Esophageal cancer in Iran

doi:10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90086-7

Seminars in Oncology

Volume 28, Issue 2, April 2001, Pages 153-157

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90086-7 Get rights and content

Abstract

Esophageal cancer is among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world. Iran is one of the known areas with a high incidence of esophageal cancer. Most of the patients in Iran have been reported from the north and northeast regions of the country. In one survey by the Iran Cancer Institute, 9% of all cancers and 27% of gastrointestinal cancers were esophageal carcinoma. The male to female ratio was $1.7 1$ . The distal portion of the esophagus is involved more often than other parts. Consumption of wheat flour, exposure to residues from opium pipes, drinking hot tea, and chewing nass (a mixture of tobacco, lime, ash, and other ingredients) are the suspect etiologic agents for esophageal cancer in Iran. Dysphagia, weight loss, anorexia, abdominal pain, and odynophagia are the common symptoms and signs of Iranian patients with esophageal cancer. For clinical staging, chest computed tomographic scanning is performed. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is not as common in Iran as in western countries. Public education, nutritional support, and eradication of opium addiction may decrease the morbidity and mortality that result from esophageal cancer. Surgery has traditionally been the mainstay of esophageal cancer treatment in Iran. Radiotherapy is mainly used postoperatively. The usual combination chemotherapy regimen is cisplatin plus flurouracil (5-Fu).

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The present study is a reanalysis of available data that cancer registry data in the North Khorasan province of Iran were analyzed in a five-year period (2005–2009). The reported incidence rates are standardized based on the standard population of World Health Organization and direct method. And we have presented common Cancer Trends in North Khorasan Province. Time trend analysis of incidence performed by joinpoint regression analysis was carried out using Joinpoint Regression Program.
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Data were collected from patients who underwent endoscopy during the period from 2005 to 2007 at The Gezira Centre for Gastroenterology Endoscopies and Laparoscopic Surgery. Demographic and clinical data including; sex, age, locality of residence, clinical presentation, tumour site and morphology were collected and analysed.
Seven hundred and two patients were consecutively referred to our centre for endoscopy. Seventy-three out of 702 patients (9.6%) referred for endoscopy proved to have oesophageal cancer. Fifty-five out of 73 patients (75.3%) were females generating a male to female ratio of 1:3.3. The mean age of females was 52.75 ± 11.66 years and that of males was 66.11 ± 9.52. Sixteen (21.9%) patients came from the Managil; 14 (19.2%) from Hasaheesa and Rufaa; 14 (19.2%) from Blue Nile; 10 (13.7%) from Wadmedani (Central Sudan) and 19 (26%) from Elfaw and Kassala. In most cases (75.3%), the tumours were located in the middle third of the oesophagus. 79.5% of the tumours were squamous cell type.
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View full text

Esophageal cancer in Iran

Abstract

Lancet

Ann Oncol

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys

Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985

Int J Cancer

Esophagus

Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in China

Natl Cancer Inst Monogr

Cancer statistics, 1994

CA Cancer J Clin

Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia

JAMA

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in Switzerland

JAMA

Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and adjacent sites

Br J Cancer

Carcinoma of the esophagus: The time for a multidisciplinary approach?

Surg Oncol

Cancer Statistics Review 1973–1989

Tobacco smoking

Alcohol drinking

Cigarette and alcohol use in patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia or lower esophagus

Cancer

Risk factors for development of adenocarcinoma in columnar lined (Barrett) esophagus

Cancer

Tobacco, alcohol intake, and diet in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia

Cancer Causes Control

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and/or gastric cardia

Cancer

Research on esophageal cancer in China: A review

Cancer Res

Urinary excretion of N-nitrosamino acids and nitrate by inhibitants of high- and low risk areas for esophageal cancer in northern China: Endogenous formation of nitroso proline and its inhibition by vitamin C

Cancer Res

A correlation study on urinary excretion of N-nitroso compounds and cancer mortality in China: Interim results

Determination of N-nitrosamines in gastric juice and urine and a comparison of endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline and its inhibition in subjects from high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer