’s t test;

Discussion

Positive correlation between age and IOP has been reported in many cross-sectional studies in America and Europe.7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 It also was found that IOP was more strongly correlated with systolic blood pressure than with age.7, 14, 18, 21 In Japan, Shiose16 and Shiose and Kawase17 indicated a negative correlation for IOP with age and a positive correlation with body weight and blood pressure. Conversely, there are few longitudinal studies on the influences of age and blood pressure

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¹: The authors have no financial interests related to the article.

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Age-related changes in intraocular pressure in a large japanese population: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study1

Abstract

Objective

Design

Participants

Testing

Main outcome measures

Results

Conclusion

Section snippets

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis

Discussion

The optic nerve

Pressure-dependent neuroretinal rim loss in normal-pressure glaucoma

Am J Ophthalmol

Epidemiology of glaucoma in Japan—a nationwide glaucoma survey

Jpn J Ophthalmol

Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study

Ophthalmology

Intraocular pressure and glaucoma

Am J Ophthalmol

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma. The Barbados Eye Study

Arch Ophthalmol

Distribution of intraocular pressure. The Barbados Eye Study

Arch Ophthalmol

Intraocular pressure and cardiovascular risk variables

Arch Ophthalmol

On the distribution of applanation pressure. I. Statistical features and the effect of age, sex, and family history of glaucoma

Arch Ophthalmol

Epidemiology of intraocular pressure in a population screened for glaucoma

Br J Ophthalmol

Prevalence of glaucoma and intraocular pressure distribution in a defined population. The Egna-Neumarkt Study

Ophthalmology

The distribution of intraocular pressures in the general population

Surv Ophthalmol

Age and sex correction of applanation pressure

Arch Ophthalmol

Intraocular pressure in an American community. The Beaver Dam Eye Study

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Association between ocular pressure and certain health parameters

Ophthalmology

The aging effect on intraocular pressure in an apparently normal population

Arch Ophthalmol

A new approach to stratified normal intraocular pressure in a general population

Am J Ophthalmol

Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly

Br J Ophthalmol

Primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, and systemic blood pressure in the general elderly population. The Rotterdam Study

Ophthalmology

Intraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, and agea correlational study

Br J Ophthalmol

Intraocular pressure, cardiovascular risk variables, and visual field defects

Am J Epidemiol

Age-related changes in intraocular pressure in a large japanese population: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study¹