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The global impact of non-communicable diseases on healthcare spending and national income: a systematic review

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Abstract

The impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in populations extends beyond ill-health and mortality with large financial consequences. To systematically review and meta-analyze studies evaluating the impact of NCDs (including coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer (lung, colon, cervical and breast), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease) at the macro-economic level: healthcare spending and national income. Medical databases (Medline, Embase and Google Scholar) up to November 6th 2014. For further identification of suitable studies, we searched reference lists of included studies and contacted experts in the field. We included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, cohorts, case–control, cross-sectional, modeling and ecological studies carried out in adults assessing the economic consequences of NCDs on healthcare spending and national income without language restrictions. All abstracts and full text selection was done by two independent reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved through consensus or consultation of a third reviewer. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-designed data collection form. Studies evaluating the impact of at least one of the selected NCDs on at least one of the following outcome measures: healthcare expenditure, national income, hospital spending, gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product, net national income, adjusted national income, total costs, direct costs, indirect costs, inpatient costs, outpatient costs, per capita healthcare spending, aggregate economic outcome, capital loss in production levels in a country, economic growth, GDP per capita (per capita income), percentage change in GDP, intensive growth, extensive growth, employment, direct governmental expenditure and non-governmental expenditure. From 4,364 references, 153 studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were focused on healthcare related costs of NCDs. 30 studies reported the economic impact of NCDs on healthcare budgets and 13 on national income. Healthcare expenditure for cardiovascular disease (12–16.5 %) was the highest; other NCDs ranged between 0.7 and 7.4 %. NCD-related health costs vary across the countries, regions, and according to type of NCD. Additionally, there is an increase in costs with increased severity and years lived with the disease. Low- and middle-income (LMI) countries were the focus of just 16 papers, which suggests an information shortage concerning the true economic burden of NCDs in these countries. NCDs pose a significant financial burden on healthcare budgets and nations’ welfare, which is likely to increase over time. However further work is required to standardize more consistently the methods available to assess the economic impact of NCDs and to involve (hitherto under-addressed) LMI populations across the globe.

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Acknowledgments

Completion of this manuscript was supported by a grant from the WHO. O.H. Franco, T. Muka and L. Jaspers work in ErasmusAGE, a center for aging research across the life course funded by Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd.); Metagenics Inc.; and AXA. Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd.); Metagenics Inc.; and AXA had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. Dr. Shanthi Mendis from the WHO and co-author on this manuscript participated in the interpretation and preparation of this manuscript. The manuscript was approved by the WHO for submission.

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    1. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Office NA29-16, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

      Taulant Muka, David Imo, Loes Jaspers, Veronica Colpani, Layal Chaker, Sven J. van der Lee, Raha Pazoki & Oscar H. Franco

    2. Department of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

      Layal Chaker

    3. Chronic Diseases Prevention and Management, Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

      Shanthi Mendis

    4. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

      Rajiv Chowdhury

    5. Medical Library, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

      Wichor M. Bramer

    6. Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

      Abby Falla

    7. Division of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Public Health Service (GGD) Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

      Abby Falla

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    Muka, T., Imo, D., Jaspers, L. et al. The global impact of non-communicable diseases on healthcare spending and national income: a systematic review. Eur J Epidemiol 30, 251–277 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9984-2

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